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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v5.71 | KIF4A |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: As reviewed by Zornitza Stark (Australian Genomics), there are at least four unrelated cases with hemizygous variants in KIF4A gene and presenting with intellectual disability. PMID:24812067 reported a family in which five males spanning three generations had intellectual disability, speech delay and global developmental delay and four of these males developed seizures in late childhood–adolescence. PMID:34346154 reported 11 unrelated cases expanding the phenotypic spectrum to include developmental delay and intellectual disability with or without epilepsy to a congenital anomaly phenotype with hydrocephalus and various brain anomalies at the more severe end of clinical manifestations. Of eight patients with congenital anomalies, one each had severe to profound developmental delay, mild psychomotor delay and severe psychomotor delay, while the remaining five had no developmental delays. However, all three patients without congenital structural anomalies had intellectual disability (borderline intellectual functioning in one case), speech delay and global developmental delay, while motor delay and autism spectrum disorder was reported in two cases each. Isolated febrile seizure was reported in one case. This gene has been reported in OMIM (MIM #300923) and Gene2Phenotype (with 'limited' rating) on the basis of one family from PMID:24812067.; to: PMID:24812067 reported a family in which five males spanning three generations had intellectual disability, speech delay and global developmental delay and four of these males developed seizures in late childhood–adolescence. PMID:34346154 reported 11 unrelated cases expanding the phenotypic spectrum to include developmental delay and intellectual disability with or without epilepsy to a congenital anomaly phenotype with hydrocephalus and various brain anomalies at the more severe end of clinical manifestations. Of eight patients with congenital anomalies, one each had severe to profound developmental delay, mild psychomotor delay and severe psychomotor delay, while the remaining five had no developmental delays. However, all three patients without congenital structural anomalies had intellectual disability (borderline intellectual functioning in one case), speech delay and global developmental delay, while motor delay and autism spectrum disorder was reported in two cases each. Isolated febrile seizure was reported in one case. This gene has been reported in OMIM (MIM #300923) and Gene2Phenotype (with 'limited' rating) on the basis of one family from PMID:24812067. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v5.71 | KIF4A |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: As reviewed by Zornitza Stark (Australian Genomics), there are at least four unrelated cases with hemizygous variants in KIF4A gene and presenting with intellectual disability. PMID:24812067 reported a family in which five males spanning three generations had intellectual disability, speech delay and global developmental delay and four of these males developed seizures in late childhood–adolescence. PMID:34346154 reported 11 unrelated cases expanding the phenotypic spectrum to include developmental delay and intellectual disability with or without epilepsy to a congenital anomaly phenotype with hydrocephalus and various brain anomalies at the more severe end of clinical manifestations. Of eight patients with congenital anomalies, one each had severe to profound developmental delay, mild psychomotor delay and severe psychomotor delay, while the remaining five had no developmental delays. However, all three patients without congenital structural anomalies had intellectual disability (borderline intellectual functioning in one case), speech delay and global developmental delay, while motor delay and autism spectrum disorder was reported in two cases each. Isolated febrile seizure was reported in one case.; to: As reviewed by Zornitza Stark (Australian Genomics), there are at least four unrelated cases with hemizygous variants in KIF4A gene and presenting with intellectual disability. PMID:24812067 reported a family in which five males spanning three generations had intellectual disability, speech delay and global developmental delay and four of these males developed seizures in late childhood–adolescence. PMID:34346154 reported 11 unrelated cases expanding the phenotypic spectrum to include developmental delay and intellectual disability with or without epilepsy to a congenital anomaly phenotype with hydrocephalus and various brain anomalies at the more severe end of clinical manifestations. Of eight patients with congenital anomalies, one each had severe to profound developmental delay, mild psychomotor delay and severe psychomotor delay, while the remaining five had no developmental delays. However, all three patients without congenital structural anomalies had intellectual disability (borderline intellectual functioning in one case), speech delay and global developmental delay, while motor delay and autism spectrum disorder was reported in two cases each. Isolated febrile seizure was reported in one case. This gene has been reported in OMIM (MIM #300923) and Gene2Phenotype (with 'limited' rating) on the basis of one family from PMID:24812067. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1707 | STUB1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM, but not associated with phenotype in Gen2Phen. Numerous STUB1 variants have been reported in both Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 16, OMIM:615768 and Spinocerebellar ataxia 48, OMIM:618093. PMIDs 34906452; 35493319 report digenic occurrence of heterozygous STUB1 variants, with TBP_CAG expansions of 41-46. They question the validy of Spinocerebellar ataxia 48 (OMIM:618093) as a condition and whether it should be included into Spinocerebellar ataxia 17 (OMIM:607136). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1520 | PAN2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PAN2 was added gene: PAN2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PAN2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PAN2 were set to 29620724; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01077-y Phenotypes for gene: PAN2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Sensorineural hearing impairment; Abnormality of the genitourinary system; Abnormality of the cardiovascular system; Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues; EEG abnormality; Seizures; Anorectal anomaly; Abnormality of the skeletal system; Abnormality of the eye; Abnormality of head or neck Penetrance for gene: PAN2 were set to Complete Review for gene: PAN2 was set to AMBER Added comment: 1. Maddirevula et al (2018 - PMID: 29620724) first reported on the phenotype associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in PAN2. This concerned a male (15DG2222) born to consanguineous parents and exhibiting MCA, dysmorphic features and global DD (age of 34 m). Features incl. imperforate anus, metopic craniosynostosis, scoliosis, CHD (PFO, PDA, VSD), renal anomalies (duplicated collecting system) and abnormalities of the eye (posterior embryotoxon, maculopathy). As the other 411 individuals from the cohort, the child had 1st-tier testing genetic testing using a dysmorphology/skeletal dysplasia panel of 296 genes. Subsequent autozygome analysis (Axiom genotyping platform) was used to identify ROH (authors state "segregating within the family", in pedigree the proband was the single affected person and single child). WES revealed a PAN2 indel. [NM_001166279.1:c.3162delC / p.(Ser1055Profs*4)]. There were no additional studies. Role of PAN2 and animal models discussed as below. --- 2. Reuter et al. (2022 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01077-y) describe the phenotype of 5 additional individuals - from 3 unrelated families (2 consanguineous) - harboring biallelic PAN2 variants. The authors review the phenotype of the previously described case. Features included DD (6/6), ID (4/5 with relevant age in the mild-moderate range, 1/5 had borderline IF), sensorineural hearing loss (5/6) and incompletely penetrant congenital anomalies of the heart (4/6 - TOF, septal defects, Ao root dilat), urinary malformations (4/6 - hypoplasia/agenesis, anovesical fistula), ophthalmological anomalies (2/6 - Rieger, posterior embryotoxon, etc). EEG anomalies or seizures were noted in 4/6. Craniofacial feat. in >=2/6 included cleft palate/bifid uvula, ptosis, hypertelorism, abn. of the nose, low-set ears, short neck. There was no comprehensive evaluation for skeletal dysplasia despite short stature/skeletal anomalies in multiple individuals. Hematological anomalies were reported in 2, possibly explained by another concurrent diagnosis (of GSD) in one individual. WGS was performed for 1 individual, and WES for 4 members of the 2nd family and the proband in the 3rd. ROH identified in all 3 families (1 non-consanguineous but from the same region of Italy) are mentioned in the suppl. Sanger sequencing for parents and affected/unaffected sibs was mentioned for the 2 families with solo WGS/WES. One individual had a dual - previously established - diagnosis (of SLC37A4-related GSD) not related to his NDD. There were no other candidate variants except for VUS or variants in 'genes of uncertain significance'. The majority of mammalian mature mRNAs have polyA tails, added during RNA processing. PAN2 encodes a subunit of the Pan2-Pan3 deadenylation complex which shortens mRNA 3' polyA tails, regulating mRNA stability/translation efficiency. Specifically Pan2 is the catalytic subunit, while the interaction with Pan3 mediates efficient mRNA binding. Deadenylation in cytoplasm is mostly carried out by the Pan2-Pan3 or Ccr4-Not compexes. While perturbations of mRNA metabolism/decay are established causes of NDD and ID. In particular, monoallelic variants in genes of Ccr4-Not complex (inc. CNOT1/2/3) already causative of NDDs. All affected individuals were homozygous for pLoF PAN2 variants, namely (NM_001166279.2): c.2335G>T / p.(Glu779*) [Fam1], c.3408dupT / p.(Glu1137*) [Fam2], c.574-2A>G / p.? [Fam3]. Variants were absent from gnomAD (where PAN2 has a pLI:0.94, o/e:0.19). There were no variant studies performed. The splicing variant is predicted in silico to abolish the splice-acceptor site, with in-frame skippling of ex5 which codes a repeat within the WD40 domain. Previous studies in yeast have shown that this domain is important for sensing the length of the polyA tail, with absence of this domain resulting in impaired deadenylation of 90A tails (similarly to complete Pan2 del) [cited PMID: 31104843]. Overall PAN2 loss-of-function is thought to be the underlying disease mechanism. Partial functional redundancy of Pan2/Pan3 (initiation of deadenylation) and Ccr4-Not complexes (further shortening of polyA) is speculated to mitigate consequences of PAN2 LoF in humans. In yeast Pan2Δ, Ccr4Δ and Pan2Δ/Ccr4Δ have been studied with more severe phenotypes in double mutants where ability to shorten mRNA polyA tails was abolished [cited PMID:11239395]. In yeast extracts lacking Pan2p and Pan3p, transcripts were polyadenylated to >90-200 adenosines [cited PMID: 9774670] Mouse mutants (MGI:1918984) had increased heart weight, increased eosinophil cell number while homozygosity for a stopgain allele (by ENU mutagenesis) was shown to result in embyonic lethality. Finally, given the presence of thrombocytopenia and anemia in 3 individuals (2 families) as well as the link between mRNA deadenylation and telomere disease, telomere length analyses from WGS data were performed (TelSeq/Expansion Hunter dn), but there was no evidence for telomeric shortening. --- Currently, there is no PAN2-related phenotype in OMIM/G2P/SysID/PanelApp Australia. --- Consider inclusion in the ID panel with amber rating [>3 individuals/families/variants, though variant studies not performed (NMD/splicing) and authors of 2nd study recognize possibility of additional/concurrent diagnoses in individuals from consanguineous families, possibility of missed dn variants due to singleton WGS/WES in 2 fam. Also the presumed deadenylation defect not studied to date]. Please consider adding this gene to other panels - eg. for sens. hearing loss (5/6 - 3 fam), urinary tract anomalies (4/6 - 4 fam), congenital (4/6 - 3fam), anorectal malformations (2/6 - 2 families, incl. fistula or imperforate anus), clefting (2/6 - 1 fam), hematological disorders, etc. For the time being, not added in epilepsy panel as some individuals had only EEG anomalies, few had also clinical seizures not necessarily requiring treatment. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1450 | NOP56 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1448 | NOP56 |
Arina Puzriakova Tag nucleotide-repeat-expansion tag was added to gene: NOP56. Tag currently-ngs-unreportable tag was added to gene: NOP56. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1447 | PPP2R2B | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1444 | TBP | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1441 | TBP |
Arina Puzriakova Tag nucleotide-repeat-expansion tag was added to gene: TBP. Tag currently-ngs-unreportable tag was added to gene: TBP. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1436 | ATXN1 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1431 | DMPK | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1424 | C9orf72 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1420 | ATXN7 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1417 | ATXN3 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1413 | ATXN2 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1410 | ATXN10 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Lack of phenotypic relevance for SNVs - nucleotide repeat expansion mechanism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.1163 | SAMD9L |
Zornitza Stark gene: SAMD9L was added gene: SAMD9L was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SAMD9L was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SAMD9L were set to 33710394 Phenotypes for gene: SAMD9L were set to Intellectual disability Review for gene: SAMD9L was set to RED Added comment: Missense variant reported de novo in a patient with moderate ID, in a large cohort study. Authors described it as a phenotype expansion as ataxia-pancytopenia not found in that patient. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.956 | XPA | Catherine Snow Source: Expert Review Red was removed from gene: XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.714 | GLS_GCA |
Arina Puzriakova changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Early developmental delay, which preceded other progressive neurological concerns, was reported in the three unrelated cases from PMID:30970188. Following discussion with Helen Brittain (Genomics England Clinical Team) it was agreed that this is sufficient for inclusion on this panel. However, detection of this 5' UTR triplet expansion must first be internally validated for the interpretation pipeline. In the meantime, rating Red but will raise the STR for validation with the Rare Disease team.; to: Comment on list classification: Early developmental delay, which preceded other progressive neurological concerns, was reported in the three unrelated cases from PMID:30970188. Following discussion with Helen Brittain (Genomics England Clinical Team) it was agreed that this is sufficient for inclusion on this panel. However, detection of this 5' UTR triplet expansion must first be validated within the Genomics England pipeline. In the meantime, rating Red but will raise the STR for validation with the Rare Disease team. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.714 | GLS_GCA |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Early developmental delay, which preceded other progressive neurological concerns, was reported in the three unrelated cases from PMID:30970188. Following discussion with Helen Brittain (Genomics England Clinical Team) it was agreed that this is sufficient for inclusion on this panel. However, detection of this 5' UTR triplet expansion must first be internally validated for the interpretation pipeline. In the meantime, rating Red but will raise the STR for validation with the Rare Disease team. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.713 | GLS |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Zornitza Stark. Early developmental delay, which preceded other progressive neurological concerns, was reported in the three unrelated cases from PMID:30970188. Following discussion with Helen Brittain (Genomics England Clinical Team) it was agreed that this is sufficient for inclusion on this panel. However, detection of the 5' UTR triplet expansion must first be internally validated for the interpretation pipeline. In the meantime, rating Amber but will raise the STR for validation with the Rare Disease team. |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.709 | GLS_GCA |
Arina Puzriakova STR: GLS_GCA was added STR: GLS_GCA was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for STR: GLS_GCA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for STR: GLS_GCA were set to 30970188 Phenotypes for STR: GLS_GCA were set to Global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated glutamine, OMIM:618412; Global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated glutamine, MONDO:0032733 Review for STR: GLS_GCA was set to GREEN Added comment: - PMID: 30970188 (2019) - Three unrelated cases who presented with an early-onset global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated levels of glutamine. One patient also showed cerebellar atrophy. All 3 individuals harboured a large trinucleotide (GCA) repeat expansion in the 5' UTR (length: 680-1,500-copy repeats). The repeat expansion was found in homozygosity in 1 case, and occurred in compound heterozygosity with an SNV in the other two cases (missense and frameshift variant, respectively). Functional analysis showed the repeat expansion results in reduced expression and glutaminase deficiency. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.382 | CTNND1 |
Eleanor Williams gene: CTNND1 was added gene: CTNND1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CTNND1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CTNND1 were set to 32196547 Review for gene: CTNND1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 32196547 - Alharatani et al 2020 - report an expanded phenotype for CTNND1 patients. They report 13 individuals from nine families with novel protein-truncating variants in CTNND1 identified by WES. The mutations were not previously described in blepharocheilodontic (BCD), orofacial cleft cases nor in gnomAD. 8 patients had de novo variants, 2 inherited from affected parents, 2 participants inherited a variant from a parent with a mild phenotype. 8/13 patients showed cleft palate. Additional phenotypic features seen include mild limb phenotypes (9/13), cardiovascular anomalies (6/13) and Developmental delay and other neurodevelopmental problems (8/13) Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.170 | EXOC2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: EXOC2 was added gene: EXOC2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC2 were set to 32639540 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the face; Abnormality of brain morphology Penetrance for gene: EXOC2 were set to Complete Review for gene: EXOC2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Van Bergen et al (2020 - PMID: 32639540) report on 3 individuals from 2 families, harboring biallelic EXOC2 mutations. Clinical presentation included DD, ID (severe in 2 subjects from fam1, borderline intellectual functioning in fam2), dysmorphic features and brain abnormalities. Cerebellar anomalies were common to all with a molar tooth sign observed in one (1/3). Other findings limited to subjects from one family included acquired microcephaly, congenital contractures, spastic quadriplegia (each observed 2/3). Previous investigations were in all cases non-diagnostic. WES identified biallelic EXOC2 mutations in all affected individuals. EXOC2 encodes an exocyst subunit. The latter is an octameric complex, component of the membrane transport machinery, required for tethering and fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane. As discussed ,vesicle transport is important for the development of brain and the function of neurons and glia. Exocyst function is also important for delivery of Arl13b to the primary cilium (biallelic ARL13B mutations cause Joubert syndrome 8) and ciliogenesis. Affected subjects from a broader consanguineous family (fam1) were homozygous for a truncating variant. Fibroblast studies revealed mRNA levels compatible with NMD (further restored in presence of CHX) as well as reduced protein levels. The female belonging to the second non-consanguineous family was found to harbor 2 missense variants in trans configuration. An exocytosis defect was demonstrated in fibroblasts from individuals belonging to both families. Ciliogenesis appeared to be normal, however Arl13b localization/recruitment to the cilia was reduced compared with control cells with the defect rescued upon exogenous expression of wt EXOC2. Mutations in other genes encoding components of the exocyst complex have been previously reported in individuals with relevant phenotypes (e.g. EXOC8 in a boy with features of Joubert s. or EXOC4 in nephrotic syndrome). The authors discuss on the essential role of EXOC2 based on model organism studies (e.g. impaired neuronal membrane traffic, failure of neuronal polarization and neuromuscular junction expansion seen in Drosophila Sec5 (EXOC2) null mutants). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.170 | HERC2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: HERC2: Added comment: Please consider upgrading this gene to green in the current panel based on the following updated review (13-07-2020): Biallelic pathogenic HERC2 variants cause Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 38 (MIM 615516). The current review is based mostly on the information provided by Elpidorou et al (2020 - PMID: 32571899) summarizing the findings in several affected individuals as published in the literature. ID was a universal feature among them (27/27) and seizures were reported in some (9/27): - 22 subjects from Amish/Mennonite families were homozygous for p.Pro594Leu [NM_004667.5(HERC2):c.1781C>T] (Puffenberger et al 2012 - PMID: 23065719, Harlalka et al 2013 - PMID: 23243086, Abraham et al - PMID: 30902390) - 2 additional patients were homozygous for another missense SNV [NM_004667.5(HERC2):c.4625G>A - p.Arg1542His] (Abraham et al 2019 - PMID: 30902390) - 3 sibs born to consanguineous parents, homozygous for NM_004667.5:c.13767_13770delTGAA - p.(Asn4589LysTer4598)] as described by Elpidorou et al. - 1 male homozygous 286 kb deletion spanning several 5' exons of HERC2 as well as the first exons of OCA2 was described by Morice-Picard et al (2016 - PMID: 27759030). Despite a neurological presentation (axial hypotonia, peripheral hypertonia, extrapyramidal symptoms and uncoordinated movements) further information was not available. Apart from the cases summarized by Elpidorou et al, there have been few additional ones e.g. : - Trujillano et al (2017 - PMID: 27848944) reported briefly on a patient, homozygous for NM_004667.5:c.4676-1G>A displaying seizures, hypotonia, global DD, "Encephalopathy" and abnormality of the liver. - Yavarna et al (2015 - PMID: 26077850) provided few details with on an individual with primarily 'neurocognitive' phenotype but rather atypical presentation (MRI abnormalities, TGA, VSD, renal anomaly, growth retardation, hearing loss) due to p.Q3164X variant (recessive inheritance was specified). Several lines of evidence support an important role for the protein encoded (an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase, interacting also with UBE3A, involved in several cellular processes incl. cell cycle regulation, spindle formation during mitosis, mitochondrial functions, DNA damage responses by targeting proteins such as XPA) as well as the effect of the reported variants (mRNA studies, Western blot, detection of a fusion transcript in the case of the deletion, etc). Individuals from the Amish families displayed Angelman-like features (in line with HERC2-UBE3A interaction) with - among others - gait instability. Mouse models recapitulate some of these features (e.g. the movement disorder) as extensively discussed by Abraham et al. Overall this gene can be included in the ID and epilepsy panels with green rating. -----; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 23065719, 23243086, 30902390, 32571899, 27848944, 26077850, 27759030 |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing v3.0 | GLS |
Zornitza Stark gene: GLS was added gene: GLS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: GLS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GLS were set to 30970188 Phenotypes for gene: GLS were set to Global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated glutamine, MIM# 618412 Review for gene: GLS was set to GREEN Added comment: Three unrelated individuals described with compound het variants, however, note one of these is a triplet expansion in the 5' UTR. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | Rebecca Foulger commented on XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | Rebecca Foulger commented on XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | Rebecca Foulger commented on XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | Rebecca Foulger commented on XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | BRIDGE consortium edited their review of XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | BRIDGE consortium edited their review of XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing | XPA | BRIDGE consortium reviewed XPA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||