| Date | Panel | Item | Activity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Severe microcephaly v4.64 | AKT3 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: AKT3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.59 | ZNF335 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.53 | ZNF335 | Dmitrijs Rots reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.49 | MECP2 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: MECP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32393352, 34351885; Phenotypes: Rett syndrome, OMIM:312750, Encephalopathy, neonatal severe, OMIM:300673, Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic 13, OMIM:300055, Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Lubs type, OMIM:300260; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.43 | NSD2 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: NSD2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.39 | ARF3 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: ARF3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36369169; Phenotypes: neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092, microcephaly, MONDO:0001149; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | WLS | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: WLS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | TRAPPC10 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: TRAPPC10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | SARS | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: SARS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | INTS11 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: INTS11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | GRM7 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: GRM7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.33 | ARPC4 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: ARPC4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.28 | ATP6V0C | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: ATP6V0C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36074901; Phenotypes: Epilepsy, early-onset, 3, with or without developmental delay, OMIM:620465; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.28 | ATP6V0C | Julia Baptista reviewed gene: ATP6V0C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36074901; Phenotypes: Epilepsy, Intellectual Disability, Microcephaly; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.14 | ARPC4 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: ARPC4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 35047857; Phenotypes: Developmental delay, language impairment, and ocular abnormalities, OMIM:620141, microcephaly, MONDO:0001149; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.3 | TRAPPC10 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: TRAPPC10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30167849, 35298461; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, short stature, and speech delay, OMIM:620027; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.8 | SARS | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: SARS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 35790048; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, ataxia, and seizures, OMIM:617709; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.7 | ISCA-37408-Loss | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were changed from PMID: 16963482 idiopathic intellectual disability including moderate to severe intellectual disability, autism/autistic features, microcephaly, structural brain anomalies including cortical dysplasia/pachygyria, renal anomalies (multicystic kidney, hydronephrosis), digital camptodactyly, visual impairment, strabismus, neuromotor deficits, communication and attention impairments, and a distinctive pattern of craniofacial features. Dysmorphic craniofacial features include progressive microcephaly, flat occiput, widened inner canthal distance, small palpebral fissures, ptosis, long and straight eyelashes, broad and high nasal root extending to a widened, prominent nasal tip with elongated, smooth philtrum, rounding of the upper vermillion border and everted lower lips. PMID: 18245392 A 32-year-old, mentally retarded male was referred to our centre for further clinical genetic analysis. He was born to non-consanguineous parents after 42 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 3500 g. He had a healthy older brother. In the neonatal period he was hypotonic and at 8 weeks of age he underwent surgery because of an inguinal hernia with removal of an atrophic right testis. His motor development was severely delayed with sitting at 3.5 years and walking at 5 years of age. Speech was poorly developed, characterised by the usage of only a few words. During infancy an optic nerve hypoplasia was diagnosed, and during childhood he frequently suffered from luxations of the patellae, which required surgery. At the age of 32 years his height is 163 cm (_3 SDS) and head circumference 52.5 cm (_2.5 SDS). He has a narrow receding forehead, widened inner canthal distance of 3.5 cm (90th centile), normal outer canthal distance of 8.5 cm (25th centile), telecanthus, short and down slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, ptosis, long, straight eyelashes, high nasal bridge, low set large ears, flat philtrum, small mouth with high, narrow palate and retrognathia. The thorax is broad with increased internipple distance and slight gynaecomastia. A recent renal ultrasound revealed multiple cysts in the left, dystrophic kidney and two uncomplicated cysts in the enlarged, right kidney. The patient has a normally sized phallus with absent right testis and small left testis. His hands show a simian crease right and tapering fingers with broad proximal interphalangeal joints. He shows sandal gaps on both flat feet with clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth toes (and more); 612513; PMID: 22579565 severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, intractable epilepsy, and renal anomalies, as well as a congenital choledochal cyst which has not been previously reported in other patients with this cytogenetic defect to Dysmorphic features, moderate to severe intellectual disability, microcephaly and renal anomalies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.6 | ISCA-46742-Loss | Arina Puzriakova reviewed Region: ISCA-46742-Loss: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | SPATA5L1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: SPATA5L1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | DROSHA | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: DROSHA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | SLC38A3 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: SLC38A3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | GINS3 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: GINS3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | CHKA | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: CHKA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.5 | ATP6V0A1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: ATP6V0A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.311 | GINS3 |
Ivone Leong gene: GINS3 was added gene: GINS3 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: GINS3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GINS3 were set to 35603789 Phenotypes for gene: GINS3 were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome like; Meier-Gorlin syndrome, MONDO:0016817 Penetrance for gene: GINS3 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: GINS3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.310 | GINS2 |
Ivone Leong gene: GINS2 was added gene: GINS2 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: GINS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GINS2 were set to 34353863 Phenotypes for gene: GINS2 were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome like; Meier-Gorlin syndrome, MONDO:0016817 Penetrance for gene: GINS2 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: GINS2 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.304 | TUBG1 |
Gavin Ryan gene: TUBG1 was added gene: TUBG1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: NHS GMS Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBG1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TUBG1 were set to 23603762; 31151415 Penetrance for gene: TUBG1 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TUBG1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: TUBG1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Variant has been reported in number of individuals presenting with microcephaly by Poirier et al 2013, and Yuen et al 2019. All reported variants are missense. Identified individuals through GMS presenting with microcephaly prenatally who have pathogenic variants in this gene identified postnatally. Gene now present on fetal anomalies panel. Sources: NHS GMS |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.304 | HIST1H4C | Arina Puzriakova Mode of pathogenicity for gene: HIST1H4C was changed from None to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.301 | DROSHA |
Sarah Leigh gene: DROSHA was added gene: DROSHA was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Literature locus-type-rna-micro, Q2_22_rating tags were added to gene: DROSHA. Mode of inheritance for gene: DROSHA was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: DROSHA were set to 35405010 Phenotypes for gene: DROSHA were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral white matter atrophy; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormality of movement; Stereotypic behavior; Abnormality of head or neck; Short foot Penetrance for gene: DROSHA were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: DROSHA was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.282 | AP4S1 | Sarah Leigh commented on gene: AP4S1: Comment from NHS Genomic Medicine Service: primary presentation is ID/DD/spasticity/hypotonia: green on ID and HSP and hypotonic infant panels - not clear if severe microephaly exists in absence of these. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.282 | AP4M1 | Sarah Leigh commented on gene: AP4M1: Comment from NHS Genomic Medicine Service: primary presentation is ID/DD/spasticity/hypotonia: green on ID and HSP and hypotonic infant panels - not clear if severe microephaly exists in absence of these. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.282 | AP4B1 | Sarah Leigh commented on gene: AP4B1: Comment from NHS Genomic Medicine Service: primary presentation is ID/DD/spasticity/hypotonia: green on ID and HSP and hypotonic infant panels - not clear if severe microephaly exists in absence of these | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.277 | NCAPD3 | Ronnie Wright reviewed gene: NCAPD3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.277 | SPATA5L1 |
Ivone Leong gene: SPATA5L1 was added gene: SPATA5L1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Literature Q1_22_rating tags were added to gene: SPATA5L1. Mode of inheritance for gene: SPATA5L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to 34626583 Phenotypes for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hearing loss and spasticity, OMIM:619616 |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.271 | ATP9A | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: ATP9A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27626380; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.259 | ATP11A |
Ivone Leong changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Zornitza Stark (Australian Genomics). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. There is currently only 1 case and a mouse model which showed neurological deficit phenotypes (including tremors, abnormal gait, hind limb clasping and reduction in brain size. The patient was a 26 yo male born to healthy non-consanguineous Japanese parents. At birth his length was -3.3. SD and OFC was -1.3 SD. Developed epilepsy at 2 weeks followed by global developmental delay and mild hypothyroidism and cataracts.He suffered gradual lost of developmental milestones. At 18 yo, height was -4.6 SD and OFC was -4.0 SD. As there is currently not enough evidence to support a gene-disease association, this gene has been given an Amber rating.; to: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Zornitza Stark (Australian Genomics). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. There is currently only 1 case and a mouse model which showed neurological deficit phenotypes (including tremors, abnormal gait, hind limb clasping and reduction in brain size. The patient was a 26 yo male born to healthy non-consanguineous Japanese parents. At birth his length was -3.3. SD and OFC was -1.3 SD. Developed epilepsy at 2 weeks followed by global developmental delay and mild hypothyroidism and cataracts.He suffered gradual lost of developmental milestones. At 18 yo, height was -4.6 SD and OFC was -4.0 SD. As the mouse model did not show signs of microcephaly, there is currently not enough evidence to support a gene-disease association, this gene has been given an Red rating. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.254 | ARF3 |
Ivone Leong changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID:34346499, individual 1 also has severe microcephaly (-3.3SD), spasticity, cerebellum atrophy and brainstem atrophy. Individual 2 does not have microcephaly, but has cerebellar hypoplasia. Based on the available evidence, there is currently not enough evidence to support a gene-disease association, therefore this gene has been given an Amber rating.; to: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID:34346499, individual 1 also has severe microcephaly (-3.3SD), spasticity, cerebellum atrophy and brainstem atrophy. Individual 2 does not have microcephaly, but has cerebellar hypoplasia. As only 1 patient has severe microcephaly. This gene has been given a Red rating. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.251 | PCDHGC4 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: PCDHGC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.220 | NAA20 |
Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: Not associated with a phenotype in OMIM nor Gen2Phen. Two missense variants reported as homozygotes in one family each. In silico predictions and in vitro functional studies provide evidence that these variants will adversely affect their capacity to form a NatB complex with NAA25, and in vitro acetylation assays revealed reduced catalytic activities toward different NatB substrates (PMID 34230638). Children from these two families had developmental delay, intellectual disability (mild to moderate family 1, severe family 2). The two children in family 1 in this study had a head circumcernces of -2.3 & -1.9 SD (which is not regarded as severe microcephaly). The three children from family 2 this study had a head circumcernces of -3.5, -3.0 & -3.5 SD (which is regarded as severe microcephaly). Subtle dysmorphic features were also reported. Sources: Literature; to: Not associated with a phenotype in OMIM nor Gen2Phen. Two missense variants reported as homozygotes in one family each. In silico predictions and in vitro functional studies provide evidence that these variants will adversely affect their capacity to form a NatB complex with NAA25, and in vitro acetylation assays revealed reduced catalytic activities toward different NatB substrates (PMID 34230638). Children from these two families had developmental delay, intellectual disability (mild to moderate family 1, severe family 2). The two children in family 1 in this study had a head circumcernces of -2.3 & -1.9 SD (which is not regarded as severe microcephaly). The three children from family 2 in this study had a head circumcernces of -3.5, -3.0 & -3.5 SD (which is regarded as severe microcephaly). Subtle dysmorphic features were also reported. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.218 | NAA20 |
Sarah Leigh gene: NAA20 was added gene: NAA20 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NAA20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NAA20 were set to 34230638 Phenotypes for gene: NAA20 were set to autosomal recessive developmental delay, intellectual disability, and microcephaly Review for gene: NAA20 was set to AMBER Added comment: Not associated with a phenotype in OMIM nor Gen2Phen. Two missense variants reported as homozygotes in one family each. In silico predictions and in vitro functional studies provide evidence that these variants will adversely affect their capacity to form a NatB complex with NAA25, and in vitro acetylation assays revealed reduced catalytic activities toward different NatB substrates (PMID 34230638). Children from these two families had developmental delay, intellectual disability (mild to moderate family 1, severe family 2). The two children in family 1 in this study had a head circumcernces of -2.3 & -1.9 SD (which is not regarded as severe microcephaly). The three children from family 2 this study had a head circumcernces of -3.5, -3.0 & -3.5 SD (which is regarded as severe microcephaly). Subtle dysmorphic features were also reported. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.211 | DPM1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: DPM1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10642597, 10642602, 15669674, 16641202, 23856421, 27481510, 28139241, 30653653; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Ie, OMIM:608799; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.202 | PDCD6IP | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Phenotype is relevant to this panel with a supportive animal model that recapitulates features such as microcephaly. However, additional cases required to validate pathogenicity prior to inclusion as diagnostic-grade. Therefore Rating Amber, awaiting further publications. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.195 | MCM7 |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Currently there are 3 unrelated pedigrees in literature with different biallelic MCM7 variants associated with disease (PMIDs: 33654309; 34059554). Although there is some functional data in support of variant-level deleteriousness or gene-level pathogenicity, the clinical gestalt is very different between the 3 families. As no clear phenotype correlations can be made at this time, rating as Amber in anticipation of further cases (2/3 presented severe microcephaly). |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.190 | TPRKB | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: TPRKB: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 5, OMIM:617731; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.189 | PTPN23 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: PTPN23 were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, MIM# 618890 to Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, OMIM:618890 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.187 | TP53RK | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: TP53RK: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28805828, 30053862; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 4, OMIM:17730; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.185 | TCF4 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: TCF4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18728071, 21671391, 29318938; Phenotypes: Pitt-Hopkins syndrome OMIM:610954; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.184 | SLC1A4 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: SLC1A4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25930971, 26138499, 26041762, 27193218, 29989513; Phenotypes: Spastic tetraplegia, thin corpus callosum, and progressive microcephaly OMIM:616657; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.179 | SASS6 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: SASS6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24951542, 30639237; Phenotypes: ?Microcephaly 11, primary, autosomal recessive, OMIM:615414; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.178 | RUSC2 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: RUSC2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27612186; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.176 | PUS7 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: PUS7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30526862, 30778726, 31583274; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder with abnormal behavior, microcephaly, and short stature, OMIM:618342; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.173 | PUF60 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: PUF60: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24140112, 27804958, 28327570, 28074499, 28471317, 32851780; Phenotypes: Verheij syndrome, OMIM:615583; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.158 | TRIO | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Zornitza Stark. There is sufficient evidence to promote this gene to Green status at the next GMS panel update - microcephaly of relevant severity to this panel is observed in at least 12 unrelated families with TRIO variants. Pathogenicity is supported by functional data and animal model. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.150 | PTPN23 |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity #618890 in OMIM, Severe microcephaly confirmed in 2 cases, a further 3 cases with microcephaly reported. PMID:31395947 - Bend et al 2020 - 7 patients with biallelic variants in PTPN23. 2 have microcephaly noted (1 with occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) −3SD along with severe growth restriction, in the other the degree is not noted). In a 3rd case borderline microcephaly is reported (10th percentile). PMID:29899372 - Smigiel et al 2018 - 1 patient with severe developmental delay, epilepsy, cortical blindness, hypomyelination and brain atrophy and compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.1902C>G;p.(Asn634Lys), c.2974delC;p.(Leu992Tyrfs*168) identified by WES. OFC at birth was 30 cm (2 cm below 3 percentile), weight 2320 g (300 g below 3 percentile), length 52 cm (50–90 percentile), PMID: 29090338 - Sowada et al 2017- 1 patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.3586C>T (p.Arg1196*) and c.1595C>T (p.Pro532Leu)). OFC at birth was 31 cm (− 2.6 SD) but weight was 50th and length 26th percentile. PMID: 27848944 - Trujillano et al 2017 - 1 patient with homozygous c.904A>G p.(M302V) variant in PTPN23 and microcephaly reported as part of the clinical phenotype. No details as to severity of the microcephaly. They classify the variant as a VUS. PMID: 25558065 - Alazami et al 2015 - 1 patient with a variant (NM_015466:c.3995G > T:p.R1332L) in PTPN23 and Global developmental delay, epilepsy and brain atrophy. Microcephaly not mentioned in publication, however in Bend et al 2020 Table 1 says this patient has progressive microcephaly.; to: Associated with Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity #618890 in OMIM, Severe microcephaly (OFC > 3 SD below mean) confirmed in 1 case, a further 4 cases with microcephaly reported. PMID:31395947 - Bend et al 2020 - 7 patients with biallelic variants in PTPN23. 2 have microcephaly noted (1 with occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) −3SD along with severe growth restriction, in the other the degree is not noted). In a 3rd case borderline microcephaly is reported (10th percentile). PMID:29899372 - Smigiel et al 2018 - 1 patient with severe developmental delay, epilepsy, cortical blindness, hypomyelination and brain atrophy and compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.1902C>G;p.(Asn634Lys), c.2974delC;p.(Leu992Tyrfs*168) identified by WES. OFC at birth was 30 cm (2 cm below 3 percentile), weight 2320 g (300 g below 3 percentile), length 52 cm (50–90 percentile), PMID: 29090338 - Sowada et al 2017- 1 patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.3586C>T (p.Arg1196*) and c.1595C>T (p.Pro532Leu)). OFC at birth was 31 cm (− 2.6 SD) but weight was 50th and length 26th percentile. PMID: 27848944 - Trujillano et al 2017 - 1 patient with homozygous c.904A>G p.(M302V) variant in PTPN23 and microcephaly reported as part of the clinical phenotype. No details as to severity of the microcephaly. They classify the variant as a VUS. PMID: 25558065 - Alazami et al 2015 - 1 patient with a variant (NM_015466:c.3995G > T:p.R1332L) in PTPN23 and Global developmental delay, epilepsy and brain atrophy. Microcephaly not mentioned in publication, however in Bend et al 2020 Table 1 says this patient has progressive microcephaly. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.150 | PTPN23 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: PTPN23: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31395947, 29899372, 29090338, 27848944, 25558065; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, OMIM:618890; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.147 | PPP1R15B |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 2 #616817 in OMIM. PubMed: 27640355 - Mohammad et al 2016 - report WES of 2 siblings who presented with cirrhosis and required liver transplantation at age 7 and 22 months. Compound heterozygous mutations in PPP1R15B were identified. Microcephaly was also noted in both siblings. One sibling at age 4 years had head circumference at the third percentile, the other had holoprosencephaly and head circumference was below the 3rd percentile for gestational age at birth. Compound het variants in PPP1R15B; c.63G>A (p.W21*), inherited from the father, and c.674delC (p.P225LfsX10), inherited from the mother. PubMed: 26159176 - Abdulkarim et al 2015 - report a homozygous c.1972C>T, p.R658C variant in PPP1R15B in two siblings from a consanguineous family of Algerian origin with young-onset diabetes, microcephaly, and short stature. First sibling had adult cranial perimeter: 46 cm, −4.0 SD. The sister had a similar presentation but was not available for detailed evaluation. PubMed: 26307080 - Kernohan et al 2015 - report a consanguineous family (ethnicity not stated) with severe microcephaly, short stature, hypoplastic brainstem and cord, delayed myelination and intellectual disability in two siblings and a homozygous c.1972G>A; p.R658C variant in PPP1R15B. First sibling had head circumference of 28.5 cm (−5.0 SD) at birth, second sibling had a head circumference of head circumference of 37 cm (−6 to −7 SD) at 15 months.; to: Associated with Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 2 #616817 in OMIM. PubMed: 27640355 - Mohammad et al 2016 - report WES of 2 siblings who presented with cirrhosis and required liver transplantation at age 7 and 22 months. Compound heterozygous mutations in PPP1R15B were identified. Microcephaly was also noted in both siblings. One sibling at age 4 years had head circumference at the third percentile, the other had holoprosencephaly and head circumference was below the 3rd percentile for gestational age at birth. Compound het variants in PPP1R15B; c.63G>A (p.W21*), inherited from the father, and c.674delC (p.P225LfsX10), inherited from the mother. PubMed: 26159176 - Abdulkarim et al 2015 - report a homozygous c.1972C>T, p.R658C variant in PPP1R15B in two siblings from a consanguineous family of Algerian origin with young-onset diabetes, microcephaly, and short stature. First sibling had adult cranial perimeter: 46 cm, −4.0 SD. The sister had a similar presentation but was not available for detailed evaluation. PubMed: 26307080 - Kernohan et al 2015 - report a consanguineous family (enrolled in Canada) with severe microcephaly, short stature, hypoplastic brainstem and cord, delayed myelination and intellectual disability in two siblings and a homozygous c.1972G>A; p.R658C variant in PPP1R15B. First sibling had head circumference of 28.5 cm (−5.0 SD) at birth, second sibling had a head circumference of head circumference of 37 cm (−6 to −7 SD) at 15 months. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.146 | PPP1R15B | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: PPP1R15B: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27640355, 26159176, 26307080; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 2, OMIM:616817; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.118 | WDR4 | Ivone Leong reviewed gene: WDR4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.101 | HPDL |
Arina Puzriakova gene: HPDL was added gene: HPDL was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Q2_21_rating tags were added to gene: HPDL. Mode of inheritance for gene: HPDL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HPDL were set to 32707086; 33188300 Phenotypes for gene: HPDL were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities, OMIM:619026; Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities, MONDO:0033613 Review for gene: HPDL was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and has a 'probable' disease confidence for 'HPDL Neurodegenerative Disease' in Gene2Phenotype. At least 34 cases from 21 unrelated families with a paediatric-onset spastic movement disorder and biallelic variants in this gene (PMIDs: 32707086 and 33188300). There is broad clinical variability ranging from severe, neonatal-onset neurodevelopmental delay with neuroimaging findings resembling mitochondrial encephalopathy to milder manifestation of adolescent-onset, isolated HSP. Microcephaly of relevant severity (HC ≤ 3 SD) was observed in 13/30 cases. Supportive functional studies were reported, including localization of HPDL protein to the mitochondria and muscle fibre abnormalities and a KO mouse model displaying features of seizures, early lethality, smaller brain sizes, and cellular apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.99 | PRUNE1 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: PRUNE1 were changed from microcephaly, spasticity, developmental delay to microcephaly, spasticity, developmental delay; Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies OMIM:617481; neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies MONDO:0060490 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.98 | PRUNE1 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: PRUNE1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 33105479; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.92 | TMX2 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TMX2 were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity 618730 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity, OMIM:618730; Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity, MONDO:0032887 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.87 | AP4S1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: AP4S1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21620353, 25552650, 27444738, 30283821, 32216065, 32979048; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.85 | AP4M1 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: AP4M1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19559397, 21937992, 24700674, 25496299, 28464862, 29473051, 32337850; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 50, autosomal recessive, OMIM:612936; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.79 | PPIL1 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: PPIL1 was added gene: PPIL1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature for-review tags were added to gene: PPIL1. Mode of inheritance for gene: PPIL1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PPIL1 were set to 33220177 Phenotypes for gene: PPIL1 were set to PPIL1-related Neurodegenerative Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia with Microcephaly Review for gene: PPIL1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Currently not associated with any phenotype in OMIM (last edited on: 10/07/2001) but has a 'probable' gene rating for 'PPIL1-related Neurodegenerative Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia with Microcephaly' in Gene2Phenotype. - PMID: 33220177 (2021) - At least 12 variants identified in 17 individuals from 9 unrelated families. All displayed pontocerebellar hypoplasia and progressive congenital microcephaly (-4 to -8 SD HC). Further common phenotypes included hypotonia, seizures, intellectual disability with delayed language and motor development, and cortical changes on brain MRI, most notably simplified gyri pattern. Pathogenicity is supported by mouse model. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.74 | TRAPPC12 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC12 were changed from Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669 to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, OMIM:617669; Early-onset progressive encephalopathy-hearing loss-pons hypoplasia-brain atrophy syndrome, MONDO:0044696 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.72 | TRAPPC12 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: TRAPPC12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28777934, 32369837; Phenotypes: Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, OMIM:617669, Early-onset progressive encephalopathy-hearing loss-pons hypoplasia-brain atrophy syndrome, MONDO:0044696; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.38 | MFSD2A | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: MFSD2A were changed from Microcephaly 15, primary, autosomal recessive, 616486 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive microcephaly, spasticity, and brain imaging abnormalities, 616486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.33 | ZNF335 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23178126, 27540107, 29652087, 30500859, 31187448; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 10, primary, autosomal recessive, 615095; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.27 | LMNB2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: LMNB2 was added gene: LMNB2 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: LMNB2 were set to 33033404 Phenotypes for gene: LMNB2 were set to Congenital microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: LMNB2 were set to Complete Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB2 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: LMNB2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Parry et al (2020 - PMID: 33033404) in a study to identify novel microcephaly genes using the DDD and 100k genomes project (100kGP) patient cohort, report on the phenotype of 13 individuals with heterozygous variant in LMNB1 (N=7) and LMNB2 (N=6). LMNB1 : The authors identified 3 recurrent variants (c.97A>G - p.Lys33Glu (3), c.97_99del - p.Lys33del (2) , c.269G>C - p.Arg90Pro (2) / NM_005573.4) in seven individuals (3 from the DDD study, 4 from the 100kGP). In all cases were segregation studies were possible, the variant had occurred as a de novo event. LMNB2 : 4 individuals from the DDD cohort and 1 from the 100kGP were found to harbor the same missense SNV (NM_032737.4:c.1192G>A, p.Glu398Lys). The variant had occurred de novo in 3 subjects and was inherited from a mosaic - unaffected - parent in a further case. Another individual was found to harbor c.160A>C - p.Asn54His. LMNB1/2 common phenotypes : All cases had congenital microcephaly (OFC -5.85 +/- 1.14 SD) apart from one individual, without history of IUGR or postnatally abnormal height (the latter in most). Neuroimaging suggested structurally normal brain without abnormal migration. Gyral simplification / global reduction in white matter / increased extra axial spaces / enlarged ventricles were reported in 2. LMNB1 - Global developmental delay was a feature in all (mild to severe) with some having occasional words at 7y (P3), absent speech (P9 - age category 5-10y) or ID not further specified (P13). LMNB2 - DD was a feature in all 6 subjects (5/6 moderate to severe - 1/6 GDD). 5/6 were 10y or older with language (in 3 language not achieved) and motor deficits (walking not achieved in 1/6 - occurred at the age of 6y in 1/6). Facial features were not consistent nor suggestive of a syndromic diagnosis (sloping forehead in some). Overall, as the authors comment, the phenotype corresponded to a severe nonsyndromic microcephaly (although additional features were reported in some). Animal model: Microcephaly is supported by Lmnb1 ko mouse model. Lmnb1/2 ko mice however display migration defects, while Lmnb2 ko mice do not have reduced size at birth. Heterozygous Lmnb1 mice do not present microcephaly. It is suggested that while animal models support a similar (to the human) phenotype the underlying mechanism is different. Variant effect : variants were shown to affect highly conserved residues within the lamin a-helical rod-domain. As affected residues are conserved in LMNA, modelling with available LMNA PDB structures, suggested disrupted interactions required for higher-order assembly of lamin filaments. Recurrence of specific variants at specific residues, absence of pLoF ones, the htz mouse Lmnb1 phenotype (absence of microcephaly) and the proposed mechanism (perturbation of complex formation) suggest a gain-of-function/dominant-negative effect rather than happloinsufficiency. [Please also note the additional OMIM phenotypes for LMNB1 / LMNB2 - not here reviewed] Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.27 | LMNB1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: LMNB1 was added gene: LMNB1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LMNB1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: LMNB1 were set to 33033404 Phenotypes for gene: LMNB1 were set to Congenital microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: LMNB1 were set to Complete Mode of pathogenicity for gene: LMNB1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: LMNB1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Parry et al (2020 - PMID: 33033404) in a study to identify novel microcephaly genes using the DDD and 100k genomes project (100kGP) patient cohort, report on the phenotype of 13 individuals with heterozygous variant in LMNB1 (N=7) and LMNB2 (N=6). LMNB1 : The authors identified 3 recurrent variants (c.97A>G - p.Lys33Glu (3), c.97_99del - p.Lys33del (2) , c.269G>C - p.Arg90Pro (2) / NM_005573.4) in seven individuals (3 from the DDD study, 4 from the 100kGP). In all cases were segregation studies were possible, the variant had occurred as a de novo event. LMNB2 : 4 individuals from the DDD cohort and 1 from the 100kGP were found to harbor the same missense SNV (NM_032737.4:c.1192G>A, p.Glu398Lys). The variant had occurred de novo in 3 subjects and was inherited from a mosaic - unaffected - parent in a further case. Another individual was found to harbor c.160A>C - p.Asn54His. LMNB1/2 common phenotypes : All cases had congenital microcephaly (OFC -5.85 +/- 1.14 SD) apart from one individual, without history of IUGR or postnatally abnormal height (the latter in most). Neuroimaging suggested structurally normal brain without abnormal migration. Gyral simplification / global reduction in white matter / increased extra axial spaces / enlarged ventricles were reported in 2. LMNB1 - Global developmental delay was a feature in all (mild to severe) with some having occasional words at 7y (P3), absent speech (P9 - age category 5-10y) or ID not further specified (P13). LMNB2 - DD was a feature in all 6 subjects (5/6 moderate to severe - 1/6 GDD). 5/6 were 10y or older with language (in 3 language not achieved) and motor deficits (walking not achieved in 1/6 - occurred at the age of 6y in 1/6). Facial features were not consistent nor suggestive of a syndromic diagnosis (sloping forehead in some). Overall, as the authors comment, the phenotype corresponded to a severe nonsyndromic microcephaly (although additional features were reported in some). Animal model: Microcephaly is supported by Lmnb1 ko mouse model. Lmnb1/2 ko mice however display migration defects, while Lmnb2 ko mice do not have reduced size at birth. Heterozygous Lmnb1 mice do not present microcephaly. It is suggested that while animal models support a similar (to the human) phenotype the underlying mechanism is different. Variant effect : variants were shown to affect highly conserved residues within the lamin a-helical rod-domain. As affected residues are conserved in LMNA, modelling with available LMNA PDB structures, suggested disrupted interactions required for higher-order assembly of lamin filaments. Recurrence of specific variants at specific residues, absence of pLoF ones, the htz mouse Lmnb1 phenotype (absence of microcephaly) and the proposed mechanism (perturbation of complex formation) suggest a gain-of-function/dominant-negative effect rather than happloinsufficiency. [Please also note the additional OMIM phenotypes for LMNB1 / LMNB2 - not here reviewed] Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.27 | DNMT3A | Rachel Jones reviewed gene: DNMT3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: PID: 30478443; Phenotypes: 618724 HEYN-SPROUL-JACKSON SYNDROME, HESJAS; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.24 | NUP188 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: NUP188: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32021605, 32275884; Phenotypes: Sandestig-Stefanova syndrome, 618804; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | YIF1B |
Zornitza Stark gene: YIF1B was added gene: YIF1B was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: YIF1B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YIF1B were set to 32006098; 26077767 Phenotypes for gene: YIF1B were set to Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement Review for gene: YIF1B was set to GREEN gene: YIF1B was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 6 individuals (from 5 families) with biallelic YIF1B truncating variants reported. Presenting features: hypotonia, failure to thrive, microcephaly (5/6), severe global DD and ID as well as features suggestive of a motor disorder (dystonia/spasticity/dyskinesia). Seizures were reported in 2 unrelated individuals (2/6). MRI abnormalities were observed in some with thin CC being a feature in 3. Affected individuals were found to be homozygous for truncating variants (4/5 families being consanguineous). The following 3 variants were identified (NM_001039672.2) : c.186dupT or p.Ala64fs / c.360_361insACAT or p.Gly121fs / c.598G>T or p.Glu200*. Yif1B KO mice demonstrate a disorganized Golgi architecture in pyramidal hippocampal neurons (Alterio et al 2015 - PMID: 26077767). Functional/network analysis of genes co-regulated with YIF1B based on available RNAseq data, suggest enrichement in in genes important for nervous system development and function. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | DNMT3A |
Zornitza Stark gene: DNMT3A was added gene: DNMT3A was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: DNMT3A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: DNMT3A were set to 30478443 Phenotypes for gene: DNMT3A were set to intellectual disability; microcephaly; short stature Review for gene: DNMT3A was set to GREEN gene: DNMT3A was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three individuals reported, two with the same de novo missense variant. Postulated to be GOF as opposed to LOF variants in this gene which cause an overgrowth syndrome. Animal model supports pathogenicity. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | DNA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DNA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24389050, 31045292; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 8, MIM#615807; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | CEP63 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CEP63: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21983783, 26158450; Phenotypes: Seckel syndrome 6, MIM#614728; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | TRAPPC12 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TRAPPC12 was added gene: TRAPPC12 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRAPPC12 were set to 32369837; 28777934 Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC12 were set to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669 Review for gene: TRAPPC12 was set to GREEN gene: TRAPPC12 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four families reported with a severe progressive encephalopathy characterized by microcephaly, global developmental delay, and hearing loss. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | SVBP |
Zornitza Stark gene: SVBP was added gene: SVBP was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SVBP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SVBP were set to 31363758; 30607023 Phenotypes for gene: SVBP were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, OMIM #618569 Review for gene: SVBP was set to GREEN Added comment: 5 unrelated families with homozygous mutations in SVBP, microcephaly is part of the phenotype. The mutations segregated with the disorder in all families. In vitro functional cellular expression studies showed that protein levels of the SVBP mutants were barely detectable, suggesting instability, and that the mutant proteins had lost VASH/SVBP catalytic detyrosination activity toward tubulin. Knockdown of about 50% Svbp expression using shRNA in rat hippocampal neurons impaired the formation of excitatory synapses compared to controls. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | SASS6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SASS6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24951542, 30639237; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 14, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616402; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | PTPN23 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PTPN23 was added gene: PTPN23 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PTPN23 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PTPN23 were set to 31395947; 29899372; 29090338; 27848944; 25558065 Phenotypes for gene: PTPN23 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, MIM# 618890 Review for gene: PTPN23 was set to GREEN Added comment: Over 10 families reported with an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterised by global developmental delay apparent from early infancy, poor overall growth often with microcephaly (6/10), impaired intellectual development with delayed or absent speech, axial hypotonia, and peripheral spasticity. Additional common but variable features include early-onset seizures, optic atrophy with poor visual fixation, and dysmorphic facial features. Brain imaging shows cerebral atrophy, poor or absent myelination with loss of white matter volume, and often hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and/or cerebellum. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | PPP1R15B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PPP1R15B: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27640355; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, short stature, and impaired glucose metabolism 2, MIM# 616817; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | DPP6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DPP6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23832105; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 33 (MIM#616311); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | PCDH12 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PCDH12 was added gene: PCDH12 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PCDH12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PCDH12 were set to 27164683; 22822038; 30178464 Phenotypes for gene: PCDH12 were set to Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia syndrome 1, MIM# 251280 Review for gene: PCDH12 was set to GREEN Added comment: Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia syndrome-1 (DMJDS1) is an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by progressive microcephaly, severely delayed or even absent psychomotor development with profound intellectual disability, and spasticity or dystonia. Some patients may have seizures and/or visual impairment. Brain imaging shows a characteristic developmental malformation of the midbrain; subtle intracranial calcifications may also be present. At least 12 families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | ERCC5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ERCC5: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32052936; Phenotypes: Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 3 MIM#616570; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | COASY | Sebastian Lunke reviewed gene: COASY: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30089828, 28489334; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | ADARB1 | Arina Puzriakova edited their review of gene: ADARB1: Added comment: PMID: 32719099 (2020) - Three additional patients from two consanguineous families with novel biallelic variants in the ADARB1 gene. All affected individuals presented global DD, severe-profound ID, intractable early infantile-onset seizures, severe microcephaly, axial hypotonia and progressive appendicular spasticity. In vitro RNA editing assays showed that both variants resulted in severe impairment or loss of ADAR2 enzymatic activity.; Changed publications: 32220291, 32719099 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | WDR4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WDR4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26416026, 28617965, 30079490, 29597095; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 6 MIM#618347; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | ZNF335 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23178126, 27540107, 29652087; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 10, primary, autosomal recessive (MIM#615095); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | AP4E1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: AP4E1 was added gene: AP4E1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: AP4E1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AP4E1 were set to 20972249; 21620353; 21937992 Phenotypes for gene: AP4E1 were set to Spastic paraplegia 51, autosomal recessive, MIM# 613744 Review for gene: AP4E1 was set to GREEN gene: AP4E1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia that progresses to hypertonia and spasticity and severe mental retardation with poor or absent speech development. Microcephaly is a prominent, presenting feature. At least 3 families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | ANKLE2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ANKLE2: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25259927, 30214071, 31735666; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 16, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616681; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | AGMO | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AGMO: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31555905; Phenotypes: microcephaly, intellectual disability, epilepsy; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.16 | NCAPH |
Arina Puzriakova gene: NCAPH was added gene: NCAPH was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NCAPH was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NCAPH were set to 27737959 Phenotypes for gene: NCAPH were set to Microcephaly 23, primary, autosomal recessive, 617985 Added comment: Associated with Microcephaly 23 in OMIM and a possible gene for microcephaly in G2P. PMID: 27737959 (2016) - A homozygous missense variant in NCAPH (c.728C>T, p.Pro243Leu) was detected in a 42-year-old male with microcephaly (OFC -4.2 SD) and moderate ID. Functional studies indicated that although the variant did not affect cellular protein levels, it disrupted condensin-dependent mitotic chromosome integrity, providing supporting evidence for pathogenicity. Biallelic variants in other genes encoding subunits of the two condensin complexes result in a similar phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.14 | NCAPD3 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: NCAPD3 was added gene: NCAPD3 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NCAPD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NCAPD3 were set to 27737959 Phenotypes for gene: NCAPD3 were set to Microcephaly 22, primary, autosomal recessive, 617984 Review for gene: NCAPD3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Associated with Microcephaly 22 in OMIM and a possible gene for Microcephaly with short stature in G2P. PMID: 27737959 (2016) - Two unrelated cases. Compound heterozygous variants ([c.1783_1784delG, p.Val595Serfs*34];[c.382+14A>G, p.Ser129Metfs*1]) were detected in a 6-years-5-month-old male with microcephaly (OFC -5.4 SD). The second patient (aged 6-years-11-months-old) was less severely microcephalic (OFC -2.7 SD) but additionally had moderate developmental delay, seizures and lower limb hypertonia, and also harboured a homozygous missense variant in NCAPD3 (c.3458T>G, p.Glu1153Ala). Functional studies indicated that both variants disrupted condensin-dependent mitotic chromosome integrity, providing supporting evidence for pathogenicity. Biallelic variants in other genes encoding subunits of the two condensin complexes result in a similar phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.12 | NCAPD2 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: NCAPD2 was added gene: NCAPD2 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NCAPD2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NCAPD2 were set to 27737959; 28097321; 31056748 Phenotypes for gene: NCAPD2 were set to Microcephaly 21, primary, autosomal recessive, 617983 Review for gene: NCAPD2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with phenotype in OMIM and a possible gene for Microcephaly with short stature in G2P. PMID: 27737959 (2016) - A homozygous splice site variant (c.4120+2T>C, p.Asp1374Glyfs*29) in NCAPD2 was detected in a 3-year-old male with severe microcephaly (OFC -11.9 SD), severe ID, autistic-like behaviours, and no speech. The variant was found in a heterozygous state in both unaffected parents and was not present in the ExAC database. Functional studies indicated that the variant disrupted condensin-dependent mitotic chromosome integrity, providing supporting evidence for pathogenicity. PMID: 28097321 (2017) - In two affected cousins from a consanguineous family with mild ID, intrauterine growth retardation, short stature, and microcephaly. Homozygous missense variants were found in NCAPD2 (c.23T>C, p.Phe8Ser), but also in ENO2 (c.710C>T, p.Thr237Met). Variants segregated with disease in the family, but no further functional studies were undertaken of the variants or patient cells. PMID: 31056748 (2019) - In a 13-year-old female with severe microcephaly (OFC < -3), mild ID (IQ 59), poor learning performance, sloping forehead and reduced cerebral cortex size, exome sequencing revealed a homozygous variant in NCAPD2 (c.3477+2T>C, p.Gly1160Valfs*16). Progressive microcephaly was also apparent in a sibling of the proband, a male fetus which was terminated at 34 weeks of pregnancy. The same homozygous variant was identified in the fetus, while parents were heterozygotes and an unaffected brother was homozygous for the other allele. No further functional studies of the variant or patient cells were performed. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.8 | TMX2 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as probable Gen2Phen gene for Primary microcephaly, cortical malformation and epileptic encephalopathy. At least 7 variants reported in at least 9 unrelated cases of Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity 618730 (PMID 31735293; 31270415). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.7 | TMX2 |
Sarah Leigh gene: TMX2 was added gene: TMX2 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TMX2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TMX2 were set to 31586943; 31735293; 31270415 Phenotypes for gene: TMX2 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity 618730 Review for gene: TMX2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | UFC1 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: UFC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 29868776; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and poor growth, 618076; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | ZNHIT3 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: ZNHIT3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28335020; Phenotypes: PEHO syndrome, 260565; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | PCLO | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: PCLO: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25832664; Phenotypes: ?Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 3, 608027; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | UFM1 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: UFM1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28931644, 29868776, 27545674; Phenotypes: Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 14, 617899; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | UBA5 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: UBA5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 44, 617132; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.74 | CCDC88A | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: CCDC88A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 26917597, 30392057; Phenotypes: ?PEHO syndrome-like, 617507; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ISCA-37390-Loss | Louise Daugherty reviewed Region: ISCA-37390-Loss: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ISCA-37406-Loss | Louise Daugherty reviewed Region: ISCA-37406-Loss: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ISCA-37408-Loss | Louise Daugherty reviewed Region: ISCA-37408-Loss: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ISCA-37425-Gain | Louise Daugherty reviewed Region: ISCA-37425-Gain: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | WDFY3 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: WDFY3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TUBGCP3 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TUBGCP3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TRMT1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TRMT1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SASS6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SASS6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PPP1R15B | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PPP1R15B: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PLAA | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PLAA: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PHC1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PHC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NSMCE2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NSMCE2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NIN | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NIN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCM | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCM: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ERCC5 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ERCC5: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | EOMES | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: EOMES: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DNA2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DNA2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CENPE | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CENPE: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CDK6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CDK6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CDC6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CDC6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATRIP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATRIP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ANKLE2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ANKLE2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | AGMO | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: AGMO: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ZNF335 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TAF13 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TAF13: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RMI1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RMI1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RAD51C | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RAD51C: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | QARS | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: QARS: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CRIPT | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CRIPT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ZEB2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ZEB2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | XRCC4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: XRCC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | WDR73 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: WDR73: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | WDR62 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: WDR62: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TUBGCP6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TUBGCP6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TUBGCP4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TUBGCP4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TRMT10A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TRMT10A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TRAIP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TRAIP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | TOP3A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: TOP3A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | STIL | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: STIL: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | STAMBP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: STAMBP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SMC3 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SMC3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SMC1A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SMC1A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SLX4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SLX4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SLC9A6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SLC9A6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | SLC25A19 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SLC25A19: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RTTN | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RTTN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RPL10 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RPL10: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RNU4ATAC | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RNU4ATAC: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RBBP8 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RBBP8: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | RAD21 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: RAD21: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PQBP1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PQBP1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | POC1A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: POC1A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PNKP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PNKP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PLK4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PLK4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PDHA1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PDHA1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PCNT | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PCNT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PALB2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PALB2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ORC6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ORC6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ORC4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ORC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ORC1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ORC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NIPBL | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NIPBL: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NHEJ1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NHEJ1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NDE1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NDE1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | NBN | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: NBN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | MYCN | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: MYCN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | MSMO1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: MSMO1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | MFSD2A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: MFSD2A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | MCPH1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: MCPH1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | LIG4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: LIG4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | LARP7 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: LARP7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | KIF11 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: KIF11: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | IGF1R | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: IGF1R: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | IGF1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: IGF1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | IER3IP1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: IER3IP1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | HDAC8 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: HDAC8: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | GMNN | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: GMNN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCL | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCL: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCI | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCI: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCG | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCG: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCF | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCF: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCE | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCE: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCD2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCD2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCC | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCC: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCB | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCB: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | FANCA | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: FANCA: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ERCC8 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ERCC8: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ERCC6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ERCC6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ERCC4 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ERCC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | EFTUD2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: EFTUD2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DYRK1A | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DYRK1A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DPP6 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DPP6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DONSON | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DONSON: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DIAPH1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DIAPH1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DHCR7 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DHCR7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | DDX11 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: DDX11: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CTNNB1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CTNNB1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CREBBP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CREBBP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CKAP2L | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CKAP2L: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CIT | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CIT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CEP63 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CEP63: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CEP152 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CEP152: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CEP135 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CEP135: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CENPJ | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CENPJ: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CENPF | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CENPF: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CDT1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CDT1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CDK5RAP2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CDK5RAP2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | CASK | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: CASK: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | BRIP1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: BRIP1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | BRCA2 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: BRCA2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | BLM | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: BLM: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATRX | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATRX: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATR | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATR: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ASPM | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ASPM: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | PRUNE1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PRUNE1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | KNL1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: KNL1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | KIF1BP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: KIF1BP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.61 | CIT | Louise Daugherty Source NHS GMS was added to CIT. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.60 | UFC1 |
Louise Daugherty gene: UFC1 was added gene: UFC1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: UFC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: UFC1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and poor growth, 618076; microcephaly Review for gene: UFC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: As discussed with the GMS Neurology Specialist Test Group webex call 11th July 2019: New gene recommended to be added to the panel by Astrid Weber during the call (Geoff Woods is one of the authors). it was suggested that Geoff Woods opinion on this gene would be helpful too, in view of the presence on his publication of the UFM1 gene. PanelApp team added gene /phenotype and MOI from OMIM to panel and requested evidence for the proposed rating before gene can be upgraded to Green Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v1.49 | PALB2 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: PALB2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.37 | ISCA-37408-Loss |
Louise Daugherty Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was added Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was added to Primary Microcephaly - Microcephalic Dwarfism Spectrum. Sources: ClinGen,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were set to 16963482; 22579565; 18245392 Phenotypes for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were set to PMID: 16963482 idiopathic intellectual disability including moderate to severe intellectual disability, autism/autistic features, microcephaly, structural brain anomalies including cortical dysplasia/pachygyria, renal anomalies (multicystic kidney, hydronephrosis), digital camptodactyly, visual impairment, strabismus, neuromotor deficits, communication and attention impairments, and a distinctive pattern of craniofacial features. Dysmorphic craniofacial features include progressive microcephaly, flat occiput, widened inner canthal distance, small palpebral fissures, ptosis, long and straight eyelashes, broad and high nasal root extending to a widened, prominent nasal tip with elongated, smooth philtrum, rounding of the upper vermillion border and everted lower lips. PMID: 18245392 A 32-year-old, mentally retarded male was referred to our centre for further clinical genetic analysis. He was born to non-consanguineous parents after 42 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 3500 g. He had a healthy older brother. In the neonatal period he was hypotonic and at 8 weeks of age he underwent surgery because of an inguinal hernia with removal of an atrophic right testis. His motor development was severely delayed with sitting at 3.5 years and walking at 5 years of age. Speech was poorly developed, characterised by the usage of only a few words. During infancy an optic nerve hypoplasia was diagnosed, and during childhood he frequently suffered from luxations of the patellae, which required surgery. At the age of 32 years his height is 163 cm (_3 SDS) and head circumference 52.5 cm (_2.5 SDS). He has a narrow receding forehead, widened inner canthal distance of 3.5 cm (90th centile), normal outer canthal distance of 8.5 cm (25th centile), telecanthus, short and down slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, ptosis, long, straight eyelashes, high nasal bridge, low set large ears, flat philtrum, small mouth with high, narrow palate and retrognathia. The thorax is broad with increased internipple distance and slight gynaecomastia. A recent renal ultrasound revealed multiple cysts in the left, dystrophic kidney and two uncomplicated cysts in the enlarged, right kidney. The patient has a normally sized phallus with absent right testis and small left testis. His hands show a simian crease right and tapering fingers with broad proximal interphalangeal joints. He shows sandal gaps on both flat feet with clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth toes (and more); 612513; PMID: 22579565 severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, intractable epilepsy, and renal anomalies, as well as a congenital choledochal cyst which has not been previously reported in other patients with this cytogenetic defect |
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| Severe microcephaly | CIT | Alice Gardham marked CIT as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | CIT | Alice Gardham classified CIT as green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | CIT | Alice Gardham reviewed CIT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | CIT | Rebecca Foulger commented on CIT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||