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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v8.19 | SLC2A1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 - MONOALLELIC COHORT Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. BIALLELIC CASES: PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). The same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026).; to: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). The same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026). |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v8.7 | PRRT2 | Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Heterozygous PRRT2 variants are a well known cause of 'Convulsions, familial infantile, with paroxysmal choreoathetosis' - most commonly the c.649dupC variant. There are also several individuals reported in literature with biallelic PRRT2 variants and a more severe neurologic presentation, including childhood-onset epilepsy, dyskinesia, and episodic ataxia. Additionally, cerebellar atrophy was confirmed on MRI in 2 cases. Hence, the MOI should be changed to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal.; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Heterozygous PRRT2 variants are a well known cause of 'Convulsions, familial infantile, with paroxysmal choreoathetosis' - most commonly the c.649dupC variant. There are also several individuals reported in literature with biallelic PRRT2 variants and a more severe neurologic presentation, including childhood-onset epilepsy, dyskinesia, and episodic ataxia. Hence, the MOI should be changed to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v8.5 | PRRT2 | Ida Ertmanska commented on gene: PRRT2: Comment on mode of inheritance: Heterozygous PRRT2 variants are a well known cause of 'Convulsions, familial infantile, with paroxysmal choreoathetosis' - most commonly the c.649dupC variant. There are also several individuals reported in literature with biallelic PRRT2 variants and a more severe neurologic presentation, including childhood-onset epilepsy, dyskinesia, and episodic ataxia. Additionally, cerebellar atrophy was confirmed on MRI in 2 cases. Hence, the MOI should be changed to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v3.22 | SLC30A9 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: SLC30A9 was added gene: SLC30A9 was added to Childhood onset dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC30A9 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC30A9 were set to 28334855; 34716203; 37041080 Phenotypes for gene: SLC30A9 were set to Birk-Landau-Perez syndrome, OMIM:617595 Review for gene: SLC30A9 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID:28334855 - Six patients from a large multigenerational Bedouin kindred had onset of different combinations of intellectual disability, muscle weakness, oculomotor apraxia, and nephropathy in early childhood and they were identified with a homozygous variant in SLC30A9 gene (c.1047_1049delGCA; p.A350del). The age of onset of movement disorder was around 1-2 years of age. PMID:34716203 - A girl of African-American descent was identified with compound heterozygous variants in SLC30A9 gene (c.40delA & c.86_87dupCC) and was reported with a cerebrorenal syndrome. She presented around one year of age with microcephaly and global developmental delay. She also had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and later developed dystonic movements affecting the whole body (onset was around 5-10 years of age). PMID:37041080 - Eight individuals from four unrelated families were reported with SLC30A9-related disease and they presented with intellectual disability and progressive hyperkinetic movement disorder, associated with oculomotor apraxia and ptosis despite phenotypic variability. The two families of British Pakistani descent harboured homozygous c.1253G>T (p.Gly418Val) variant, Egyptian Palestinian family harboured homozygous c.1049delCAG (pAla350del) variant, while family of European Australian descent had compound heterozygous variants (c.1083dup/ p.Val362Cysfs*5, and c.1413A>G/ p.Ser471=). The age of onset of movement disorder in these patients ranged from around 1-2 years to 16 years of age. This gene has been associated with relevant phenotypes in OMIM (MIM #617595), but not yet in Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v1.83 | G6PC | Catherine Snow Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: G6PC. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v1.83 | G6PC | Catherine Snow commented on gene: G6PC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.257 | NPC2 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: NPC2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.239 | NPC1 | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: NPC1 were changed from Niemann-Pick disease, type C1; Niemann-Pick disease, type D to Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, 257220; Niemann-Pick disease, type D, 257220 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.85 | NPC1 | Ellen McDonagh Phenotypes for gene: NPC1 were changed from to Niemann-Pick disease, type C1; Niemann-Pick disease, type D | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.84 | NPC1 | Ellen McDonagh Mode of inheritance for gene: NPC1 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.16 | PCDH12 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: PCDH12 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.16 | PCDH12 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: pcdh12 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.7 | PCCB |
Ellen McDonagh Source PanelApp was added to PCCB. Mode of inheritance for gene PCCB was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Added phenotypes Propionicacidemia 606054 for gene: PCCB |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.7 | PCCA |
Ellen McDonagh Source PanelApp was added to PCCA. Mode of inheritance for gene PCCA was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Added phenotypes Propionicacidemia 606054 for gene: PCCA Publications for gene PCCA were changed from to 6790853; 15235904 |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.7 | HPCA |
Ellen McDonagh Source PanelApp was added to HPCA. Mode of inheritance for gene HPCA was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Added phenotypes adolescence-onset segmental dystonia; generalized dystonia with additional neurological features; Dystonia 2, torsion, autosomal recessive, 224500; childhood-onset generalized dystonia for gene: HPCA Publications for gene HPCA were changed from to 25799108; 30145809 |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.1 | PCDH12 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCDH12 was added gene: PCDH12 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: South West GLH Mode of inheritance for gene: PCDH12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: PCDH12 were set to perithalamic hyperechogenicity; midbrain abnormalities; microcephaly; hypothalamic abnormalities; intellectual disability; periventricular hyperechogenicity. Microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, and brain calcification, 251280; epilepsy |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.1 | NPC2 |
Ellen McDonagh Source South West GLH was added to NPC2. Mode of inheritance for gene NPC2 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Added phenotypes Niemann-pick disease, type C2, 607625 for gene: NPC2 |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | WDPCP |
Ellen McDonagh gene: WDPCP was added gene: WDPCP was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: WDPCP was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PMPCA |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PMPCA was added gene: PMPCA was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: PMPCA was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PCSK9 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCSK9 was added gene: PCSK9 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: PCSK9 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PCK1 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCK1 was added gene: PCK1 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: PCK1 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PCBD1 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCBD1 was added gene: PCBD1 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: PCBD1 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PC |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PC was added gene: PC was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: PC was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | LIPC |
Ellen McDonagh gene: LIPC was added gene: LIPC was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: LIPC was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | G6PC3 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: G6PC3 was added gene: G6PC3 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: G6PC3 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | G6PC |
Ellen McDonagh gene: G6PC was added gene: G6PC was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: G6PC was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PCCB |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCCB was added gene: PCCB was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: PCCB was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | PCCA |
Ellen McDonagh gene: PCCA was added gene: PCCA was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: PCCA was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | NPC2 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: NPC2 was added gene: NPC2 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: NPC2 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | NPC1 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: NPC1 was added gene: NPC1 was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: NPC1 was set to |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, childhood onset v0.0 | HPCA |
Ellen McDonagh gene: HPCA was added gene: HPCA was added to Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder. Sources: London North GLH,Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: HPCA was set to |
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