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| COVID-19 research v1.16 | CIB1 |
Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: CIB1 was identified through an OMIM search for potential viral susceptibility genes. Initial triage by Illumina (Alison Coffey and team) was given a Tier 1 grouping (clear GDA/viral susceptibility); to: CIB1 was identified through an OMIM search for potential viral susceptibility genes. Initial triage by Illumina (Alison Coffey and team) was given a Tier 1 grouping (clear GDA/viral susceptibility). "Illumina review: From OMIM: Susceptibility to epidermodysplasia verruciformis-3 is conferred by homozygous variation in the CIB1 gene. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-3 is characterized by onset in childhood or early adulthood of persistent disseminated flat warts and pityriasis versicolor-like lesions of the skin that are induced by cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the beta genus. Some patients develop nonmelanoma skin cancer, particularly on areas of the body exposed to the sun. Patients are otherwise healthy and normally resistant to other microorganisms, including other viruses and skintropic pathogens, and even all other cutaneous and mucosal HPVs. Gene:disease relationship with autosomal recessive epidermodysplasia verruciformis curated using the ClinGen framework for gene curation. The CIB1 gene is located on chromosome 15 at 15q26.1 and encodes calcium and integrin binding 1. This protein forms a complex with the products of the TMC6 (EVER1) and TMC8 (EVER2) genes. The CIB1/EVER1/EVER2 complex acts to restrict transcription of human papillomaviruses. The CIB1 gene was first reported in relation to autosomal recessive epidermodysplasia verruciformis in 2018 (PMID: 300068544). Five unique homozygous variants in this gene were reported in at least five probands including two frameshift, one stop-gained, one stop-lost, and one canonical splice variant. The evidence supporting the GDR includes segregation data - linkage analysis across three unrelated families of differing geographic origin resulted in a LOD score of 16.7. This gene-disease relationship is also supported by expression data and a shared biochemical function with additional genes that are also associated with the disease (PMID: 300068544). In summary, the GDR between CIB1 and autosomal recessive epidermodysplasia verruciformis is classified as strong using the ClinGen framework. |
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| COVID-19 research v0.349 | HDAC6 |
Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: HDAC6: Evidence Summary from Illumina curation team (Alison Coffey and Julie Taylor): Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique cytoplasmic deacetylase that regulates various important biological processes by preventing protein aggregation and deacetylating different non-histone substrates. Growing evidence has indicated a dual role for HDAC6 in viral infection and pathogenesis: HDAC6 may represent a host defence mechanism against viral infection by modulating microtubule acetylation, triggering antiviral immune response and stimulating protective autophagy, or it may be hijacked by the virus to enhance proinflammatory response (Zheng et al, 2017). HDAC6 promotes the aggresome/autophagic degradation of the viral polyprotein Pr55Gag to inhibit HIV-1 production and infection (Hernández et al, 2019). Depletion of HDAC6 expression (in vitro) led to impaired antiviral responses against RNA viruses, but not against DNA viruses. HDAC6 knockout mice were highly susceptible to RNA virus infections compared to wildtype mice (Choi et al, 2016). Overexpression of Hdac6 enhances resistance to virus infection in embryonic stem cells and in mice (Wang et al, 2015). Literature: PMID: 27959772 - Zheng et al. (2017) (Review) This review highlights current data illustrating the complexity and importance of HDAC6 in viral pathogenesis. HDAC6 has both proviral and antiviral effects. HDAC6 can inhibit infection of both RNA and DNA virus by modulating microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton and stimulating selective autophagy and restrict viral diffusion by triggering antiviral immune response. However, RNA viruses can also utilize HDAC6-mediated aggresome pathway or proinflammatory response to facilitate viral pathogenesis (Fig 1 and Table 1) • HDAC6 triggers antiviral gene expression upon RNA virus infection (Fig 3a) • HDAC6 interacts with Vif or A3G and competes for Vif–A3G interaction through its BUZ domain, impairs the incorporation of Vif into nascent virions and finally controls HIV-1 infectiveness (Fig 4) • HDAC6 facilitates viral uncoating and pathogenesis (Fig 5) Findings support exploration of a potential therapeutic role for restricting viral pathogenesis by targeting HDAC6. PMID: 31736889: Hernández et al. (2019) - HIV Nef is a central auxiliary protein in HIV infection and pathogenesis. Results from the study indicate that HDAC6 promotes the aggresome/autophagic degradation of the viral polyprotein Pr55Gag to inhibit HIV-1 production • HIV-1 Nef viral protein induces HDAC6 Degradation (Enzyme degradation by recombinant HIV-1 Nef in HEK-293T cells in both endogenous and over expressed HDAC6 is shown in Fig 1) • Mutated Nef protein Nef-PPAA did not promote HDAC6 degradation (Figure 3A, quantified in Figure 3B). This fact may indicate that this motif is involved in Nef-mediated HDAC6 interaction and/or processing, or that a conformational change in the mutated viral protein abrogates the degradative activity observed with the wt-Nef (Figures 1–3) • Nef assures viral production and infection by targeting HDAC6, stabilizing Pr55Gag and Vif, thereby facilitating Pr55Gag location and aggregation at plasma membrane, and subsequent virus production and infection capacity (events summarized by schematic illustrations in Figure 10) PMID: 26746851: Choi et al. (2016) - HDAC6 plays an important role in the antiviral immune response by producing IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines in responses to foreign RNA viruses. HDAC6+/+ and HDAC6-/- mice were intravenously infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, Indiana strain). Results show that • HDAC6-/- mice are more susceptible to VSV-Indiana infection than HDAC6+/+ mice and showed significantly decreased survival rate (Fig 1A) • Virus titers were significantly higher and IFN-b and IL-6 production was markedly lower in HDAC6-/- mice than in HDAC6+/+ mice (Fig 1D and E) • Role of HDAC6 in cytokine induction by poly(I:C), which is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA): Intravenous injection of poly(I:C) caused the rapid and robust induction of IFN-b and IL-6 in HDAC6+/+ mice; however, induction of these cytokines was significantly reduced in HDAC6-/-mice (Fig 1F). In vitro • HDAC6 deficiency reduces the innate immune response on mouse macrophage and mouse embryonic fibroblast (Fig 3) • HDAC6 and RIG-I transiently interact in response to RNA viral infection (Fig 5A and B) and HDAC6 regulates the binding of RIG-I to 50 pppdsRNA by deacetylating RIG-I (Fig 5G) PMID: 25482409 Wang et al. (2015) - This is another study that provides a proof of principle of antivirus function by Hdac6 in vivo. HDAC6 overexpression significantly enhances resistance to avian H5N1 virus infection and extends the survival rate in Hdac6tg mice (transgenic) (Fig 2). Also, ES cells overexpressing Hdac6 displayed resistance to infection by adenovirus at high titers (Fig 1). |
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| COVID-19 research v0.341 | HDAC6 | Alison Coffey reviewed gene: HDAC6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 27959772, 31736889, 26746851, 25482409; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| COVID-19 research v0.336 | HDAC6 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: HDAC6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| COVID-19 research v0.333 | HDAC6 |
Rebecca Foulger gene: HDAC6 was added gene: HDAC6 was added to COVID-19 research. Sources: Expert list,OMIM,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: HDAC6 was set to Unknown |
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| COVID-19 research v0.304 | SLC6A19 |
Eleanor Williams gene: SLC6A19 was added gene: SLC6A19 was added to COVID-19 research. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC6A19 was set to Unknown Added comment: Preprint: Gupta et al https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098616 Using the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database and population genomic databases they identified 47 potential functional missense variants within ACE2/SLC6A19/TMPRSS2, warranting genomic enrichment analyses in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Sources: Literature |
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| COVID-19 research v0.303 | ACE2 |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Preprint: Gupta et al https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098616 Using the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database and population genomic databases they identified 47 potential functional missense variants within ACE2/SLC6A19/TMPRSS2, warranting genomic enrichment analyses in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Two noncoding variants (rs4646118 and rs143185769) found in ~9% of African descent individuals for ACE2 may regulate expression and be related to increased susceptibility of African Americans to SARS-CoV-2.; to: Preprint: Gupta et al https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098616 Using the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database and population genomic databases they identified 47 potential functional missense variants within ACE2/SLC6A19/TMPRSS2, warranting genomic enrichment analyses in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Two noncoding variants (rs4646118 and rs143185769) found in ~9% of African descent individuals for ACE2 may regulate expression and be related to increased susceptibility of African Americans to SARS-CoV-2. |
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| COVID-19 research v0.303 | ACE2 |
Eleanor Williams edited their review of gene: ACE2: Added comment: Preprint: Gupta et al https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098616 Using the Viral Integrated Structural Evolution Dynamic Database and population genomic databases they identified 47 potential functional missense variants within ACE2/SLC6A19/TMPRSS2, warranting genomic enrichment analyses in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Two noncoding variants (rs4646118 and rs143185769) found in ~9% of African descent individuals for ACE2 may regulate expression and be related to increased susceptibility of African Americans to SARS-CoV-2.; Changed publications: 32015507, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098616 |
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| COVID-19 research v0.171 | SEC61A1 | Sophie Hambleton reviewed gene: SEC61A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28782633, 32325141; Phenotypes: Hypogammaglobulinaemia, recurrent infections, plasma cell deficiency, severe congenital neutropenia, tubulointerstitial and Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease with Anemia; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| COVID-19 research v0.40 | SEC61A1 |
Ellen McDonagh Source Expert Review Green was added to SEC61A1. Added phenotypes Severe recurrent respiratory tract infections; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; Hyperuricemic nephropathy, familial juvenile, 4, 617056; SEC61A1 deficiency for gene: SEC61A1 Rating Changed from Red List (low evidence) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| COVID-19 research v0.36 | SEC61A1 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: SEC61A1 was added gene: SEC61A1 was added to Viral susceptibility. Sources: IUIS Classification December 2019 Mode of inheritance for gene: SEC61A1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SEC61A1 were set to 28782633; 32086639; 32048120 Phenotypes for gene: SEC61A1 were set to Severe recurrent respiratory tract infections; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; Hyperuricemic nephropathy, familial juvenile, 4, 617056; SEC61A1 deficiency |
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| COVID-19 research v0.36 | TMC6 |
Ellen McDonagh Mode of inheritance for gene TMC6 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Added phenotypes Human papillomavirus (HPV) (group B1) infections and cancer of the skin (typical EV); Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 226400; Defects in Intrinsic and Innate Immunity for gene: TMC6 Publications for gene TMC6 were updated from 26621750 to 15356576; 28196644; 15042430; 12426567; 17008061; 26621750 |
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| COVID-19 research v0.36 | ERCC6L2 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: ERCC6L2 was added gene: ERCC6L2 was added to Viral susceptibility. Sources: Expert Review Green,North West GLH,NHS GMS,London North GLH,IUIS Classification February 2018 Mode of inheritance for gene: ERCC6L2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ERCC6L2 were set to 27185855; 24507776 Phenotypes for gene: ERCC6L2 were set to Bone marrow failure syndrome 2, 615715; Combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features; Facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, bone marrow failure |
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| COVID-19 research v0.36 | C6 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: C6 was added gene: C6 was added to Viral susceptibility. Sources: Expert Review Green,ESID Registry 20171117,North West GLH,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services,GRID V2.0,NHS GMS,London North GLH,IUIS Classification February 2018 Mode of inheritance for gene: C6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: C6 were set to 9472666; 8690922; 12653841 Phenotypes for gene: C6 were set to Disseminated neisserial infections; C6 deficiency, 612446; Complement Deficiencies; Susceptibility to invasive bacterial infection, especially meningococcal; Complement component 6 deficiency |
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| COVID-19 research v0.34 | TMEM173 |
Ellen McDonagh commented on gene: TMEM173: Additional evidence added to the publication list, provided by Abdelazeem Elhabyan. Comments from Abdelazeem Elhabyan: GenBank - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=(human%5BOrganism%5D)%20AND%20TMEM173%5BGene%20Name%5D) This gene encodes a five transmembrane protein that functions as a major regulator of the innate immune response to viral and bacterial infections. The encoded protein is a pattern recognition receptor that detects cytosolic nucleic acids and transmits signals that activate type I interferon responses. Hypothesis: This gene is involved in interferon 1 pathway which is directly related to viral innate immune response. Upregulation may be associated with a protective effect or autoinflammatory response with aggravating effect. This is to be determined by clinical trials. Highest organ of expression is the lung in genbank (Pneumonia caused by corona) RPKM ,\mean is 37 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7069765/ Extracellular vesicles released by virally infected cells(HSV) that carry STING can induce protective effect against viral replication in neighbouring non infected cells https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6146713/ Virulent Poxviruses Inhibit DNA Sensing by Preventing STING Activation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923072/ The gene is involved in acute pancreatitis in mice https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6112120/ |
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| COVID-19 research v0.27 | TMC6 |
Ellen McDonagh Source Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Immunology Flagship was added to TMC6. Source Victorian Clinical Genetics Services was added to TMC6. Source Expert Review Green was added to TMC6. Mode of inheritance for gene TMC6 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to Unknown Rating Changed from Red List (low evidence) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| COVID-19 research | TMC6 | Ellen McDonagh added TMC6 to panel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| COVID-19 research | TMC6 | Ellen McDonagh reviewed TMC6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||