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| Fetal anomalies v6.112 | DISP1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: There are at least 10 individuals with holoprosencephaly with monoallelic variants in DISP1, and at least 10 with biallelic / compound heterozygous variants in DISP1. Among fetal cases, there are only 2 biallelic cases with DISP1 variants alone. Other individuals harboured biallelic variants in DISP1, as well as potentially pathogenic variants in other genes. Digenic inheritance appears to be common for this condition. PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). 9/25 individuals were fetuses with antenatal signs of failure of the prosencephalon to divide. As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025).; to: PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). 9/25 individuals were fetuses with antenatal signs of failure of the prosencephalon to divide. As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025). |
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| Fetal anomalies v6.112 | DISP1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: MOI should be set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal. There are at least 10 individuals with holoprosencephaly with monoallelic variants in DISP1, and at least 10 with biallelic / compound heterozygous variants in DISP1. PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). 9/25 individuals were fetuses with antenatal signs of failure of the prosencephalon to divide. As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025).; to: There are at least 10 individuals with holoprosencephaly with monoallelic variants in DISP1, and at least 10 with biallelic / compound heterozygous variants in DISP1. Among fetal cases, there are only 2 biallelic cases with DISP1 variants alone. Other individuals harboured biallelic variants in DISP1, as well as potentially pathogenic variants in other genes. Digenic inheritance appears to be common for this condition. PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). 9/25 individuals were fetuses with antenatal signs of failure of the prosencephalon to divide. As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025). |
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| Fetal anomalies v6.101 | DISP1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: MOI should be set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal. There are at least 10 individuals with holoprosencephaly with monoallelic variants in DISP1, and at least 10 with biallelic / compound heterozygous variants in DISP1. PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025).; to: MOI should be set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal. There are at least 10 individuals with holoprosencephaly with monoallelic variants in DISP1, and at least 10 with biallelic / compound heterozygous variants in DISP1. PMID: 38529886 Lavillaureix et al., 2024 25 individuals with midline craniofacial defects, harbouring 23 DISP1 variants identified in heterozygous, compound heterozygous or homozygous states. Sequencing method: WES. The patients presented with holoprosencephaly of variable severity: microform (14/25), lobar (2/25), semi-alobar (2/25), and alobar (7/25). 9/25 individuals were fetuses with antenatal signs of failure of the prosencephalon to divide. As 5/9 patients with severe (alobar or semi-lobar) HPE had DISP1 variants as well as variants in other known HPE-linked genes from the SHH pathway (eg, SIX3, SHH, and PTCH1), the authors suggest oligogenic inheritance. Milder presentations (microform and lobar generally seem to arise either from monoallelic truncating variants, or biallelic missense variants in DISP1. This gene is associated with AR/AD Holoprosencephaly 10, 621143 in OMIM (accessed 17th Oct 2025). |
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| Fetal anomalies v6.90 | EMX2 |
Ida Ertmanska commented on gene: EMX2: Comment on list classification: There are at least 4 unrelated families where individuals harbouring de novo variants in EMX2 have schizencephaly - a rare severe brain malformation, leading to neurologic deficits and developmental delay (PMIDs: 8528262, 9153481, 9359037). However, the 1996-1997 studies are limited by their sequencing method (targeted gene sequencing). Subsequent studies of 3 different schizencephaly patient cohorts showed that none of the 175 affected individuals carried pathogenic EMX2 mutations (PMIDs: 17506092, 18409201, 20157829). No other schizencephaly cases with EMX2 variants were published in literature since 1997. Other genes, such as SIX3 and SHH, have been putatively linked to schizencephaly (PMID: 20157829). Furthermore, schizencephaly may stem from non-genetic causes, such as in utero viral infections, teratogen exposure, maternal trauma, and more (PMID: 18409201). Due to outdated / conflicting evidence, this gene should be downgraded to Amber for Fetal anomalies. |
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| Fetal anomalies v0.161 | SIX3 | Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: SIX3: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: keep on the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.; Changed rating: GREEN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.9 | SIX3 | Rebecca Foulger reviewed gene: SIX3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fetal anomalies v0.1 | SIX3 |
Rebecca Foulger gene: SIX3 was added gene: SIX3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype Mode of inheritance for gene: SIX3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Phenotypes for gene: SIX3 were set to HOLOPROSENCEPHALY |
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