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| Severe microcephaly v8.27 | EIPR1 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: PMID:41058046 (2025) reported the identification of five EIPR1 homozygous missense variants (c.835C>G/ p.Arg279Gly, c.813C>G/ p.His271Gln, c.694C>T/ p.Arg232Trp, c.47G>A/ p.Arg16His and c.419T>A/ p.Val140Asp) in eight individuals from six unrelated families with a neurological disorder featuring a spectrum of global neurodevelopmental delay, microcephaly, ataxia, spasticity, delayed myelination, callosal hypoplasia, cerebellar atrophy, walking and speech impairments, dysmorphic facies, and neutropenia. Microcephaly was present in five patients from three unrelated families, of which three patients from two families had Severe microcephaly (OFC beyond -3SD). There is also functional evidence available from cellular studies using a heterologous transfection system, kin fibroblasts from one of the Arg279Gly affected individuals and zebrafish knockout model. Knockout of the orthologous eipr1 in zebrafish resulted in neurodevelopmental and locomotor defects consistent with the clinical phenotype of the human patients. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM (last accessed 05 December 2025), Gene2Phenotype or ClinGen. Sources: Literature; to: PMID:41058046 (2025) reported the identification of five EIPR1 homozygous missense variants (c.835C>G/ p.Arg279Gly, c.813C>G/ p.His271Gln, c.694C>T/ p.Arg232Trp, c.47G>A/ p.Arg16His and c.419T>A/ p.Val140Asp) in eight individuals from six unrelated families with a neurological disorder featuring a spectrum of global neurodevelopmental delay, microcephaly, ataxia, spasticity, delayed myelination, callosal hypoplasia, cerebellar atrophy, walking and speech impairments, dysmorphic facies, and neutropenia. Microcephaly was present in five patients from three unrelated families, of which three patients from two families had Severe microcephaly (OFC beyond -3SD). There is also functional evidence available from cellular studies using a heterologous transfection system, kin fibroblasts from one of the Arg279Gly affected individuals and zebrafish knockout model. Knockout of the orthologous eipr1 in zebrafish resulted in neurodevelopmental and locomotor defects consistent with the clinical phenotype of the human patients. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM (last accessed 05 January 2026), Gene2Phenotype or ClinGen. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v8.26 | EIPR1 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: EIPR1 was added gene: EIPR1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EIPR1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EIPR1 were set to 41058046 Phenotypes for gene: EIPR1 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: EIPR1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:41058046 (2025) reported the identification of five EIPR1 homozygous missense variants (c.835C>G/ p.Arg279Gly, c.813C>G/ p.His271Gln, c.694C>T/ p.Arg232Trp, c.47G>A/ p.Arg16His and c.419T>A/ p.Val140Asp) in eight individuals from six unrelated families with a neurological disorder featuring a spectrum of global neurodevelopmental delay, microcephaly, ataxia, spasticity, delayed myelination, callosal hypoplasia, cerebellar atrophy, walking and speech impairments, dysmorphic facies, and neutropenia. Microcephaly was present in five patients from three unrelated families, of which three patients from two families had Severe microcephaly (OFC beyond -3SD). There is also functional evidence available from cellular studies using a heterologous transfection system, kin fibroblasts from one of the Arg279Gly affected individuals and zebrafish knockout model. Knockout of the orthologous eipr1 in zebrafish resulted in neurodevelopmental and locomotor defects consistent with the clinical phenotype of the human patients. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM (last accessed 05 December 2025), Gene2Phenotype or ClinGen. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v8.22 | SNAPIN |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: SNAPIN was added gene: SNAPIN was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SNAPIN was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SNAPIN were set to 26539891; 40930097 Phenotypes for gene: SNAPIN were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with structural brain abnormalities and craniofacial abnormalities, OMIM:621393 Review for gene: SNAPIN was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID:26539891 (2015) reported whole exome sequencing of 128 mostly consanguineous families with neurogenetic disorders that often included brain malformations. One of these patients was identified with homozygous variant in SNAPIN gene (c.163C>T/ p.Arg55Trp). The patient displayed intellectual disability, microcephaly, cortical atrophy, bulbar and cerebellar hypoplasia, sensorineural polyneuropathy and hypotonia. The severity of microcephaly is not available in the publication. PMID:40930097 (2025) reported six patients from five unrelated families presenting with neuroanatomical, craniofacial, and skeletal anomalies and were identified with homozygous variants in SNAPIN gene. This included four foetuses from three unrelated families (had nonsense or splice site variants - c.91G>T/ p.Glu31Ter, c.144−1G>A & c.112C>T/ p.Gln38Ter) and two unrelated patients aged eight years old and one year old (had missense variants - c.147G>C/ p.Glu49Asp & c.163C>T/ p.Arg55Trp). The eight-year-old patient had severe microcephaly (−8 SD), while severity of microcephaly was not recorded for one-year-old patient. Functional evidence is also available from zebrafish gene ablation models, which recapitulated human-relevant disease phenotypes. This gene has been associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM (MIM #621393, last accessed on 02 January 2026), but not yet in Gene2Phenotype or ClinGen. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v8.6 | FLVCR1 |
Eleanor Williams gene: FLVCR1 was added gene: FLVCR1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Q3_25_promote_green tags were added to gene: FLVCR1. Mode of inheritance for gene: FLVCR1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FLVCR1 were set to 39306721 Phenotypes for gene: FLVCR1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, absent speech, and hypotonia, OMIM:621060; neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, absent speech, and hypotonia, MONDO:0976126 Review for gene: FLVCR1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, absent speech, and hypotonia, OMIM:621060. Variants in this gene have been previously associated with a progressive Retinopathy-sensory neuropathy syndrome, OMIM:609033 PMID: 39306721 - Calame et al 2025 report 27 individuals from 20 families with homozygous/compound het variants in this gene (mainly missense, but also nonsense, frameshift and splice variants). 2 families from S Asia share the same variant and haplotype so could be a founder variant in the region. 13/27 individual had profound ID/DD. 3 were stillborn, and 10 others died before the age of 5, including one in the neonatal period. Severe microcephaly (Z score below -3.0) was observed in 12/27 individuals. Epilepsy was reported in 12 individuals, hypotonia in 17, spasticity in 9 (from 6 families), reduced brain volume in 19 , craniofacial malformations in 4 (those that were still born or died in neonatal period), and limb malformations in 7. An eye phenotype (Cortical visual impairment, Optic disk atrophy or Retinitis pigmentosa) was observed in 15 individuals. All pathogenic FLVCR1 variants were rare and absent in the homozygous state in gnomAD v2.1.13. Functional studies show that pathogenic FLVCR1 missense variants primarily lie within transmembrane domains and reduce choline and ethanolamine transport activity compared with wild-type FLVCR1. There are more than 3 cases reported with plausible disease causing variants in more than 3 cases for the intellectual disability, epilepsy, severe microcephaly, limb disorders, fetal anomalies and childhood onset hereditary spastic paraplegia panels. The gene will also be included in the Hypotonic infant superpanel through the inclusion on the Intellectual disability panel. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v7.17 | PTPMT1 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: PTPMT1 was added gene: PTPMT1 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature watchlist tags were added to gene: PTPMT1. Mode of inheritance for gene: PTPMT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PTPMT1 were set to 39279645 Phenotypes for gene: PTPMT1 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: PTPMT1 was set to AMBER Added comment: New gene-disease association. Currently not associated with any phenotype in OMIM or G2P. PMID:39279645 (2025) - 6 individuals from 3 unrelated families identified with biallelic variants in this gene. All patients presented with a complex, neonatal/infantile onset neurological and neurodevelopmental syndrome, however there was variability in the overall clinical presentation between families. Features include developmental delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, epilepsy, spasticity, cerebellar ataxia and nystagmus, sensorineural hearing loss, optic atrophy and bulbar dysfunction. Brain MRI revealed a variable combination of corpus callosum thinning, cerebellar atrophy and white matter changes. Patient from Family 1 harboured a homozygous missense variant (c.65A>C) while Family 2 and 3 carried the same homozygous variant (c.255G>C) and were shown to share some common ancestry using DNA microarray analysis. Knockout zebrafish model displayed abnormalities in body size, developmental alterations, decreased total cardiolipin levels and OXPHOS deficiency. Overall can be classified as Amber on the basis that two families were shown to be distantly related and no specific features were observed universally across all cases (GDD was mild in 5/6 individuals so outside the scope of the ID panel). Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v7.2 | CCDC88A |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: There are now at least 7 individuals from 4 unrelated families with biallelic variants in the CCDC88A gene (PMID: 26917597; 30392057; 37798908; 39334473), described to a PEHO-like syndrome with universal features including ID, epilepsy, microcephaly and optic nerve/cerebellar atrophy. Sufficient unrelated cases with the same phenotype to promote this gene to green at the next GMS panel update. |
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| Severe microcephaly v6.7 | TTC5 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: Relevant phenotype has now been added to OMIM - Neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebral atrophy and variable facial dysmorphism, OMIM:619244 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v6.7 | TTC5 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TTC5 were changed from Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Microcephaly; Abnormality of the face; Behavioral abnormality; Abnormality of the genitourinary system to Neurodevelopmental disorder with cerebral atrophy and variable facial dysmorphism, OMIM:619244 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.77 | ATRIP | Arina Puzriakova Publications for gene: ATRIP were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.76 | ATRIP | Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: ATRIP was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.75 | ATRIP | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: ATRIP were changed from MPD; microcephalic primordial dwarfism; severe microcephaly (-10 SD), micrognathia, dental crowding, small earlobes, delayed bone age, and symmetric dwarfism to Microcephalic primordial dwarfism; Severe microcephaly (-10 SD), micrognathia, dental crowding, small earlobes, delayed bone age, and symmetric dwarfism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.70 | ATR | Arina Puzriakova Publications for gene: ATR were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.69 | ATR | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: ATR were changed from MPD; microcephalic primordial dwarfism; Seckel syndrome 1, 210600; MICROCEPHALIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM I to Seckel syndrome 1, OMIM:210600; Microcephalic primordial dwarfism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v4.34 | DOHH | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: DOHH were changed from DOHH associated neurodevelopmental disorder to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cerebral atrophy, and visual impairment, OMIM:620066 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v3.7 | ISCA-37408-Loss | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were changed from PMID: 16963482 idiopathic intellectual disability including moderate to severe intellectual disability, autism/autistic features, microcephaly, structural brain anomalies including cortical dysplasia/pachygyria, renal anomalies (multicystic kidney, hydronephrosis), digital camptodactyly, visual impairment, strabismus, neuromotor deficits, communication and attention impairments, and a distinctive pattern of craniofacial features. Dysmorphic craniofacial features include progressive microcephaly, flat occiput, widened inner canthal distance, small palpebral fissures, ptosis, long and straight eyelashes, broad and high nasal root extending to a widened, prominent nasal tip with elongated, smooth philtrum, rounding of the upper vermillion border and everted lower lips. PMID: 18245392 A 32-year-old, mentally retarded male was referred to our centre for further clinical genetic analysis. He was born to non-consanguineous parents after 42 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 3500 g. He had a healthy older brother. In the neonatal period he was hypotonic and at 8 weeks of age he underwent surgery because of an inguinal hernia with removal of an atrophic right testis. His motor development was severely delayed with sitting at 3.5 years and walking at 5 years of age. Speech was poorly developed, characterised by the usage of only a few words. During infancy an optic nerve hypoplasia was diagnosed, and during childhood he frequently suffered from luxations of the patellae, which required surgery. At the age of 32 years his height is 163 cm (_3 SDS) and head circumference 52.5 cm (_2.5 SDS). He has a narrow receding forehead, widened inner canthal distance of 3.5 cm (90th centile), normal outer canthal distance of 8.5 cm (25th centile), telecanthus, short and down slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, ptosis, long, straight eyelashes, high nasal bridge, low set large ears, flat philtrum, small mouth with high, narrow palate and retrognathia. The thorax is broad with increased internipple distance and slight gynaecomastia. A recent renal ultrasound revealed multiple cysts in the left, dystrophic kidney and two uncomplicated cysts in the enlarged, right kidney. The patient has a normally sized phallus with absent right testis and small left testis. His hands show a simian crease right and tapering fingers with broad proximal interphalangeal joints. He shows sandal gaps on both flat feet with clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth toes (and more); 612513; PMID: 22579565 severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, intractable epilepsy, and renal anomalies, as well as a congenital choledochal cyst which has not been previously reported in other patients with this cytogenetic defect to Dysmorphic features, moderate to severe intellectual disability, microcephaly and renal anomalies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.301 | DROSHA |
Sarah Leigh gene: DROSHA was added gene: DROSHA was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Literature locus-type-rna-micro, Q2_22_rating tags were added to gene: DROSHA. Mode of inheritance for gene: DROSHA was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: DROSHA were set to 35405010 Phenotypes for gene: DROSHA were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral white matter atrophy; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormality of movement; Stereotypic behavior; Abnormality of head or neck; Short foot Penetrance for gene: DROSHA were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: DROSHA was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.254 | ARF3 |
Ivone Leong changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID:34346499, individual 1 also has severe microcephaly (-3.3SD), spasticity, cerebellum atrophy and brainstem atrophy. Individual 2 does not have microcephaly, but has cerebellar hypoplasia. Based on the available evidence, there is currently not enough evidence to support a gene-disease association, therefore this gene has been given an Amber rating.; to: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other). This gene is not associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. PMID:34346499, individual 1 also has severe microcephaly (-3.3SD), spasticity, cerebellum atrophy and brainstem atrophy. Individual 2 does not have microcephaly, but has cerebellar hypoplasia. As only 1 patient has severe microcephaly. This gene has been given a Red rating. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.238 | MED17 | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: MED17 were changed from Microcephaly, postnatal progressive, with seizures and brain atrophy, MIM# 613668 to Microcephaly, postnatal progressive, with seizures and brain atrophy, OMIM:613668 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.217 | NUF2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NUF2 was added gene: NUF2 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NUF2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: NUF2 were set to 33721060 Phenotypes for gene: NUF2 were set to microcephaly; short stature; bilateral vocal cord paralysis; micrognathia; atrial septal defect Review for gene: NUF2 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 33721060 - de novo missense variant identified in one male patient with microcephaly and short stature, with additional features, such as bilateral vocal cord paralysis, micrognathia and atrial septal defect. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.152 | TRAPPC6B | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC6B were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and brain atrophy, MIM# 617862 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and brain atrophy, OMIM:617862 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.150 | PTPN23 |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity #618890 in OMIM, Severe microcephaly confirmed in 2 cases, a further 3 cases with microcephaly reported. PMID:31395947 - Bend et al 2020 - 7 patients with biallelic variants in PTPN23. 2 have microcephaly noted (1 with occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) −3SD along with severe growth restriction, in the other the degree is not noted). In a 3rd case borderline microcephaly is reported (10th percentile). PMID:29899372 - Smigiel et al 2018 - 1 patient with severe developmental delay, epilepsy, cortical blindness, hypomyelination and brain atrophy and compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.1902C>G;p.(Asn634Lys), c.2974delC;p.(Leu992Tyrfs*168) identified by WES. OFC at birth was 30 cm (2 cm below 3 percentile), weight 2320 g (300 g below 3 percentile), length 52 cm (50–90 percentile), PMID: 29090338 - Sowada et al 2017- 1 patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.3586C>T (p.Arg1196*) and c.1595C>T (p.Pro532Leu)). OFC at birth was 31 cm (− 2.6 SD) but weight was 50th and length 26th percentile. PMID: 27848944 - Trujillano et al 2017 - 1 patient with homozygous c.904A>G p.(M302V) variant in PTPN23 and microcephaly reported as part of the clinical phenotype. No details as to severity of the microcephaly. They classify the variant as a VUS. PMID: 25558065 - Alazami et al 2015 - 1 patient with a variant (NM_015466:c.3995G > T:p.R1332L) in PTPN23 and Global developmental delay, epilepsy and brain atrophy. Microcephaly not mentioned in publication, however in Bend et al 2020 Table 1 says this patient has progressive microcephaly.; to: Associated with Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity #618890 in OMIM, Severe microcephaly (OFC > 3 SD below mean) confirmed in 1 case, a further 4 cases with microcephaly reported. PMID:31395947 - Bend et al 2020 - 7 patients with biallelic variants in PTPN23. 2 have microcephaly noted (1 with occipito-frontal head circumference (OFC) −3SD along with severe growth restriction, in the other the degree is not noted). In a 3rd case borderline microcephaly is reported (10th percentile). PMID:29899372 - Smigiel et al 2018 - 1 patient with severe developmental delay, epilepsy, cortical blindness, hypomyelination and brain atrophy and compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.1902C>G;p.(Asn634Lys), c.2974delC;p.(Leu992Tyrfs*168) identified by WES. OFC at birth was 30 cm (2 cm below 3 percentile), weight 2320 g (300 g below 3 percentile), length 52 cm (50–90 percentile), PMID: 29090338 - Sowada et al 2017- 1 patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with compound heterozygous PTPN23 variants (c.3586C>T (p.Arg1196*) and c.1595C>T (p.Pro532Leu)). OFC at birth was 31 cm (− 2.6 SD) but weight was 50th and length 26th percentile. PMID: 27848944 - Trujillano et al 2017 - 1 patient with homozygous c.904A>G p.(M302V) variant in PTPN23 and microcephaly reported as part of the clinical phenotype. No details as to severity of the microcephaly. They classify the variant as a VUS. PMID: 25558065 - Alazami et al 2015 - 1 patient with a variant (NM_015466:c.3995G > T:p.R1332L) in PTPN23 and Global developmental delay, epilepsy and brain atrophy. Microcephaly not mentioned in publication, however in Bend et al 2020 Table 1 says this patient has progressive microcephaly. |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.101 | HPDL |
Arina Puzriakova gene: HPDL was added gene: HPDL was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Literature Q2_21_rating tags were added to gene: HPDL. Mode of inheritance for gene: HPDL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HPDL were set to 32707086; 33188300 Phenotypes for gene: HPDL were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities, OMIM:619026; Neurodevelopmental disorder with progressive spasticity and brain white matter abnormalities, MONDO:0033613 Review for gene: HPDL was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and has a 'probable' disease confidence for 'HPDL Neurodegenerative Disease' in Gene2Phenotype. At least 34 cases from 21 unrelated families with a paediatric-onset spastic movement disorder and biallelic variants in this gene (PMIDs: 32707086 and 33188300). There is broad clinical variability ranging from severe, neonatal-onset neurodevelopmental delay with neuroimaging findings resembling mitochondrial encephalopathy to milder manifestation of adolescent-onset, isolated HSP. Microcephaly of relevant severity (HC ≤ 3 SD) was observed in 13/30 cases. Supportive functional studies were reported, including localization of HPDL protein to the mitochondria and muscle fibre abnormalities and a KO mouse model displaying features of seizures, early lethality, smaller brain sizes, and cellular apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.74 | TRAPPC12 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC12 were changed from Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669 to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, OMIM:617669; Early-onset progressive encephalopathy-hearing loss-pons hypoplasia-brain atrophy syndrome, MONDO:0044696 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.72 | TRAPPC12 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: TRAPPC12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28777934, 32369837; Phenotypes: Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, OMIM:617669, Early-onset progressive encephalopathy-hearing loss-pons hypoplasia-brain atrophy syndrome, MONDO:0044696; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | EXOC7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EXOC7 was added gene: EXOC7 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC7 were set to 32103185 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC7 were set to brain atrophy; seizures; developmental delay; microcephaly Review for gene: EXOC7 was set to GREEN gene: EXOC7 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 4 families with 8 affected individuals with brain atrophy, seizures, and developmental delay, and in more severe cases microcephaly and infantile death. Four novel homozygous or comp.heterozygous variants found in EXOC7, which segregated with disease in the families. They showed that EXOC7, a member of the mammalian exocyst complex, is highly expressed in developing human cortex. In addition, a zebrafish model of Exoc7 deficiency recapitulates the human disorder with increased apoptosis and decreased progenitor cells during telencephalon development, suggesting that the brain atrophy in human cases reflects neuronal degeneration. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | TRAPPC6B |
Zornitza Stark gene: TRAPPC6B was added gene: TRAPPC6B was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC6B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRAPPC6B were set to 28626029; 28397838; 31687267 Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC6B were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and brain atrophy, MIM# 617862 Review for gene: TRAPPC6B was set to GREEN gene: TRAPPC6B was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Five unrelated families reported with autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by global developmental delay, severe intellectual disability with poor or absent speech and autistic stereotypic behaviors, microcephaly, early-onset generalized seizures, and hypotonia. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | TRAPPC12 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TRAPPC12 was added gene: TRAPPC12 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRAPPC12 were set to 32369837; 28777934 Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC12 were set to Encephalopathy, progressive, early-onset, with brain atrophy and spasticity, MIM# 617669 Review for gene: TRAPPC12 was set to GREEN gene: TRAPPC12 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four families reported with a severe progressive encephalopathy characterized by microcephaly, global developmental delay, and hearing loss. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | SMO |
Zornitza Stark gene: SMO was added gene: SMO was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SMO was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SMO were set to 32413283 Phenotypes for gene: SMO were set to Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis Review for gene: SMO was set to GREEN gene: SMO was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Bi-allelic loss-of-function variations in SMO reported in seven individuals from five independent families. Wide phenotypic spectrum of developmental anomalies affecting the brain (hypothalamic hamartoma and microcephaly), heart (atrioventricular septal defect), skeleton (postaxial polydactyly, narrow chest, and shortening of long bones), and enteric nervous system (aganglionosis). Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.20 | PTPN23 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PTPN23 was added gene: PTPN23 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PTPN23 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PTPN23 were set to 31395947; 29899372; 29090338; 27848944; 25558065 Phenotypes for gene: PTPN23 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder and structural brain anomalies with or without seizures and spasticity, MIM# 618890 Review for gene: PTPN23 was set to GREEN Added comment: Over 10 families reported with an autosomal recessive neurologic disorder characterised by global developmental delay apparent from early infancy, poor overall growth often with microcephaly (6/10), impaired intellectual development with delayed or absent speech, axial hypotonia, and peripheral spasticity. Additional common but variable features include early-onset seizures, optic atrophy with poor visual fixation, and dysmorphic facial features. Brain imaging shows cerebral atrophy, poor or absent myelination with loss of white matter volume, and often hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and/or cerebellum. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v2.19 | MED17 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MED17 was added gene: MED17 was added to Severe microcephaly. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MED17 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MED17 were set to 20950787; 30345598; 26004231 Phenotypes for gene: MED17 were set to Microcephaly, postnatal progressive, with seizures and brain atrophy, MIM# 613668 Review for gene: MED17 was set to GREEN gene: MED17 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Five individuals from four families reported initially, founder effect for p.Leu371Pro. Two additional families reported since with different variants, one family with milder phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATRIP | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATRIP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATRX | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATRX: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.62 | ATR | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: ATR: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.61 | ATRIP | Louise Daugherty Source NHS GMS was added to ATRIP. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.61 | ATRX | Louise Daugherty Source NHS GMS was added to ATRX. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.61 | ATR | Louise Daugherty Source NHS GMS was added to ATR. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly v1.37 | ISCA-37408-Loss |
Louise Daugherty Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was added Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was added to Primary Microcephaly - Microcephalic Dwarfism Spectrum. Sources: ClinGen,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were set to 16963482; 22579565; 18245392 Phenotypes for Region: ISCA-37408-Loss were set to PMID: 16963482 idiopathic intellectual disability including moderate to severe intellectual disability, autism/autistic features, microcephaly, structural brain anomalies including cortical dysplasia/pachygyria, renal anomalies (multicystic kidney, hydronephrosis), digital camptodactyly, visual impairment, strabismus, neuromotor deficits, communication and attention impairments, and a distinctive pattern of craniofacial features. Dysmorphic craniofacial features include progressive microcephaly, flat occiput, widened inner canthal distance, small palpebral fissures, ptosis, long and straight eyelashes, broad and high nasal root extending to a widened, prominent nasal tip with elongated, smooth philtrum, rounding of the upper vermillion border and everted lower lips. PMID: 18245392 A 32-year-old, mentally retarded male was referred to our centre for further clinical genetic analysis. He was born to non-consanguineous parents after 42 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 3500 g. He had a healthy older brother. In the neonatal period he was hypotonic and at 8 weeks of age he underwent surgery because of an inguinal hernia with removal of an atrophic right testis. His motor development was severely delayed with sitting at 3.5 years and walking at 5 years of age. Speech was poorly developed, characterised by the usage of only a few words. During infancy an optic nerve hypoplasia was diagnosed, and during childhood he frequently suffered from luxations of the patellae, which required surgery. At the age of 32 years his height is 163 cm (_3 SDS) and head circumference 52.5 cm (_2.5 SDS). He has a narrow receding forehead, widened inner canthal distance of 3.5 cm (90th centile), normal outer canthal distance of 8.5 cm (25th centile), telecanthus, short and down slanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, ptosis, long, straight eyelashes, high nasal bridge, low set large ears, flat philtrum, small mouth with high, narrow palate and retrognathia. The thorax is broad with increased internipple distance and slight gynaecomastia. A recent renal ultrasound revealed multiple cysts in the left, dystrophic kidney and two uncomplicated cysts in the enlarged, right kidney. The patient has a normally sized phallus with absent right testis and small left testis. His hands show a simian crease right and tapering fingers with broad proximal interphalangeal joints. He shows sandal gaps on both flat feet with clinodactyly of the fourth and fifth toes (and more); 612513; PMID: 22579565 severe developmental delay, congenital microcephaly, intractable epilepsy, and renal anomalies, as well as a congenital choledochal cyst which has not been previously reported in other patients with this cytogenetic defect |
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| Severe microcephaly | ATRX | Rebecca Foulger edited their review of ATRX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATRX | Rebecca Foulger classified ATRX as green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATRX | Rebecca Foulger commented on ATRX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATRX | emma baple reviewed ATRX | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATRIP | Alice Gardham marked ATRIP as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATR | Alice Gardham marked ATR as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATR | Alice Gardham classified ATR as green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATR | Alice Gardham reviewed ATR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severe microcephaly | ATRIP | Rebecca Foulger commented on ATRIP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||