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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.11 | SLC2A1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 - MONOALLELIC COHORT Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. BIALLELIC CASES: PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). The same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026).; to: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). The same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026). |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.11 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: There are numerous patients reported in literature with monoallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (characterised by early-onset epileptic encephalopathy associated with hypoglycorrhachia, delayed development, acquired microcephaly, motor incoordination, and spasticity). There are only two probands reported to date with biallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. While their heterozygous family members were reported as asymptomatic, GLUT1DS presents with variable and often mild symptoms. Hence, the mode of inheritance should be changed to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted on this panel, until more biallelic cases are reported.; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: There are numerous patients reported in literature with monoallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (characterised by early-onset epileptic encephalopathy associated with hypoglycorrhachia, delayed development, acquired microcephaly, motor incoordination, and spasticity). There are only two probands reported to date with biallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. While their heterozygous family members were reported as asymptomatic, GLUT1DS presents with variable and often mild symptoms. Also, both recessive cases had symptom onset in early childhood. Hence, the mode of inheritance should be changed to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted on this panel, until more biallelic cases are reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.11 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska Publications for gene: SLC2A1 were set to 18451999; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1155/; 19630075; 18577546 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.10 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska Tag Q4_26_MOI tag was added to gene: SLC2A1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.10 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska commented on gene: SLC2A1: Comment on mode of inheritance: There are numerous patients reported in literature with monoallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (characterised by early-onset epileptic encephalopathy associated with hypoglycorrhachia, delayed development, acquired microcephaly, motor incoordination, and spasticity). There are only two probands reported to date with biallelic SLC2A1 variants and GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. While their heterozygous family members were reported as asymptomatic, GLUT1DS presents with variable and often mild symptoms. Hence, the mode of inheritance should be changed to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted on this panel, until more biallelic cases are reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.10 | SLC2A1 |
Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 - MONOALLELIC COHORT Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. BIALLELIC CASES: PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). Looks to be the same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026).; to: PMID: 41561681 Previtali et al., 2026 - MONOALLELIC COHORT Retrospective evaluation of 32 adults with genetically confirmed GLUT1DS from Italian medical centres. 17/32 variants in SLC2A1 were confirmed to be de novo, 10 inherited from a parent, and 5 of unknown inheritance. 24/32 patients had epilepsy, 26 had paroxysmal movement disorders. Fatigue was present in 12 individuals and migraine in 6. Psychomotor delay was observed in 15/32 subjects. Subsequently, 11/32 individuals received a diagnosis of intellectual disability. Mean age at symptom onset was 4 yrs. Brain MRI was unremarkable in most cases (15/20). Mostly missense variants detected. Study highlights that "GLUT1DS presents with variable symptoms, often unrecognised or too mild to prompt clinical attention." Several adults in the study were diagnosed in adulthood - some asymptomatic and only following their child’s diagnosis. BIALLELIC CASES: PMID: 20687207 Rotstein et al., 2011 F1 - male proband seen at 3 yrs, with seizures, dev delay, progressive postnatal microcephaly, hypoglycorrhachia on CSF analysis. He had spasticity with distant lower limb dystonia. Parents and sister unaffected. He was found to carry comp het SLC2A1 (old name GLUT1) variants: c.945A>G, p.K256V (maternally inherited) and c.556G>T, p.R126L (de novo). The same patient as P13 in PMID: 10980529. F2 - two affectes sisters, aged 6 and 2.5 yrs. Seems to be the same family as in PMID: 20221955. Only SLC2A1 was analysed, method not described. PMID: 20221955 Klepper et al., 2009 Report of a 6yo female patient from a consanguineous Arab family from Qatar, with moderate global developmental delay, epilepsy, ataxia, hypotonia, and hypoglycorrhachia (CSF glucose 36 mg/dL; CSF lactate 1.09 mmol/L; CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.44). Symptom onset was around 18 months of age, with frequent falls and an ataxic gait. She harboured a homozygous SLC2A1: c.1402C>T (p.Arg468Trp) variant - also homozygous in her younger sister who was asymptomatic. Unaffected parents were het for the variant. 3 hets reported in gnomAD v4.1.2, no hmz. Method: targeted sequencing of SLC2A1. PMID: 10980529 Wang et al., 2000 Report of 15 children with infantile seizures, acquired microcephaly, low CSF/blood glucose ratio, and dev delay, harbouring SLC2A1 variants. Method: PCR sequencing of SLC2A1 only. 7 patients had het nonsense variants in SLC2A1, 3 had splicing variants, and 1 harboured a large deletion. 4 patients had missense variants, including Patient 13 with comp het SLC2A1 variants R126L and K256V (K256V inherited from an asymptomatic mother). Variants R126L (SLC2A1 c.377G>T (p.Arg126Leu)) & K256V (SLC2A1: c.766_767delinsGT (p.Lys256Val)) are not reported in gnomAD v4.1.2. SLC2A1 association with AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome is classified as Definitive in ClinGen (Intellectual Disability and Autism GCEP, Apr 2019). The gene is associated with several disease entities in OMIM: AD {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, MIM:614847; AD Dystonia 9, MIM:601042; AD GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, MIM:612126; AD, AR GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, MIM:606777; AD Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 (accessed 7th Oct 2026). |
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| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.10 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska reviewed gene: SLC2A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10980529, 20221955, 20687207, 41561681; Phenotypes: GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, OMIM:606777, encephalopathy due to GLUT1 deficiency, MONDO:0011724; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v6.10 | SLC2A1 | Ida Ertmanska Phenotypes for gene: SLC2A1 were changed from Dystonia 9, OMIM:601042; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, OMIM:606777; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, OMIM:612126 to GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, OMIM:612126; childhood onset GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, MONDO:0012805; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, OMIM:606777; encephalopathy due to GLUT1 deficiency, MONDO:0011724; Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v1.84 | SLC2A1 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: This gene is also associated with Stomatin-deficient cryohydrocytosis with neurologic defects, OMIM:608885 and {Epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 12}, OMIM:614847 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v1.84 | SLC2A1 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: SLC2A1 were changed from EPILEPSY, IDIOPATHIC GENERALIZED; dystonia 9; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset; Dystonia; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe; GLUT1 DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 1; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, 606777; paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia with or without epilepsy and/or hemolytic anemia to Dystonia 9, OMIM:601042; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe, OMIM:606777; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset, OMIM:612126 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v0.54 | SLC2A1 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: SLC2A1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v0.53 | SLC2A1 | James Polke reviewed gene: SLC2A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v0.52 | SLC2A1 | Louise Daugherty Source NHS GMS was added to SLC2A1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v0.51 | SLC2A1 | Louise Daugherty Source London North GLH was added to SLC2A1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dystonia, chorea or related movement disorder, adult onset v0.2 | SLC2A1 |
Ellen McDonagh gene: SLC2A1 was added gene: SLC2A1 was added to Adult onset movement disorder. Sources: Expert Review Green Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC2A1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC2A1 were set to 18451999; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1155/; 19630075; 18577546 Phenotypes for gene: SLC2A1 were set to EPILEPSY, IDIOPATHIC GENERALIZED; dystonia 9; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 2, childhood onset; Dystonia; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, infantile onset, severe; GLUT1 DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 1; GLUT1 deficiency syndrome 1, 606777; paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia with or without epilepsy and/or hemolytic anemia |
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