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Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.491 DLL1 Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: The rating of this gene has been updated followingNHS Genomic Medicine Serviceapproval.; to: The rating of this gene has been updated following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.491 DLL1 Sarah Leigh Tag for-review was removed from gene: DLL1.
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.491 DLL1 Sarah Leigh commented on gene: DLL1
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.490 DLL1 Sarah Leigh Source Expert Review Green was added to DLL1.
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Green List (high evidence)
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.397 DLL1 Arina Puzriakova Tag Q3_21_rating was removed from gene: DLL1.
Tag for-review tag was added to gene: DLL1.
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.397 DLL1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: DLL1 were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system; Seizures; Behavioral abnormality; Autism; Scoliosis to Neurodevelopmental disorder with nonspecific brain abnormalities and with or without seizures, OMIM:618709
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.396 DLL1 Arina Puzriakova Tag Q3_21_rating tag was added to gene: DLL1.
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.161 DLL1 Catherine Snow Classified gene: DLL1 as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.161 DLL1 Catherine Snow Added comment: Comment on list classification: There is a sufficient number of cases to rate this gene Green at the next GMS panel update.
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.161 DLL1 Catherine Snow Gene: dll1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.160 DLL1 Catherine Snow reviewed gene: DLL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31353024; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with nonspecific brain abnormalities and with or without seizures, 618709; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.0 DLL1 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DLL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31353024; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, autism, seizures, variable brain abnormalities, scoliosis; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes
Early onset or syndromic epilepsy v2.0 DLL1 Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: DLL1 was added
gene: DLL1 was added to Genetic epilepsy syndromes. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: DLL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: DLL1 were set to 31353024
Phenotypes for gene: DLL1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system; Seizures; Behavioral abnormality; Autism; Scoliosis
Penetrance for gene: DLL1 were set to unknown
Review for gene: DLL1 was set to AMBER
Added comment: Gene added to the ID panel. Epilepsy has been reported in 6 unrelated individuals. Please consider inclusion with amber/green rating.

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Heterozygous DLL1 pathogenic variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with nonspecific brain abnormalities and with or without seizures (# 618709).

Fischer-Zirnsak et al (2019 - PMID: 31353024) reported on 15 affected individuals from 12 unrelated families.

Most common features included DD/ID (12/14), ASD (6/14 - belonging to 6 families) or other behavioral abnormalities, seizures (6/14 - from 6 unrelated families) and various brain MRI abnromalities. As commented by OMIM (based on the same ref) "Cognitive function ranges from severely impaired to the ability to attend schools with special assistance". Among other features, scoliosis was observed in 4. The authors could not identify a distinctive facial gestalt.

Variable initial investigations (where discussed/performed - also suggesting relevance to the current panel) included CMA, FMR1, FLNA, mitochondrial DNA analysis and metabolic work-up but had not revealed an alternative cause.

The DLL1 variants were identified by WES (with the exception of a 122-kb microdeletion spanning DLL1 and FAM120B detected by CMA). Nonsense, frame-shift, splice-site variants in positions predicted to result to NMD were identified in most. One individual was found to harbor a missense variant (NM_005618.3:c.536G>T / p.Cys179Phe) and another the aforementioned microdeletion.

The variant in several individuals had occurred as a de novo event. In 2 families, it was inherited from an also affected parent (an unaffected sib was non-carrier) while in 3 families parental studies were not possible/complete.

In frame insertion of 4 residues was demonstrated for a splice site variant, from LCLs of the corresponding individual. For another individual, material was unavailable for mRNA studies. The missense variant affected a cysteine (of the DSL domain) conserved in all Notch ligands while AA changes affecting the same position of JAG1 (another Notch ligand) have been described in patients with Alagille s.

Based on the variants identified and reports of deletions spanning DLL1 in the literature, haploinsufficiency is the proposed underlying mechanism. The gene has also a pLI of 1 and %HI of 4.65.

DLL1 encodes the Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1. Notch signaling is an established pathway for brain morphogenesis. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the role of DLL1 in CNS. The gene is highly expressed in neuronal precursor cells during embryogenesis. Expression of Dll1 (and other molecules of the Notch signalling pathway) in an oscillatory/sustained pattern and cell-cell interactions important for this pathway have been demonstrated to play a role in neuronal differentiation. [Most discussed by Fischer-Zirnsak et al with several refs provided / also Gray et al., 1999 - PMID: 10079256 & OMIM].

Animal models as summarized by the authors:
[Mouse] Loss of Dll1 in mice has been shown to increase neuronal differentiation, cause CNS hyperplasia and increased number of neurons (PMIDs cited: 9109488, 12397111, 20081190). Reduced Dll1 expression was associated with scoliosis and mild vertebral defects (cited PMIDs: 19562077, 14960495, 22484060 / among others Dll1 haploinsufficiency and dominant negative models studied). Scoliosis and vertebral segmentation defects were features in 4 and 1 individual, respectively in the cohort of 15.
[Zebrafish] Homozygous mutations in dlA, the zebrafish ortholog, disrupted the Delta-Notch signaling and led to patterning defects in the hindbrain and overproduction of neurons (cited: 15366005).
Sources: Literature