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| Retinal disorders v8.82 | PAK2 |
Arina Puzriakova changed review comment from: Schnur et al. 2024 (PMID: 38894571) report a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1217C>T, p.(Thr406Met) in a newborn with clinical manifestations of Knobloch syndrome including congenital heart defects, atretic parietal meningocele, and rapidly progressive retinopathy. In vitro experiments indicated that this and another reported variant, p.(Asp425Asn), result in substantially impaired protein kinase activity. Werren et al. 2025 (PMID: 39876536) report a male infant with a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1273G>A, p.(Asp425Asn) identified by WGS. Clinical features include GDD, congenital retinal detachment, mild cerebral ventriculomegaly, hypotonia, failure to thrive, pyloric stenosis, feeding intolerance, patent ductus arteriosus, and mild facial dysmorphism. The p.(Asp425Asn) variant resides within the protein kinase domain and was predicted functionally damaging by in silico tools. Further functional studies were not performed. Domenach et al. 2025 (PMID: 39994693) identified a novel de novo PAK2 missense variant in the kinase domain, c.836A>C, p.(Gln279Pro), by prenatal trio exome sequencing in a 24 weeks of gestation fetus whose only identifiable sign was severe bilateral pleural effusion. Lodha et al. 2025 (PMID: 40262506) revealed a PAK2 c.1115A>T, p.(Asp372Val) variant in a neonate with bilateral pleural effusion, suggestive of chylothorax on prenatal imaging, and respiratory distress, purpura fulminans and retinal detachment after birth. Shen et al. 2025 (PMID: 40247748) reported a Chinese family with a proband who primarily presented with epilepsy and developmental delay without the characteristic ocular and structural malformations that define Knobloch syndrome. WES and Sanger validation identified a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1049G>A, p.(Arg350Lys) located in the kinase domain. In vitro studies demonstrated the variant may lead to reduced protein levels and decreased PAK2 phosphorylation.; to: Schnur et al. 2024 (PMID: 38894571) report a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1217C>T, p.(Thr406Met) in a newborn with clinical manifestations of Knobloch syndrome including congenital heart defects, atretic parietal meningocele, and rapidly progressive retinopathy. In vitro experiments indicated that this and another reported variant, p.(Asp425Asn), result in substantially impaired protein kinase activity. Werren et al. 2025 (PMID: 39876536) report a male infant with a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1273G>A, p.(Asp425Asn) identified by WGS. Clinical features include GDD, congenital retinal detachment, mild cerebral ventriculomegaly, hypotonia, failure to thrive, pyloric stenosis, feeding intolerance, patent ductus arteriosus, and mild facial dysmorphism. The p.(Asp425Asn) variant resides within the protein kinase domain and was predicted functionally damaging by in silico tools. Further functional studies were not performed. Lodha et al. 2025 (PMID: 40262506) revealed a PAK2 c.1115A>T, p.(Asp372Val) variant in a neonate with bilateral pleural effusion, suggestive of chylothorax on prenatal imaging, and respiratory distress, purpura fulminans and retinal detachment after birth. Other PAK2 cases not reporting ocular abnormalities: Domenach et al. 2025 (PMID: 39994693) identified a novel de novo PAK2 missense variant in the kinase domain, c.836A>C, p.(Gln279Pro), by prenatal trio exome sequencing in a 24 weeks of gestation fetus whose only identifiable sign was severe bilateral pleural effusion. Shen et al. 2025 (PMID: 40247748) reported a Chinese family with a proband who primarily presented with epilepsy and developmental delay without the characteristic ocular and structural malformations that define Knobloch syndrome. WES and Sanger validation identified a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1049G>A, p.(Arg350Lys) located in the kinase domain. In vitro studies demonstrated the variant may lead to reduced protein levels and decreased PAK2 phosphorylation. |
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| Retinal disorders v8.82 | PAK2 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: There is sufficient evidence to promote this gene to Green at the next GMS panel update - at least 4 unrelated individuals reported in literature with retinal detachment associated with PAK2‐related Knobloch syndrome. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v8.80 | PAK2 |
Arina Puzriakova edited their review of gene: PAK2: Added comment: Schnur et al. 2024 (PMID: 38894571) report a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1217C>T, p.(Thr406Met) in a newborn with clinical manifestations of Knobloch syndrome including congenital heart defects, atretic parietal meningocele, and rapidly progressive retinopathy. In vitro experiments indicated that this and another reported variant, p.(Asp425Asn), result in substantially impaired protein kinase activity. Werren et al. 2025 (PMID: 39876536) report a male infant with a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1273G>A, p.(Asp425Asn) identified by WGS. Clinical features include GDD, congenital retinal detachment, mild cerebral ventriculomegaly, hypotonia, failure to thrive, pyloric stenosis, feeding intolerance, patent ductus arteriosus, and mild facial dysmorphism. The p.(Asp425Asn) variant resides within the protein kinase domain and was predicted functionally damaging by in silico tools. Further functional studies were not performed. Domenach et al. 2025 (PMID: 39994693) identified a novel de novo PAK2 missense variant in the kinase domain, c.836A>C, p.(Gln279Pro), by prenatal trio exome sequencing in a 24 weeks of gestation fetus whose only identifiable sign was severe bilateral pleural effusion. Lodha et al. 2025 (PMID: 40262506) revealed a PAK2 c.1115A>T, p.(Asp372Val) variant in a neonate with bilateral pleural effusion, suggestive of chylothorax on prenatal imaging, and respiratory distress, purpura fulminans and retinal detachment after birth. Shen et al. 2025 (PMID: 40247748) reported a Chinese family with a proband who primarily presented with epilepsy and developmental delay without the characteristic ocular and structural malformations that define Knobloch syndrome. WES and Sanger validation identified a de novo heterozygous PAK2 variant c.1049G>A, p.(Arg350Lys) located in the kinase domain. In vitro studies demonstrated the variant may lead to reduced protein levels and decreased PAK2 phosphorylation.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications to: 33693784, 38894571, 39876536, 39994693, 40262506, 40247748; Changed phenotypes to: Knobloch 2 syndrome, OMIM:618458 |
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| Retinal disorders v3.8 | COL2A1 | Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: There is sufficient evidence linking COL2A1 with retinal disorders (retinal thinning, lattice retinopathy, retinal detachment, vitreoretinal degeneration, blindness etc). However, these phenotypes overlap with that of Stickler syndrome and this gene is green on Stickler syndrome panel. It has previously been decided (2019) in consultation with Gavin Arno (UCL Institute of Ophthalmology/Moorfields Eye Hospital) that this gene can stay red in this panel. Given this gene has recently been proposed for this panel by an expert, I am recommending that the Test Evaluation Working Group review and define the panel scope, and reach consensus as to whether this gene is appropriate for inclusion.; to: There is sufficient evidence linking COL2A1 with retinal disorders (retinal thinning, lattice retinopathy, retinal detachment, vitreoretinal degeneration, blindness etc). However, these phenotypes overlap with that of Stickler syndrome and this gene is green on Stickler syndrome panel (https://panelapp.genomicsengland.co.uk/panels/3/gene/COL2A1/). It has previously been decided (2019) in consultation with Gavin Arno (UCL Institute of Ophthalmology/Moorfields Eye Hospital) that this gene can stay red in this panel. Given this gene has recently been proposed for this panel by an expert, I am recommending that the Test Evaluation Working Group review and define the panel scope, and reach consensus as to whether this gene is appropriate for inclusion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | POMGNT1 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: POMGNT1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: non-syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa, Walker Warburg syndrome, Muscle-eye-brain disease, dystroglycanopathy, retinal detachment; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | COL11A1 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: COL11A1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Stickler syndrome, Marshall syndrome,, beaded vitreous, early onset hearing loss, retinal detachment; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | COL9A3 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: COL9A3: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: stickler syndrome, retinal degeneration, retinal detachment; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | COL9A2 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: COL9A2: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Stickler Syndrome, high myopia, retinal detachment,; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | COL9A1 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: COL9A1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Stickler Syndrome, high myopia, retinal detachment, sensorineural hearing loss; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v3.6 | COL2A1 | Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: COL2A1: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: retinal detachment, Stickler syndrome, cleft palate, hearing impairment, cataract,; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v2.278 | POMT1 | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: POMT1 were changed from retinal detachment to muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A1, MONDO:0009364; muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with intellectual disability), type B1, MONDO:0013159 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v2.276 | COL2A1 | Robert Henderson reviewed gene: COL2A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 32867104, 9091360, 30130436; Phenotypes: Stickler syndrome, retinal detachment, cortical cataract, congenital myopia, vitreous abnormalities; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v2.274 | POMT1 |
Robert Henderson gene: POMT1 was added gene: POMT1 was added to Retinal disorders. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: POMT1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: POMT1 were set to PMID:16575835; 31311558; 16887026 Phenotypes for gene: POMT1 were set to retinal detachment Penetrance for gene: POMT1 were set to unknown Review for gene: POMT1 was set to GREEN Added comment: This is currently included on numerous panels but not on the retina/posterior segment panel. It would merit inclusion on an inherited vitreoretinopathy slice. Sources: Expert list |
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| Retinal disorders v2.241 | PAK2 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: PAK2 was added gene: PAK2 was added to Retinal disorders. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PAK2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: PAK2 were set to 33693784 Phenotypes for gene: PAK2 were set to Knobloch 2 syndrome Review for gene: PAK2 was set to RED Added comment: Antonarakis et al., 2021 (PMID: 33693784) reported two affected siblings from a non-consanguineous New Zealand family. Both had retinal detachment and interstitial parenchymal pulmonary changes on chest X-rays, but only one child had additional significant features such as cataract, posterior encephalocele, severe DD/ID with ASD, and epilepsy. WES revealed a heterozygous PAK2 variant (c.1303 G>A, p.Glu435Lys) in both individuals that apparently occurred de novo indicating parental germ-line mosaicism; however, mosaicism could not be detected by deep sequencing of blood parental DNA. Functional studies showed that the variant, located in the kinase domain, results in a partial loss of the kinase activity. Sources: Literature |
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| Retinal disorders v1.159 | CHM | Gavin Arno reviewed gene: CHM: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retinal disorders v1.137 | CHM |
Ivone Leong Source NHS GMS was added to CHM. Rating Changed from Green List (high evidence) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Retinal disorders | CHM | Ellen McDonagh edited their review of CHM | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||