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Fetal anomalies v6.183 FGFR1 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 27055092 Mazen et al., 2016
Male patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ambiguous genitalia, referred at 15 months. Consanguineous parents, positive family history for CHD. Trio WES revealed a homozygous FGFR1 c.1418G>A variant (hg38: c.1424G>A, p.Arg475Gln - rs747333248, 34 total alleles in gnomAD v4.1.0, no homozygotes). Patient also homozygous for a STARD3 p.Ala247Val mutation, no disease association reported for this gene. Ambiguous genitalia highlighted as unusual presentation in FGFR1-related disease.

PMID: 25394172 Villanueva et al., 2015
7 individuals with Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), 3/7 with anosmia, and 7/7 with split hand/foot malformation. The patients harboured FGFR1 variants - 6 heterozygous and 1 homozygous.
P1: male, homozygous for c.1286T>A, p.V429E. Heterozygous sister and parents. Sister has hyposmia, otherwise no phenotype reported in heterozygous family members.
In the 6 heterozygous pedigrees, CHH was an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance.

PMID: 23812909 Simonis et al., 2013
6 patients with Hartsfield syndrome and 1 female fetus with similar symptoms. FGFR1 variants were detected in the extracellular binding domain (two patients with homozygous mutations) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (four heterozygous de novo variants). Patients presented with holoprosencephaly 7/7 (lobar, alobar, or semilobar), corpus callosum agenesis 5/7 (full or partial), ectrodactyly 7/7 (hands and/or feet affected), growth retardation 6/6, genital anomalies 3/6 (micropenis, cryptorchidism), DD/ID 6/6 (mild to severe). P1 was homozygous for L165S, heterozygous parents unaffected. P2 was homozygous for L191S, parents not available for testing.

PMID: 23154428 Jarzabek et al., 2012
5 Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients who carry FGFR1 mutations (Gly270Asp, Gly97Ser, Met161Thr, Ser685Phe and Ala167Ser/Ala167Ser). Patients 1-4 harboured de novo heterozygous FGFR1 mutations, while P5 was homozygous for the c.499G>T, p.Ala167Ser variant - his parents are sister are heterozygous and unaffected. All 5 patients had absent puberty, as well as hyposmia or anosmia. 3/5 patients presented with skeletal abnormalities and lip/palate malformations.
P5 (previously described in PMID: 12627230) had KS, cleft palate, corpus callosum agenesis, vertebral anomalies, unilateral fusion of fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and bilateral oligodactyly of feet (four digits).

FGFR1 is associated with multiple dominant conditions in OMIM, including AD Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950 and AD Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465 (accessed 27th Feb 2026).; to: PMID: 27055092 Mazen et al., 2016
Male patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ambiguous genitalia, referred at 15 months. Consanguineous parents, positive family history for CHD. Trio WES revealed a homozygous FGFR1 c.1418G>A variant (hg38: c.1424G>A, p.Arg475Gln - rs747333248, 34 total alleles in gnomAD v4.1.0, no homozygotes). Patient also homozygous for a STARD3 p.Ala247Val mutation, no disease association reported for this gene. Ambiguous genitalia highlighted as unusual presentation in FGFR1-related disease.

PMID: 25394172 Villanueva et al., 2015
7 individuals with Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), 3/7 with anosmia, and 7/7 with split hand/foot malformation. The patients harboured FGFR1 variants - 6 heterozygous and 1 homozygous.
P1: male, homozygous for c.1286T>A, p.V429E. Heterozygous sister and parents. Sister has hyposmia, otherwise no phenotype reported in heterozygous family members.
In the 6 heterozygous pedigrees, CHH was an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance.

PMID: 23812909 Simonis et al., 2013
6 patients with Hartsfield syndrome and 1 female fetus with similar symptoms. FGFR1 variants were detected in the extracellular binding domain (two patients with homozygous mutations) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (four heterozygous de novo variants). Patients presented with holoprosencephaly 7/7 (lobar, alobar, or semilobar), corpus callosum agenesis 5/7 (full or partial), ectrodactyly 7/7 (hands and/or feet affected), growth retardation 6/6, genital anomalies 3/6 (micropenis, cryptorchidism), DD/ID 6/6 (mild to severe). Fetal case (patient 7) had no FGFR1 mutation detected.


PMID: 23154428 Jarzabek et al., 2012
5 Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients who carry FGFR1 mutations (Gly270Asp, Gly97Ser, Met161Thr, Ser685Phe and Ala167Ser/Ala167Ser). Patients 1-4 harboured de novo heterozygous FGFR1 mutations, while P5 was homozygous for the c.499G>T, p.Ala167Ser variant - his parents are sister are heterozygous and unaffected. All 5 patients had absent puberty, as well as hyposmia or anosmia. 3/5 patients presented with skeletal abnormalities and lip/palate malformations.
P5 (previously described in PMID: 12627230) had KS, cleft palate, corpus callosum agenesis, vertebral anomalies, unilateral fusion of fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and bilateral oligodactyly of feet (four digits).

FGFR1 is associated with multiple dominant conditions in OMIM, including AD Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950 and AD Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465 (accessed 27th Feb 2026).
Fetal anomalies v6.152 TRIO Arina Puzriakova Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 44, with microcephaly, OMIM:617061; Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 63, with macrocephaly, OMIM:618825 for gene: TRIO
Fetal anomalies v6.150 TRIO Arina Puzriakova edited their review of gene: TRIO: Changed rating: GREEN
Fetal anomalies v6.149 TRIO Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: TRIO: The rating of this gene has been updated to Green following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v6.148 TRIO Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: TRIO
Fetal anomalies v6.147 TRIO Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: TRIO: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 63, with macrocephaly, OMIM:618825, Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 44, with microcephaly, OMIM:617061; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v6.143 TRIO Arina Puzriakova Source Expert Review Green was added to TRIO.
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Green List (high evidence)
Fetal anomalies v4.167 TRIO Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: TRIO were changed from INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 44, with microcephaly, OMIM:617061 to Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 44, with microcephaly, OMIM:617061
Fetal anomalies v4.36 TRIO Achchuthan Shanmugasundram commented on gene: TRIO
Fetal anomalies v4.35 TRIO Esther Kinning reviewed gene: TRIO: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32109419, 26721934; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, autosomal dominant 44, OMIM:617061; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v4.34 TRIO Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to TRIO.
Mode of inheritance for gene TRIO was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 44, with microcephaly, OMIM:617061 for gene: TRIO
Publications for gene: TRIO were updated from to 32109419; 26721934
Fetal anomalies v1.27 DHCR7 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: DHCR7: PMID:31840946 (Schoner et al., 2020) performed autopsies and DHCR7 gene analyses in 8 fetuses suspected of having SLOS. 5/9 fetuses presented with classic SLOS features including 4 with atrial/atrioventricular septal defects and renal anomalies, and one with additional bilateral renal agenesis and a Dandy-Walker cyst. Two fetuses were mildly affected and two fetuses showed additional holoprosencephaly. DHCR7 variants were confirmed in cases 1-5 and 7.
Fetal anomalies v0.134 GJA1 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: GJA1: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: keep on the Fetal anomalies panel as Green. Additional notes from clinical review: Include with monoallelic (Atrioventricular septal defects) and biallelic (Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 1) inheritance.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.9 TRIO Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TRIO: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.9 NKX2-5 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: NKX2-5: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DEFECTS, Confirmed for TETRALOGY OF FALLOT, and Confirmed for CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM NON-GOITROUS TYPE 5.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 GATA6 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GATA6: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT 5, ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT 9, and Confirmed for PANCREATIC AGENESIS, DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA AND CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS.
Fetal anomalies v0.3 TRIO Rebecca Foulger reviewed gene: TRIO: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: Other - please provide details in the comments; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance:
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TRIO Rebecca Foulger gene: TRIO was added
gene: TRIO was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: TRIO was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: TRIO were set to INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NKX2-5 Rebecca Foulger gene: NKX2-5 was added
gene: NKX2-5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NKX2-5 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: NKX2-5 were set to ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT WITH ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION DEFECTS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GATA6 Rebecca Foulger gene: GATA6 was added
gene: GATA6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GATA6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: GATA6 were set to ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT 5