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Fetal anomalies v6.135 CYP11A1 Ida Ertmanska reviewed gene: CYP11A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11502818, 29995203, 30620006, 35418949, 39457196; Phenotypes: Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46XY sex reversal, partial or complete, OMIM: 613743, Congenital adrenal insufficiency with 46, XY sex reversal OR 46,XY disorder of sex development-adrenal insufficiency due to CYP11A1 deficiency, MONDO:0013400; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.126 GON4L Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: GON4L were changed from complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0100038 to Li-Takada-Miyake syndrome, OMIM:621212; Li-Takada-Miyake syndrome, MONDO:0978303
Fetal anomalies v6.112 LAMC3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: There are seven unrelated families reported with biallelic variants (either homozygous or compound heterozygous) in LAMC3 and cortical malformations. One these cases was a foetus reported with extensive posterior Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PMID:33639934).

In addition, PMID:30266093 (2018) reported a foetus with abnormalities identified via ultrasound and with compound heterozygous LAMC3 variants

Biallelic LAMC3 variants are associated with relevant phenotypes in OMIM (MIM #614115, record accessed on 21 October 2025) and Gene2Phenotype (with 'definitive' rating on the DD panel). This gene is also green with biallelic MOI on the Fetal anomalies panel of PanelApp Australia (https://panelapp-aus.org/panels/3763/gene/LAMC3/). Biallelic LAMC3 variants are not yet associated with any relevant phenotypes in ClinGen.

Monoallelic LAMC3 variants are associated with 'complex neurodevelopmental disorder' (MONDO:0100038) with 'Disputed' rating by the Intellectual Disability and Autism expert panel in ClinGen (https://search.clinicalgenome.org/CCID:005265)

This was based on the following evidence:
Although over 25 unique variants have been reported in humans, autism spectrum disorder was the primary ascertainment for the largest number of individuals. Variants have also been reported in probands with intellectual disability and/or developmental delay. However, the variants were primarily identified in individuals with limited phenotype data from large cohort studies, and none had experimental evidence of gene impact (PMIDs: 21572417, 23160955, 27525107, 28191889, 28965761, 30564305, 31398340).

This gene should therefore remain green with Biallelic MOI on this panel.; to: There are seven unrelated families reported with biallelic variants (either homozygous or compound heterozygous) in LAMC3 and cortical malformations. One these cases was a foetus reported with extensive posterior Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PMID:33639934).

In addition, PMID:30266093 (2018) reported a foetus with abnormalities identified via ultrasound and with compound heterozygous LAMC3 variants

Biallelic LAMC3 variants are associated with relevant phenotypes in OMIM (MIM #614115, record accessed on 21 October 2025) and Gene2Phenotype (with 'definitive' rating on the DD panel). This gene is also green with biallelic MOI on the Fetal anomalies panel of PanelApp Australia (https://panelapp-aus.org/panels/3763/gene/LAMC3/). Biallelic LAMC3 variants are not yet associated with any relevant phenotypes in ClinGen.

Monoallelic LAMC3 variants are associated with 'complex neurodevelopmental disorder' (MONDO:0100038) with 'Disputed' rating by the Intellectual Disability and Autism expert panel in ClinGen (https://search.clinicalgenome.org/CCID:005265)

This was based on the following evidence:
Although over 25 unique variants have been reported in humans, autism spectrum disorder was the primary ascertainment for the largest number of individuals. Variants have also been reported in probands with intellectual disability and/or developmental delay. However, the variants were primarily identified in individuals with limited phenotype data from large cohort studies, and none had experimental evidence of gene impact (PMIDs: 21572417, 23160955, 27525107, 28191889, 28965761, 30564305, 31398340).
Fetal anomalies v6.101 PLD1 Arina Puzriakova edited their review of gene: PLD1: Added comment: Additional cases reported (not reviewed previously):

- PMID: 38171566 - based on the abstract (translated from Chinese, full-text not available) a fetus with generalized edema, complex cardiac malformation, abdominal effusion, and enhanced intestinal and renal parenchymal echoes was identified with compound heterozygous variants (c.1460G>A (p.W487*); c.2977C>T (p.R993*)) in the PLD1 gene. No functional studies mentioned.

- PMID: 39553471 - a fetus with compound heterozygous variants (c.1937G>C (p.G646A); c.1062-59A>G) was found with congenital heart disease including pulmonary atresia, regurgitation and tricuspid valve dysplasia. In silico analysis of c.1062-59A>G indicated the variant affected splicing, and subsequent RT-PCR and TA clone sequencing revealed a 76-bp intron retention and skipping of exon 11, causing a frameshift and premature stop codon in PLD1. Both variants were classified as VUS according to ACMG guidelines.

- PMID: 39681445 - title 'A case of cardiac valvular dysplasia combined with dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a homozygous nonsense variant in PLD1' indicates there is another case of cardiomyopathy linked to this gene. However, the article and abstract are in Chinese and therefore cannot be curated further.; Changed publications to: 27799408, 33142350, 33645542, 35380090, 36923242, 37770978, 38171566, 39553471, 39681445; Changed phenotypes to: Cardiac valvular dysplasia 1, OMIM:212093; Changed mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01082 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409) - with LINC01082 and FOXF1 being intact. At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).
Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele. According to PMID:36157490 Szafranski et al., 2022, 50 reported de novo CNV deletions arose on the maternal chromosome 16 and only 3 de novo CNV deletions arose on the paternal chromosome 16.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele. According to PMID:36157490 Szafranski et al., 2022, 50 reported de novo CNV deletions arose on the maternal chromosome 16 and only 3 de novo CNV deletions arose on the paternal chromosome 16.

There is only 1 individual with ACDMPV where only LINC01082 has been deleted, without affecting FOXF1 or LINC01081 (PMID: 24842713). At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01082 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV). Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common.

Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele. According to PMID:36157490 Szafranski et al., 2022, 50 reported de novo CNV deletions arose on the maternal chromosome 16 and only 3 de novo CNV deletions arose on the paternal chromosome 16.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

Genomic positions reference (GRh37/hg19):
FOXF1 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409) - with LINC01082 and FOXF1 being intact. At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).
Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele. According to PMID:36157490 Szafranski et al., 2022, 50 reported de novo CNV deletions arose on the maternal chromosome 16 and only 3 de novo CNV deletions arose on the paternal chromosome 16.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01082 Ida Ertmanska commented on gene: LINC01082: Comment on list classification: Genes in the FOXF1 enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV). There is only 1 individual with ACDMPV where only LINC01082 has been deleted, without affecting FOXF1 or LINC01081 (PMID: 24842713). At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622). Hence, the testing region should be expanded to include the enhancer.
The majority of CNVs arose de novo on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.
Based on the available evidence, this gene should be rated GREEN for Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins.
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01081 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409) - with LINC01082 and FOXF1 being intact. At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).
Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409) - with LINC01082 and FOXF1 being intact. At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).
Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele. According to PMID:36157490 Szafranski et al., 2022, 50 reported de novo CNV deletions arose on the maternal chromosome 16 and only 3 de novo CNV deletions arose on the paternal chromosome 16.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01081 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409). At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622). Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype.

There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409) - with LINC01082 and FOXF1 being intact. At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the wider FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622).
Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01081 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

FOXF1 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. There are at least 3 reported unrelated individuals with Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins, where LINC01081 (either part or whole gene) has been deleted (PMID: 27071622, 23034409). At least 10 other patients harboured a deletion that affected the FOXF1 upstream enhancer region, but not FOXF1 itself (PMIDs: 19500772; 23034409; 24842713; 27071622). Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 40869921 Fumini et al., 2025
Review of nine prenatal cases with a 16q24.1 deletion, all involving the FOXF1 gene or its enhancer region. The main ultrasound findings included increased nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma during the first trimester, and cardiac, renal, and intestinal malformations from 20 weeks of gestation onward.

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01081 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

FOXF1 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

FOXF1 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.97 LINC01081 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV). Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

FOXF1 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).; to: As reviewed by Hannah Robinson, LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer region of FOXF1. Like FOXF1, genes in the enhancer region have been implicated in Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) - which may present with a severe neonatal phenotype. Aside from ACDMPV, cardiac, gastrointestinal and genitourinary phenotypes are also common. Most CNVs are de novo, arising on the maternal allele - suspected imprinting of paternal allele.

PMID: 27071622 Szafranski et al., 2016
22 new unrelated families (20 postnatal and two prenatal) with clinically diagnosed ACDMPV. In seven cases (patients 117.3, 119.3, 122.3, 126.3, 127.3, 136.3, and 139.3) the deletion CNVs affected only the upstream enhancer, leaving FOXF1 intact.

FOXF1 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000262426.6_4) - chr16:86,544,133-86,549,028.
LINC01081 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806422.1_2) - chr16:86,255,967-86,338,313
LINC01082 GRh37/hg19 (ENST00000806580.1_1) - chr16:86,184,957-86,192,637

Enhancer only deletions, from supplementary information:
P122.3: 4.1 kb deletion (86,216,561-86,220,676), mapping ~ 9.1 kb upstream to LINC01082 (intergenic) - paternal origin
P117.3: 233kb deletion (86,055,159/200-86,288,226/267) - both genes affected
P119.3: 153kb deletion (86,148,250- 86,301,591) + Insertion at the break point: GCACGCA - both genes affected
p126.3: 1511kb deletion (84,875,483/490-86,386,861/868) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted; additional phenotypes: balanced AVSD, Intestinal malrotation, Uterus didelphys, Mildly dilated right ureter
P127.3: 92kb deletion (86,209,157/194-86,301,558/595) - LINC01081 only; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus and patent foramen ovale
P136.3: 1250kb deletion (~85,146,556-86,393,283) - both genes affected, multiple other genes deleted
P139.3: 405KB deletion (~85,877,026-86,282,104)- both genes affected, IRF8 also deleted.

PMID: 19500772 Stankiewicz et al. (2009)
P28.7 (D10): 145kb deletion ~86,140,499-86,285,499 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: Patent ductus arteriosus
P47.4 (D9): 524kb deletion 85,867,768-86,392,161 - both genes deleted, as well as IRF8; additional phenotypes: Suspected intestinal malrotation, imperforate anus; Bicornuate uterus with cervical duplication; Multiple butterfly vertebrae.

PMID: 23034409 Szafranski et al. (2013a)
Further 7 cases with enhancer deletions (5 where both genes are affected, 2 cases with only LINC01081 deleted).
P77.3: deletion of chr16:86,212,041/067-86,448,132/158 - only LINC01081 deleted
P81.3: deletion of chr16:86,194,972/195,808 - 86,354,712/355,161 - only LINC01081 deleted

PMID: 24842713 Szafranski et al. (2014)
P99.3: deletion of chr16:84,764,628/647 - 86,238,601/620 - only LINC01082 affected (and additional genes deleted upstream)
P111.3: deletion of chr16:86,077,955/958 - 86,271,915/918 - both genes affected; additional cardiac phenotype: PDA, dilated right ventricle with depressed function

This gene is not yet linked to any disease in OMIM (accessed 15th Oct 2025).
Fetal anomalies v6.86 NDUFB7 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB7 were changed from Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135; Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39 to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135
Fetal anomalies v6.82 FAAP100 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: FAAP100 were changed from Fanconi anemia to Fanconi anemia, complementation group X, OMIM:621258
Fetal anomalies v6.80 WDR47 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: WDR47 were changed from Complex neurodevelopmental disorder to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092
Fetal anomalies v6.29 MPL Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: MPL: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance:
Fetal anomalies v6.28 MPL Elizabeth Scotchman commented on gene: MPL: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings in June & July 2025. The meetings included representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs and from the R21 Clinical Oversight Group. Clinical review and curation was performed by Natalie Chandler & Elizabeth Scotchman (North Thames GLH), Natalie Bibb, Stephanie Allen & Sarah Graham (Central & South GLH) and Alice Gardham, Esther Kinning, Vicki Harrison, Anna DeBurca, Natalie Canham, Elizabeth Wall, Sunayna Best, Soo-Mi Park & Sahar Mansour (R21 Clinical Oversight Group).
Fetal anomalies v6.24 ZNRF3 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: ZNRF3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39168120; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v6.24 WDR47 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: WDR47: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39609633; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.24 C14orf80 Sunayna Best reviewed gene: C14orf80: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39979680; Phenotypes: severe growth impairment and endocrine complications; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.24 NDUFB7 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: NDUFB7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33502047, 40025060; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.24 MPL Elizabeth Scotchman reviewed gene: MPL: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39763161; Phenotypes: Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, congenital, 1; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.24 HIRA Sarah Graham reviewed gene: HIRA: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38511226, 33417013; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v6.24 CFI Esther Kinning reviewed gene: CFI: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39891418; Phenotypes: Complement factor I deficiency; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.24 BHLHE22 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: BHLHE22: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39502664; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.21 ZNRF3 Arina Puzriakova gene: ZNRF3 was added
gene: ZNRF3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZNRF3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: ZNRF3 were set to 39168120
Phenotypes for gene: ZNRF3 were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder
Fetal anomalies v6.21 WDR47 Arina Puzriakova gene: WDR47 was added
gene: WDR47 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR47 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: WDR47 were set to 39609633
Phenotypes for gene: WDR47 were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder
Fetal anomalies v6.21 C14orf80 Arina Puzriakova gene: C14orf80 was added
gene: C14orf80 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: C14orf80 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: C14orf80 were set to 39979680
Phenotypes for gene: C14orf80 were set to severe growth impairment and endocrine complications
Fetal anomalies v6.21 NDUFB7 Arina Puzriakova Added phenotypes Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39 for gene: NDUFB7
Publications for gene: NDUFB7 were updated from 33502047; 27626371; 40025060 to 27626371; 40025060; 33502047
Fetal anomalies v6.21 MPL Arina Puzriakova gene: MPL was added
gene: MPL was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: MPL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: MPL were set to 39763161
Phenotypes for gene: MPL were set to Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, congenital, 1
Fetal anomalies v6.21 HIRA Arina Puzriakova gene: HIRA was added
gene: HIRA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: HIRA was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: HIRA were set to 33417013; 38511226
Phenotypes for gene: HIRA were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder
Fetal anomalies v6.21 CFI Arina Puzriakova gene: CFI was added
gene: CFI was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CFI was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CFI were set to 39891418
Phenotypes for gene: CFI were set to Complement factor I deficiency
Fetal anomalies v6.21 BHLHE22 Arina Puzriakova gene: BHLHE22 was added
gene: BHLHE22 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: BHLHE22 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: BHLHE22 were set to 39502664
Phenotypes for gene: BHLHE22 were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder
Fetal anomalies v6.15 LINC01082 Hannah Robinson gene: LINC01082 was added
gene: LINC01082 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: LINC01082 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: LINC01082 were set to PMID: 27071622; PMID: 27822317
Phenotypes for gene: LINC01082 were set to Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins
Penetrance for gene: LINC01082 were set to Complete
Review for gene: LINC01082 was set to GREEN
gene: LINC01082 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer of FOXF1. Pathogenic variants in FOXF1 or deletions of its upstream enhancer region cause alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) (MIM265380). The majority of previously reported deletions of the upstream enhancer region have occurred de novo on the maternal allele.
Sources: NHS GMS
Fetal anomalies v6.15 LINC01081 Hannah Robinson gene: LINC01081 was added
gene: LINC01081 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: LINC01081 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: LINC01081 were set to PMID: 27071622; PMID: 27822317
Phenotypes for gene: LINC01081 were set to Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins
Penetrance for gene: LINC01081 were set to Complete
Review for gene: LINC01081 was set to GREEN
gene: LINC01081 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: LINC01081 and LINC01082 are long non-coding RNA genes within a known upstream enhancer of FOXF1. Pathogenic variants in FOXF1 or deletions of its upstream enhancer region cause alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) (MIM265380). The majority of previously reported deletions of the upstream enhancer region have occurred de novo on the maternal allele.
Sources: NHS GMS
Fetal anomalies v5.96 C1orf127 Julia Baptista gene: C1orf127 was added
gene: C1orf127 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: C1orf127 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: C1orf127 were set to 39753129
Phenotypes for gene: C1orf127 were set to Heterotaxy
Review for gene: C1orf127 was set to GREEN
Added comment: OMIM entry now available for this gene and condition.
The HGNC approved gene name is CIROZ

Sixteen individuals from 10 independently ascertained families with Left-right anomalies with or without Congenital Heart Defects, consistent with Heterotaxy. Family 1 is of European ancestry, and families 9 and 10 are from Central America, while all remaining families were of Middle Eastern background and known to be consanguineous.

Of these 16 affected individuals, three were affected fetuses subjected to termination of pregnancy, and two died in the first year of life due to complex cardiac phenotypes.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v5.90 LMNB2 Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: PMID: 40011009 reports two related babies who were homozygous for a loss-of-function LMNB2 variant. Both babies shared a similar phenotype of severe brain development abnormalities and died during the perinatal period. This shared phenotype was reflected in the several Lmnb2-deficient mouse models.
Material from the patient’s fibroblasts (obtained at birth) were used in Western blot and immunofluorescence cell labelling, and confirmed the complete absence of lamin B2 and revealed an increase in lamin B1, together with alterations in alpha-tubulin and vimentin organisation. (PMID: 40011009).; to: PMID: 40011009 reports two related babies who were homozygous for a loss-of-function LMNB2 variant. Both babies shared a similar phenotype of severe brain development abnormalities and died during the perinatal period. This shared phenotype was reflected in several Lmnb2-deficient mouse models.
Material from the patient’s fibroblasts (obtained at birth) were used in Western blot and immunofluorescence cell labelling, and confirmed the complete absence of lamin B2 and revealed an increase in lamin B1, together with alterations in alpha-tubulin and vimentin organisation. (PMID: 40011009).
Fetal anomalies v5.84 NDUFB7 Arina Puzriakova edited their review of gene: NDUFB7: Changed publications to: 40025060; Changed phenotypes to: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135; Changed mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.83 NDUFB7 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB7 were changed from ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135 to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135
Fetal anomalies v5.23 CD151 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: CD151 were changed from Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 7, with nephropathy and deafness, OMIM:609057; NEPHROPATHY WITH PRETIBIAL EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA AND DEAFNESS to Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 7, with nephropathy and deafness, OMIM:609057
Fetal anomalies v5.15 UQCC2 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: UQCC2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 24385928, 28804536; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 7, MIM#615824; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 TRPM7 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: TRPM7: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31423533, 39621058, 35561741, 39099563, 35712613; Phenotypes: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism/dementia complex, susceptibility to, MIM#105500; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v5.15 RFWD3 Soo-Mi Park reviewed gene: RFWD3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38058754, 2869192; Phenotypes: Fanconi anemia, complementation group W, MIM#617784; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 PSMF1 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: PSMF1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39148840; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder with motor features, MONDO:0100516, PSMF1-related; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 KIF26A Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: KIF26A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 36564622; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 11, MIM#620156; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 HECTD4 Natalie Canham reviewed gene: HECTD4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 36401616; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures, spasticity, and complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, MIM#620250; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 EXPH5 Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: EXPH5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32176379, 27730671, 23176819, 24443915, 24005056, 27384765; Phenotypes: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 4, localized or generalized intermediate, autosomal recessive, MIM#615028; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 CSMD1 Elizabeth Scotchman reviewed gene: CSMD1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38816421; Phenotypes: Complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0100038; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 CD151 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: CD151: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 35519797, 20301543; Phenotypes: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 7, with nephropathy and deafness, MIM#609057; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 CACHD1 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: CACHD1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38158856; Phenotypes: Syndromic complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0800439; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.13 TRPM7 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to TRPM7.
Source Expert Review Red was added to TRPM7.
Added phenotypes Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism/dementia complex, susceptibility to, OMIM:105500 for gene: TRPM7
Publications for gene: TRPM7 were updated from 32503408; 31423533 to 39099563; 39621058; 35712613; 35561741; 31423533; 32503408
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Red List (low evidence)
Fetal anomalies v5.13 PSMF1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: PSMF1 was added
gene: PSMF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: PSMF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PSMF1 were set to 39148840
Phenotypes for gene: PSMF1 were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder with motor features, MONDO:0100516, PSMF1-related
Fetal anomalies v5.13 KIF26A Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: KIF26A was added
gene: KIF26A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF26A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: KIF26A were set to 36564622
Phenotypes for gene: KIF26A were set to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 11, OMIM:620156
Fetal anomalies v5.13 HECTD4 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: HECTD4 was added
gene: HECTD4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: HECTD4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: HECTD4 were set to 36401616
Phenotypes for gene: HECTD4 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures, spasticity, and complete or partial agenesis of the corpus callosum, OMIM:620250
Fetal anomalies v5.13 GON4L Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: GON4L was added
gene: GON4L was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: GON4L was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: GON4L were set to 39500882
Phenotypes for gene: GON4L were set to complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0100038
Fetal anomalies v5.13 EXPH5 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to EXPH5.
Source Expert Review Red was added to EXPH5.
Added phenotypes Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 4, localized or generalized intermediate, autosomal recessive, OMIM:615028 for gene: EXPH5
Publications for gene: EXPH5 were updated from to 24443915; 23176819; 32176379; 24005056; 27730671; 27384765
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Red List (low evidence)
Fetal anomalies v5.13 CSMD1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CSMD1 was added
gene: CSMD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CSMD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CSMD1 were set to 38816421
Phenotypes for gene: CSMD1 were set to Complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0100038
Fetal anomalies v5.13 CD151 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to CD151.
Source Expert Review Red was added to CD151.
Added phenotypes Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 7, with nephropathy and deafness, OMIM:609057 for gene: CD151
Publications for gene: CD151 were updated from to 35519797; 20301543
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Red List (low evidence)
Fetal anomalies v5.8 ITGAV Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: ITGAV was added
gene: ITGAV was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: ITGAV was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: ITGAV were set to 39526957
Phenotypes for gene: ITGAV were set to syndromic disease, MONDO:0002254
Review for gene: ITGAV was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID:39526957 reported the identification of biallelic ITGAV variants in two unrelated patients and four foetuses from a third family. The two patients were reported with complex phenotype including global developmental delay, eye and brain abnormalities, inflammatory bowel disease and immune dysregulation. The four foetuses were reported with brain and skull abnormalities. There is also functional evidence in support of the association.

This gene has not yet been associated with any relevant phenotypes either in OMIM or in Gene2Phenotype.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v5.6 CACHD1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CACHD1 was added
gene: CACHD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CACHD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CACHD1 were set to 38158856
Phenotypes for gene: CACHD1 were set to syndromic complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0800439
Review for gene: CACHD1 was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID:38158856 reported six affected individuals from four unrelated families with biallelic (either homozygous or compound heterozygous) CACHD1 variants (3 splice, 2 frameshift and 1 nonsense variant).

Of these, two cases from the fourth family are fetal cases. Excluding these two fatal cases, all others were affected by syndromic neurodevelopmental abnormalities, multiple organ systems featuring global impairment of psychomotor development, dysmorphic facial features, genitourinary abnormalities, oculo-auricular and congenital malformation. Cognitive impairment was reported to be mild in three cases from three different families, while the fourth case had no cognitive impairment. Psychomotor delay was reported in two unrelated cases and seizure was reported in one.

Facial dysmorphism and ear and genitourinary abnormalities were reported in the two fetal cases, while congenital malformations of the digestive tract was reported in one of them.

Functional evidence from human stem cell-derived neural models and zebrafish mutants are also available in support of the disease association.

This gene has not yet been associated with relevant phenotypes either in OMIM or in Gene2Phenotype.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v4.198 SIRT6 Dmitrijs Rots gene: SIRT6 was added
gene: SIRT6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SIRT6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SIRT6 were set to PMID: 29555651
Penetrance for gene: SIRT6 were set to Complete
Review for gene: SIRT6 was set to GREEN
Added comment: The paper describes:"Here, we demonstrate that a homozygous inactivating mutation in the histone deacetylase SIRT6 results in severe congenital anomalies and perinatal lethality in four affected fetuses. " + functional data --> enough evidence for the green rating
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v4.157 RAD51C Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: RAD51C were changed from FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 0 to Fanconi anemia, complementation group O, OMIM:613390
Fetal anomalies v4.135 KCNH1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: KCNH1 were changed from Zimmermann-Laband syndrome 1, OMIM:135500; TEMPLE BARRAISTER SYNDROME to Zimmermann-Laband syndrome 1, OMIM:135500
Fetal anomalies v4.88 RAD51 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: RAD51 were changed from Fanconi anaemia, complementation group R, MIM# 617244; MIRROR MOVEMENTS 2 to Fanconi anaemia, complementation group R, OMIM:617244
Fetal anomalies v4.44 BRCA1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Phenotypes for gene: BRCA1 were changed from INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; Fanconi anaemia, complementation group S, OMIM:617883 to Fanconi anaemia, complementation group S, OMIM:617883
Fetal anomalies v4.35 SLC20A1 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: SLC20A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32850778, 27013921; Phenotypes: Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v4.35 RAD51C Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: RAD51C: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 29278735, 20400963; Phenotypes: Fanconi anemia, complementation group O, OMIM:613390; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 RAD51 Lyn Chitty reviewed gene: RAD51: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 26681308, 30907510, 26253028; Phenotypes: Fanconi anaemia, complementation group R, OMIM:617244; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v4.35 PRR12 Denise Williams reviewed gene: PRR12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 29556724, 33314030; Phenotypes: Neuroocular syndrome, OMIM:619539, Complex microphthalmia; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Fetal anomalies v4.35 PLEC Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: PLEC: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28824526, 31509265, 22144912, 21263134, 21109228, 20624679; Phenotypes: Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 17, OMIM:613723, Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5A, Ogna type, OMIM:131950, Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5C, with pyloric atresia, OMIM:612138, Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy, OMIM:226670; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 CTNNA2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: CTNNA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 30013181; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 9, MIM#618174; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 BRCA1 Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: BRCA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 29712865, 29133208, 34680915; Phenotypes: Fanconi anaemia, complementation group S, OMIM:617883; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 APC2 Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: APC2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31585108; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 10, OMIM:618677; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.34 RAD51 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to RAD51.
Mode of inheritance for gene RAD51 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Added phenotypes Fanconi anaemia, complementation group R, MIM# 617244 for gene: RAD51
Publications for gene: RAD51 were updated from to 30907510; 26253028; 26681308
Fetal anomalies v4.34 PRR12 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: PRR12 was added
gene: PRR12 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: PRR12 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: PRR12 were set to 29556724; 33314030
Phenotypes for gene: PRR12 were set to Neuroocular syndrome, OMIM:619539; Complex microphthalmia
Fetal anomalies v4.34 PLEC Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: PLEC was added
gene: PLEC was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: PLEC was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PLEC were set to 28824526; 31509265; 22144912; 21263134; 21109228; 20624679
Phenotypes for gene: PLEC were set to Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, autosomal recessive 17, OMIM:613723; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5A, Ogna type, OMIM:131950; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 5C, with pyloric atresia, OMIM:612138; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy, OMIM:226670
Fetal anomalies v4.34 CTNNA2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CTNNA2 was added
gene: CTNNA2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: CTNNA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CTNNA2 were set to 30013181
Phenotypes for gene: CTNNA2 were set to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 9, OMIM:618174
Fetal anomalies v4.34 BRCA1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source Expert Review Amber was added to BRCA1.
Source NHS GMS was added to BRCA1.
Added phenotypes Fanconi anaemia, complementation group S, OMIM:617883 for gene: BRCA1
Publications for gene: BRCA1 were updated from to 29712865; 29133208; 34680915
Rating Changed from Red List (low evidence) to Amber List (moderate evidence)
Fetal anomalies v4.34 APC2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: APC2 was added
gene: APC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: APC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: APC2 were set to 31585108
Phenotypes for gene: APC2 were set to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 10, OMIM:618677
Fetal anomalies v3.122 KMT2B Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: KMT2B were changed from Complex early-onset dystonia to Dystonia 28, childhood-onset, OMIM:617284; Complex early-onset dystonia
Fetal anomalies v3.108 UQCRB Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: UQCRB were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, UQCRB-RELATED to Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 3, OMIM:615158
Fetal anomalies v3.98 ATP5O Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: ATP5O were changed from Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency to Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:620359
Fetal anomalies v3.55 RMND1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: RMND1 were changed from ENCEPHALOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION COMPLEX DEFICIENCIES AND A MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSLATION DEFECT; Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 11, OMIM:614922 to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 11, OMIM:614922
Fetal anomalies v3.49 PET100 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: PET100 were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY; Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 12, OMIM:619055 to Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 12, OMIM:619055
Fetal anomalies v3.41 NDUFS1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFS1 were changed from Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 5, OMIM:618226; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY; LEIGH SYNDROME to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 5, OMIM:618226
Fetal anomalies v3.36 NDUFB11 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB11 were changed from Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3, OMIM:300952; Cardiomyopathy; Agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) to ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 30, OMIM:301021; Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3, OMIM:300952; Cardiomyopathy; Agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC)
Fetal anomalies v3.35 NDUFB10 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB10 were changed from Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35, OMIM:619003; Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35 , OMIM:619003 to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35, OMIM:619003
Fetal anomalies v3.8 UQCRFS1 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: UQCRFS1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31883641; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 10, OMIM:618775; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 UQCC2 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: UQCC2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28804536, 24385928; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:615824; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 SDHD Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: SDHD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 26008905; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 3, OMIM:619167; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 PET100 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: PET100: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25293719; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 12, OMIM:619055; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFV2 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFV2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 26008862; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:618229; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFS1 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFS1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 20382551, 31557978; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 5, OMIM:618226; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFC2 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFC2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32969598; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 36, OMIM:619170; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFB7 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFB7: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33502047; Phenotypes: ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFB3 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFB3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 27091925, 22277967; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 25, OMIM:618246; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFB11 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFB11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25772934; Phenotypes: ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 30, OMIM:301021, Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3, OMIM:300952; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFB10 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFB10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31130284, 28040730; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35, OMIM:619003; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFAF8 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFAF8: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31866046; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 34, OMIM:618776; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFA6 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFA6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 30245030; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 33, OMIM:618253; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFA12 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFA12: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32341820, 35141356; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 23, OMIM:618244; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 MTFMT Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: MTFMT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 27393152, 30911575; Phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 15, OMIM:614947, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 27, OMIM:618248; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 COX14 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: COX14: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 22243966; Phenotypes: ?Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 10 , OMIM:619053; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 COA6 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: COA6: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 22277967, 25339201; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 13, OMIM:616501; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.8 ATP5O Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: ATP5O: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 35621276; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v3.7 PET100 Arina Puzriakova Added phenotypes Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 12, OMIM:619055 for gene: PET100
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFB10 Arina Puzriakova Added phenotypes Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35, OMIM:619003 for gene: NDUFB10
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFS1 Arina Puzriakova Source Expert Review Amber was added to NDUFS1.
Added phenotypes Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 5, OMIM:618226 for gene: NDUFS1
Rating Changed from Red List (low evidence) to Amber List (moderate evidence)
Fetal anomalies v3.7 SDHD Arina Puzriakova gene: SDHD was added
gene: SDHD was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Red
Mode of inheritance for gene: SDHD was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SDHD were set to Mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 3, OMIM:619167
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFA12 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFA12 was added
gene: NDUFA12 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Red
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA12 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA12 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 23, OMIM:618244
Fetal anomalies v3.7 UQCRFS1 Arina Puzriakova gene: UQCRFS1 was added
gene: UQCRFS1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: UQCRFS1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: UQCRFS1 were set to Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 10, OMIM:618775
Fetal anomalies v3.7 UQCC2 Arina Puzriakova gene: UQCC2 was added
gene: UQCC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: UQCC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: UQCC2 were set to Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:615824
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFV2 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFV2 was added
gene: NDUFV2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFV2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFV2 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:618229
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFC2 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFC2 was added
gene: NDUFC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFC2 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 36, OMIM:619170
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFB7 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFB7 was added
gene: NDUFB7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFB7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB7 were set to ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 39, OMIM:620135
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFB3 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFB3 was added
gene: NDUFB3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFB3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB3 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 25, OMIM:618246
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFAF8 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFAF8 was added
gene: NDUFAF8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFAF8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFAF8 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 34, OMIM:618776
Fetal anomalies v3.7 NDUFA6 Arina Puzriakova gene: NDUFA6 was added
gene: NDUFA6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA6 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 33, OMIM:618253
Fetal anomalies v3.7 MTFMT Arina Puzriakova gene: MTFMT was added
gene: MTFMT was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: MTFMT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: MTFMT were set to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 15, OMIM:614947; Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 27, OMIM:618248
Fetal anomalies v3.7 COX14 Arina Puzriakova gene: COX14 was added
gene: COX14 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: COX14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: COX14 were set to ?Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 10 , OMIM:619053
Fetal anomalies v3.7 COA6 Arina Puzriakova gene: COA6 was added
gene: COA6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: COA6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: COA6 were set to Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 13, OMIM:616501
Fetal anomalies v3.7 ATP5O Arina Puzriakova gene: ATP5O was added
gene: ATP5O was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP5O was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: ATP5O were set to Mitochondrial complex V (ATP synthase) deficiency
Fetal anomalies v3.1 AARS2 Patrick Campbell gene: AARS2 was added
gene: AARS2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: AARS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: AARS2 were set to 30819764
Phenotypes for gene: AARS2 were set to fetal hydrops; polyhydramnios; pulmonary effusion; cardiomyopathy
Penetrance for gene: AARS2 were set to Complete
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: AARS2 was set to Other
Review for gene: AARS2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene is not on R21. It can cause fetal phenotype and early neonatal death with bi-allelic variants. We had a fetus present locally with fetal hydrops from around 28 weeks. The result was discovered on whole genome sequencing after miscarriage (R14). It would not have been identified on R21 for fetal anomalies. The local finding of presentation antenatally is corroborated by recent publication (PMID 30819764) with a case showing polyhydramnios and nonimmune hydrops, with small pulmonary effusions and significant ascites first detected at 35 wk of pregnancy.
Consideration should be given to adding the gene to R21.
Sources: NHS GMS
Fetal anomalies v2.8 TUBB2B Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TUBB2B were changed from POLYMICROGYRIA ASYMMETRIC to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 7, OMIM:610031
Fetal anomalies v2.4 COX10 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: COX10 were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY; LEIGH SYNDROME to Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 3, OMIM:619046
Fetal anomalies v1.948 NDUFB10 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB10 were changed from Mitochondrial complex I deficiency to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 35 , OMIM:619003
Fetal anomalies v1.900 NDUFB10 Rhiannon Mellis gene: NDUFB10 was added
gene: NDUFB10 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFB10 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: NDUFB10 were set to PMID: 31130284; 28040730
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB10 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency
Review for gene: NDUFB10 was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: May be fetally relevant but currently limited evidence, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as Amber gene.

Details of review:
Not Green on any other panels (Amber/Red because only 1 case reported, with functional studies). Causes Mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency.
One fetal case reported by Monies et al 2019 (PMID: 31130284) with Non-immune hydrops fetalis and died after birth.
The previous reported case on OMIM (from PMID: 28040730) was a female infant with IUGR, hydrops, lung hypoplasia and fetal cardiomyopathy - neonatal death with rapidly progressive lactic acidosis and PM found decreased complex 1 activity in skeletal muscle, heart, liver. Previous child of parents also had hydrops and died on day 1 of life.
Sources: Expert Review, Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.899 TMEM70 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TMEM70 were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX V (ATP SYNTHASE) DEFICIENCY, NUCLEAR TYPE 2 to IUGR; Oligohydramnios; Anhydramnios; Cardiomyopathy
Fetal anomalies v1.880 PLOD3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: PLOD3 was added
gene: PLOD3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: PLOD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PLOD3 were set to PMID: 18834968; PMID: 33743358
Phenotypes for gene: PLOD3 were set to Lysyl hydroxylase 3 deficiency; IUGR; Contractures
Review for gene: PLOD3 was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st July 2022 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.
Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH), and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams, Esther Kinning and Anna de Burca (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: May be fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as an Amber gene, pending more evidence.

Rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Cataracts

Details of review: Phenotype on OMIM includes potentially fetally detectable phenotypes: IUGR, contractures, cataracts (?whether congenital). Salo et al 2008 (PMID: 18834968) describes a proband with IUGR, flat facial profile, simple, low-set ears, shallow orbits, short, upturned nose, and downturned corners of the mouth. Skeletal features included talipes equinovarus, progressive scoliosis, osteopenia, and several pathologic fractures. A sib had IUGR and was stillborn, with finger contractures (but didn't seem to have molecular testing?).

The fetal case in Cao et al 2021 had NT 5.2 mm (12/40), Reduced fetal movement (12/40), FGR (24/40), Enlarged posterior fossa (24/40), Intracranial haemorrhage (24/40), Clenched hands and fixated extended knees (24/40).
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.874 TUBG1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TUBG1 were changed from Posteriorly predominant pachygyria and severe microcephaly to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 4, OMIM:615412
Fetal anomalies v1.864 ZFPM2 Anna de Burca gene: ZFPM2 was added
gene: ZFPM2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZFPM2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: ZFPM2 were set to 24702427
Phenotypes for gene: ZFPM2 were set to Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Penetrance for gene: ZFPM2 were set to Incomplete
Review for gene: ZFPM2 was set to AMBER
Added comment: Paper suggests that ZFPM2 variants may be associated with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia, but penetrance appears reduced. Given the apparently reduced penetrance and since isolated CDH is a relatively common congenital finding, the gene-disease association remains uncertain. Of note, variants in this gene have also been associated with 46,XY sex reversal and Tetralogy of Fallot.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.849 BRIP1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: BRIP1 were changed from FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP J to Fanconi anemia, complementation group J, OMIM:609054
Fetal anomalies v1.847 PEX6 Sarah Leigh edited their review of gene: PEX6: Added comment: For Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4B (OMIM:614863), Falkenberg et al (PMID: 29220678) has identified Allelic Expression Imbalance (AEI) as a mechanism responsible for the condition. Affected patients (7 unrelated cases) were monoallelic for rs61753230 (c.2578C>T, p.Arg860Trp) and rs144286892 (c.∗442_445 delTAAA), with these variants being on the same chromosome (cis). It would appear that rs144286892 causes the over expression of the allele that it is on, resulting in over expression of rs61753230. The unaffected parents analysed were monoallelic for rs61753230 and biallelic for rs144286892, resulting in overexpression of both rs61753230 and wild type alleles (PMID: 29220678). Experimental evidence revealed that rs61753230 has a dominant-negative effect on the function of the PEX1- PEX6 complex in peroxisomal matrix protein import (PMID: 29220678).; Changed mode of pathogenicity: Other; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.847 PEX6 Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: PEX6 were changed from PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 4; ZELLWEGER SYNDROME to Heimler syndrome 2, OMIM:616617; Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4A (Zellweger), OMIM:614862; Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4B, OMIM:614863
Fetal anomalies v1.845 PEX6 Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: The Q1_22_MOI tag has been added to this gene. The mode of inheritance for PEX6 should be set to: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, in order to detect the dominant Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4B (OMIM:614863). Incomplete penetrance has been noted, in order to highlight that unaffected parents may also carry rs61753230.
Fetal anomalies v1.827 RAC3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: RAC3 was added
gene: RAC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: RAC3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: RAC3 were set to 30293988; 29276006
Phenotypes for gene: RAC3 were set to Abnormality of brain morphology; Abnormal muscle tone; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: RAC3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: RAC3 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene already has sufficient evidence for Green rating on the ID panel (see below) and now adding evidence (from NHS GMS testing) for prenatal phenotype to support Green rating for the Fetal Anomalies panel also: A RAC3 likely pathogenic missense variant has been identified postnatally in a baby that presented prenatally with absent corpus callosum, bilateral ventriculomegaly, cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia detected on fetal ultrasound and MRI. The variant is judged by the child's clinical team to be causative of the clinical and radiological features in the child.

Copied from Green review on Intellectual Disability panel by Konstantinos Varvagiannis:

PMID: 30293988 reports on 5 individuals (from 4 different families) with de novo missense variants in RAC3. All individuals demonstrated structural anomalies on brain MRI (notably agenesis/dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, variable degrees of polymicrogyria and ventricular anomalies) as well as shared non-specific neurological features including abnormal muscular tone, global developmental delay and severe to profound intellectual disability. Feeding difficulties were observed in 4/5 patients.

All variants reported are missense and are presumed to result in constitutive protein activation, as suggested by previous observations either in RAC3 [eg. the p.(Gln61Leu) mutation] or the highly homologous RAC1 and RAC2. According to the authors this is further supported by the fact that Rac3 -/- mice do not show a severe phenotype while missense variants are underrepresented in the ExAC database (z=1.97) as opposed to loss-of-function variants (pLI=0.04 / probability of loss-of-function intolerance).

Of the 3 SNVs reported, 2 variants were in adjacent amino-acid positions [p.(Gln61Leu) and p.(Glu62Lys)]. The latter variant was found in 2 half-sibs born to different fathers, due to suspected maternal gonadal mosaicism (variant absent in all sequencing reads in the maternal DNA sample). The specific variant was also found in a further affected individual from an unrelated family.

Finally, as the authors point out a further individual with de novo RAC3 missense variant [p.(Ala59Gly)] was reported previously in an individual with thin corpus callosum and global developmental delay, although the phenotype was felt to be more reminiscent of Robinow syndrome (PMID: 29276006).
Sources: Literature, Expert Review, NHS GMS
Fetal anomalies v1.822 TLL1 Ivone Leong gene: TLL1 was added
gene: TLL1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TLL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: TLL1 were set to 18830233; 30538173; 27418595; 10331975; 31570783
Phenotypes for gene: TLL1 were set to Atrial septal defect 6, OMIM:613087
Penetrance for gene: TLL1 were set to Complete
Fetal anomalies v1.803 CNBP_CCTG Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: There is enough evidence to support the gene-disease association but setting rating to Red as currently the performance of the pipeline for this STR is very poor as it is located in a complex locus.
Fetal anomalies v1.784 PRRX1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: PRRX1 were changed from Agnathia-otocephaly complex to Agnathia-otocephaly complex, OMIM:202650
Fetal anomalies v1.749 PRRX1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: PRRX1 was added
gene: PRRX1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: PRRX1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PRRX1 were set to 21294718; 22211708; 22674740; 23444262
Phenotypes for gene: PRRX1 were set to Agnathia-otocephaly complex
Review for gene: PRRX1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: At least 4 unrelated cases reported with agnathia-otocephaly complex
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.749 PRIM1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: PRIM1 was added
gene: PRIM1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: PRIM1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PRIM1 were set to PMID: 33060134
Phenotypes for gene: PRIM1 were set to Primordial dwarfism
Review for gene: PRIM1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Details of review:
Parry et al 2020 (PMID: 33060134) report this as a novel disease gene - biallelic LOF mutations in 5 patients (from 4 families) with primordial dwarfism phenotype, including prenatal features of IUGR and extreme microcephaly with simplified gyri.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.749 FLNC Rhiannon Mellis changed review comment from: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Already rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Distal myopathies

Details of review:
In this paper by Ravenscroft et al 2020, the proband presented at birth with hip dislocation, clenched hands, adducted thumbs, small mouth and high palate and posteriorly rotated ears. On examination, she had mild arthrogryposis, reduced shoulder movement, elbow dimples and scoliosis. Kiselev et al (PMID: 29858533) also described a series of four cases with early onset restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and congenital myopathy. Two of these also presented with arthrogryposis at birth.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review; to: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Already rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Distal myopathies; Neuromuscular disorders; flagged for upgrade to Green on Arthrogryposis panel

Details of review:
In this paper by Ravenscroft et al 2020, the proband presented at birth with hip dislocation, clenched hands, adducted thumbs, small mouth and high palate and posteriorly rotated ears. On examination, she had mild arthrogryposis, reduced shoulder movement, elbow dimples and scoliosis. Kiselev et al (PMID: 29858533) also described a series of four cases with early onset restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and congenital myopathy. Two of these also presented with arthrogryposis at birth.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.749 FLNC Rhiannon Mellis gene: FLNC was added
gene: FLNC was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: FLNC was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: FLNC were set to PMID: 33060286; 29858533
Phenotypes for gene: FLNC were set to Arthrogryposis
Review for gene: FLNC was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Already rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Distal myopathies

Details of review:
In this paper by Ravenscroft et al 2020, the proband presented at birth with hip dislocation, clenched hands, adducted thumbs, small mouth and high palate and posteriorly rotated ears. On examination, she had mild arthrogryposis, reduced shoulder movement, elbow dimples and scoliosis. Kiselev et al (PMID: 29858533) also described a series of four cases with early onset restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) and congenital myopathy. Two of these also presented with arthrogryposis at birth.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.746 CYP11A1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: CYP11A1 were changed from Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46XY sex reversal, partial or complete 613743 to Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46XY sex reversal, partial or complete, OMIM:613743
Fetal anomalies v1.736 LRIT3 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LRIT3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Night blindness, congenital stationary (complete), 1F, autosomal recessive 615058; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.724 BHLHA9 Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: BHLHA9 were changed from ?Camptosynpolydactyly, complex, OMIM:607539; Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction, OMIM:609432SPLIT HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATION; MESOAXIAL SYNOSTOTIC SYNDACTYLY WITH PHALANGEAL REDUCTION, MALIK-PERCIN TYPE to ?Camptosynpolydactyly, complex, OMIM:607539; Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction, OMIM:609432; SPLIT HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATION; MESOAXIAL SYNOSTOTIC SYNDACTYLY WITH PHALANGEAL REDUCTION, MALIK-PERCIN TYPE
Fetal anomalies v1.723 BHLHA9 Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: BHLHA9 were changed from SPLIT HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATION; MESOAXIAL SYNOSTOTIC SYNDACTYLY WITH PHALANGEAL REDUCTION, MALIK-PERCIN TYPE to ?Camptosynpolydactyly, complex, OMIM:607539; Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction, OMIM:609432SPLIT HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATION; MESOAXIAL SYNOSTOTIC SYNDACTYLY WITH PHALANGEAL REDUCTION, MALIK-PERCIN TYPE
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases. ; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases, therefore waiting for GMS review before considering changing the mode of inheritance.
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (the phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation).

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) also noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases. ; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases.
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome and phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (the phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation).

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) also noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases.
Fetal anomalies v1.718 MED12 Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome and phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases
Fetal anomalies v1.713 CNTN1 Arina Puzriakova gene: CNTN1 was added
gene: CNTN1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CNTN1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CNTN1 were set to 19026398; 32779773
Phenotypes for gene: CNTN1 were set to Myopathy, congenital, Compton-North, OMIM:612540
Penetrance for gene: CNTN1 were set to Complete
Fetal anomalies v1.689 DMPK_CTG Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: The genetic defect is an amplified trinucleotide CTG repeat in the 3'UTR (normal range: 5–37; pathological: >50–>2000). Evidence level for this is high - it is a confirmed DD gene for DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA TYPE 1. The DMPK gene was demoted and this STR was added to this panel to ensure that cases are appropriately detected.

Only relevant prenatally if it is a large expansion. A small expansion has adult onset and would be an incidental finding. Therefore, this STR will be flagged for GMS expert review to determine the appropriate 'pathogenic number of repeats' relevant to this panel.
Fetal anomalies v1.687 DMPK Arina Puzriakova changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: This gene should be demoted from Green to Red at the next GMS review due to the disease-causing mechanism - genetic defect is an amplified trinucleotide CTG repeat in the 3'UTR (currently NGS unreportable), rather than SNVs within the gene. Evidence level for this is high - it is a confirmed DD gene for DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA TYPE 1.; to: Comment on list classification: This gene should be demoted from Green to Red at the next GMS review due to the disease-causing mechanism - genetic defect is an amplified trinucleotide CTG repeat in the 3'UTR (currently NGS unreportable), rather than SNVs within the gene. Evidence level for this is high - it is a confirmed DD gene for DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA TYPE 1.

DMPK_CTG STR will be added to the panel to capture this entity and ensure that cases are detected.
Fetal anomalies v1.687 DMPK Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: This gene should be demoted from Green to Red at the next GMS review due to the disease-causing mechanism - genetic defect is an amplified trinucleotide CTG repeat in the 3'UTR (currently NGS unreportable), rather than SNVs within the gene. Evidence level for this is high - it is a confirmed DD gene for DYSTROPHIA MYOTONICA TYPE 1.
Fetal anomalies v1.674 SMARCC1 Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: SMARCC1: Penetrance for gene SMARCC1 was set from None to Incomplete
Fetal anomalies v1.667 DNAH2 Arina Puzriakova changed review comment from: Novel candidate gene identified in a fetus with hydrops and complex cardiopathy detected by fetal ultrasound. Autopsy showed multiple congenital abnormalities including hydrops, heterotaxy, complex cardiopathy, hypotrophic splenium, and common mesentery. Compound heterozygous variants including a truncating variant were found exome sequencing.
Sources: Literature; to: Novel candidate gene identified in a fetus with hydrops and complex cardiopathy detected by fetal ultrasound. Autopsy showed multiple congenital abnormalities including hydrops, heterotaxy, complex cardiopathy, hypotrophic splenium, and common mesentery. Compound heterozygous variants including a truncating variant were found by exome sequencing.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.667 DNAH2 Arina Puzriakova gene: DNAH2 was added
gene: DNAH2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: DNAH2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: DNAH2 were set to 32732226
Phenotypes for gene: DNAH2 were set to Hydrops; Complex cardiopathy
Review for gene: DNAH2 was set to RED
Added comment: Novel candidate gene identified in a fetus with hydrops and complex cardiopathy detected by fetal ultrasound. Autopsy showed multiple congenital abnormalities including hydrops, heterotaxy, complex cardiopathy, hypotrophic splenium, and common mesentery. Compound heterozygous variants including a truncating variant were found exome sequencing.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.660 RFWD3 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: RFWD3 were changed from Fanconi anaemia to ?Fanconi anemia, complementation group W, OMIM:617784
Fetal anomalies v1.630 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.; to: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 22048169 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.
Fetal anomalies v1.630 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures in the following two publications:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.; to: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.
Fetal anomalies v1.438 KIF5C Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: KIF5C were changed from CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 2 to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 2, OMIM:615282; Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 2, MONDO:0014116
Fetal anomalies v1.433 KIF2A Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: KIF2A were changed from MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MICROCEPHALY. to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, OMIM:615411; Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 3, MONDO:0014170
Fetal anomalies v1.387 FANCL Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: FANCL were changed from FANCL-RELATED FANCONI ANEMIA; FANCONI ANEMIA to Fanconi anemia, complementation group L, OMIM:614083; Fanconi anemia complementation group L, MONDO:0013566
Fetal anomalies v1.246 MACF1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: MACF1 were changed from Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation to Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation, OMIM:618325; Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation, MONDO:0032677
Fetal anomalies v1.215 FANCL Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: FANCL: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Fanconi anemia, complementation group L; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.214 KIF2A Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: KIF2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.214 KIF5C Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: KIF5C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 2; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.214 MACF1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: MACF1 was added
gene: MACF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: MACF1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: MACF1 were set to Lissencephaly 9 with complex brainstem malformation
Review for gene: MACF1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Cerebellar hypoplasia; Cerebral malformations; Malformations of cortical development
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.195 SCLT1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: SCLT1 was added
gene: SCLT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SCLT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SCLT1 were set to No OMIM phenotype; Oro-facio-digital syndrome type IX; Senior-Løken Syndrome
Review for gene: SCLT1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Rare multisystem ciliopathy Super panel


Copied from rare multisystem ciliopathies panel:
PMID: 24285566 - Adly et al 2014 - 1 case with index patient with consanguineous Saudi parents and a severe ciliopathy phenotype. He had severe midline cleft lip and palate, microcephaly and choanal atresia. He also had significant eye involvement in the form of severe coloboma, and congenital heart disease (ASD and VSD). He had micropenis. Brain imaging revealed pachygyria and absent corpus callosum. He had abnormal inner ear structures. A splicing mutation was identified in SCLT1 (, NM_144643.2:exon5:c.290+2T>C). This mutation completely abolishes the consensus donor site of exon 5 as confirmed by RTPCR, which showed complete skipping of exon 5 resulting in a frameshift and introduction of a premature stop codon (p.Lys79Valfs*4),

PMID: 28005958 - de Castro-Miró et al 2016 - A cohort of 33 pedigrees affected with a variety of retinal disorders was analysed by WES. 1 case with compound heterozygosity (one missense and one splicing altering mutations) in SCLT1 that segregates with the condition in the family (2 affected siblings). Proposed to be causative of early-onset Retinitis Pigmentosa. SCLT1 is a member of the centrosomal/ciliary protein family.

PMID: 28486600 - Li et al 2017 - report a mouse model with mutated Sclt1 gene. The Sclt1-/- mice exhibit typical ciliopathy phenotypes, including cystic kidney, cleft palate and polydactyly.

PMID: 30425282 - Katagiri et al 2018 - a patient with Senior Løken syndrome and her unaffected parents revealed that the patient had infantile-onset retinal dystrophy and juvenile-onset nephronophthisis. Other systemic abnormalities included hepatic dysfunction, megacystis, mild learning disability, autism, obesity, and hyperinsulinemia. Whole-exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous SCLT1 variants (c.1218 + 3insT and c.1631A > G) in the patient. The unaffected parents were heterozygous for each variant. Transcript analysis using reverse transcription PCR demonstrated that the c.1218 + 3insT variant leads to exon 14 skipping (p.V383_M406del), while the other variant (c.1631A > G) primarily leads to exon 17 skipping (p.D480EfsX11) as well as minor amounts of two transcripts. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the Sclt1 protein was localized to the distal appendage of the photoreceptor basal body, indicating a ciliary protein.

= 3 cases plus a mouse model and functional evidence that the protein is a ciliary protein.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.186 ERCC5 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: ERCC5 were changed from XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM COMPLEMENTATION GROUP G to Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 3, OMIM:616570; Cerebrooculofacioskeletal syndrome 3, MONDO:0014696
Fetal anomalies v1.185 TNNT3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: TNNT3 was added
gene: TNNT3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TNNT3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: TNNT3 were set to 32779773
Phenotypes for gene: TNNT3 were set to Arthrogryposis, distal, type 2B2
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TNNT3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: TNNT3 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Additional comment: Clearly documented phenotype of distal arthrogryposis. Also, recent paper in Prenatal Diagnosis reporting a het pathogenic variant in TNNT3 in a fetus with FADS; that variant has previously only been described in a family with much milder distal arthrogryposis phenotype. PMID: 32779773

(copied from OMIM): In in vitro studies, Robinson et al. (2007) demonstrated that the TNNI2 R174Q (191043.0001) and R156X (191043.0002) mutations and the TNNT3 mutation R63H (600692.0001) resulted in a gain of function with increased ATPase activity in actin-activated myosin ATPase assays, reflecting increased calcium sensitivity and consistent with increased contractility. In patients, Robinson et al. (2007) concluded that the mutation would cause increased tension in developing muscles, thus resulting in contractures and limb deformities via an active process rather than a passive process. These findings implicated disturbed muscle function as the pathogenic mechanism underlying DA2B.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.185 TUBB3 Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: TUBB3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 1; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.185 TUBG1 Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: TUBG1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 4; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.185 UBE2T Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: UBE2T: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Fanconi anemia, complementation group T; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.155 MN1 Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Rhiannon Mellis (GOSH). Multiple unrelated individuals (>20) described with a complex developmental disorder and de novo truncating MN1 variants. This gene will be flagged for review to determine whether the phenotype is fetally-relevant and there is enough evidence to include as Green.

Plausible that some features of the disorder, such as craniofacial abnormalities and structural brain anomalies may be detected prenatally. However based on published clinical descriptions, antenatal history was uneventful in most cases - but reports did include fetal brain anomalies (1), NICU admission (1) and IUGR (2). Similarly, neonatal problems were only reported in a few patients but included respiratory issues (3), abnormal ABR (1), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (1), perinatal hypoxia (1), congenital hypothyroidism (1), hearing impairment (1) and SCBU admission (1) (see Supplementary material in PMID: 31834374)
Fetal anomalies v1.136 TUBB2A Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TUBB2A were changed from CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 5 to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 5, OMIM:615763; Complex cortical dysplasia with other brain malformations 5, MONDO:0014337
Fetal anomalies v1.119 FKBP8 Eleanor Williams gene: FKBP8 was added
gene: FKBP8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: FKBP8 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: FKBP8 were set to 32969478
Phenotypes for gene: FKBP8 were set to spina bifida HP:0002414
Review for gene: FKBP8 was set to AMBER
Added comment: Not associated with a phenotype in OMIM.

PMID: 32969478 - Tian et al 2020 - performed Sanger sequencing of FKBP8 on DNA samples from 472 spina bifida (SB) affected fetuses and 565 unaffected controls. 5 different rare heterozygous variants (MAF ≤ 0.001) were identified among the SB patients, while no deleterious rare variants were identified in the controls. 4 of the variants are missense, the other is a stop-gain. 2 cases were in white-Hispanic patients while the other 3 were non-white Hispanic. Functional studies showed that p.Glu140* affected FKBP8 localization to the mitochondria and impaired its interaction with BCL2 ultimately leading to an increase in cellular apoptosis. p.Ser3Leu, p.Lys315Asn and p.Ala292Ser variants decreased FKBP8 protein level. Gene expression was studied in mouse Fkbp8-/- embryos and found to be abnormal. Previous mouse models have shown neural tube defects.

Sufficient cases to rate green, but only the FKBP8 gene looked at so perhaps some caution required while further evidence is gathered.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.113 COX6B1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: COX6B1 were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY to Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 7, OMIM:619051
Fetal anomalies v1.112 SCO1 Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: SCO1 were changed from MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY to Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, nuclear type 4, OMIM:619048
Fetal anomalies v1.95 KIF14 Rhiannon Mellis gene: KIF14 was added
gene: KIF14 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: KIF14 were set to PMID: 24128419; 30388224; 28892560; 29343805
Phenotypes for gene: KIF14 were set to ?Meckel syndrome 12; Microcephaly 20, primary
Review for gene: KIF14 was set to GREEN
gene: KIF14 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: Two fetuses in one family with complex multiple congenital anomalies consistent with ciliopathy phenotype. (PMID: 24128419)
Four more families with fetuses with similar phenotype (microcephaly, brain malformations and renal agenesis or hypodysplasia). Also functional (zebrafish) studies. Authors conclude that LOF variants cause the above syndromic phenotype while hypomorphic variants cause microcephaly without kidney defects. (PMID: 30388224)

Four unrelated families with AR primary microcephaly and biallelic KIF14 pathogenic variants (PMID: 28892560)
Four more unrelated families with AR primary microcephaly and biallelic KIF14 pathogenic variants. Two sibs from one of the families were fetuses with severe microcephaly detected prenatally and leading to termination of pregnancy. (PMID: 29343805)
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.95 SLC20A1 Zornitza Stark gene: SLC20A1 was added
gene: SLC20A1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC20A1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: SLC20A1 were set to 32850778; 27013921
Phenotypes for gene: SLC20A1 were set to Bladder-Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (BEEC)
Review for gene: SLC20A1 was set to GREEN
gene: SLC20A1 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: Three individuals and animal model supporting role of this gene in urinary tract and urorectal development. We have included on our CAKUT panel.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.73 GDF1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: GDF1 was added
gene: GDF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: GDF1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: GDF1 were set to PMID: 20413652; 28991257; 17924340
Phenotypes for gene: GDF1 were set to Congenital heart defects, multiple types; Right atrial isomerism (Ivemark)
Review for gene: GDF1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Right atrial isomerism (AR): 5 sibs in one family PMID: 20413652; One unrelated individual with RAI, complex cardiac anomalies, abdominal heterotaxy and asplenia PMID: 28991257

Other varied CHD (including ToF, DORV, TGA) (AD): 8 unrelated individuals PMID 17924340

Reviewed for fetally relevant phenotype by Prof Lyn Chitty (Yes)

This gene appears on our local heterotaxy panel (NETRGL) and as Green on Panelapp Laterality disorders panel and Familial non-syndromic CHD panel.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.73 COL3A1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: COL3A1 was added
gene: COL3A1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: COL3A1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: COL3A1 were set to PMID: 28258187; 28742248; 25205403; 27168972; 24922459
Phenotypes for gene: COL3A1 were set to HP:0002126; HP:0001883; HP:0006496
Penetrance for gene: COL3A1 were set to Incomplete
Review for gene: COL3A1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: On OMIM COL3A1 has a polymicrogyria phenotype in the biallelic form, as well as talipes and other features (PMID: 28258187; PMID: 28742248; PMID: 25205403). No specifically prenatal reports of polymicrogyria in the literature but this feature would be detectable on fetal US and especially on fetal MRI.

A monoallelic COL3A1 variant has been reported in one case in a prenatal exome series (PMID: 27168972), causing EDS IV with a prenatal phenotype of forearm hypoplasia and phalangeal defects. PMID: 24922459 evidences that limb hypoplasia/limb reduction is observed in a small subset of EDS IV patients (5 unrelated cases), as well as talipes in a larger number, and occasionally facial clefts – all of which would be prenatally detectable features.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.40 TUBA8 Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: TUBA8 were changed from POLYMICROGYRIA WITH OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA to POLYMICROGYRIA WITH OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA; Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 8, 613180
Fetal anomalies v1.3 TUBA8 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TUBA8: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19896110, 31481326, 28388629; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 8, MIM# 613180; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.341 NMNAT2 Michael Coleman gene: NMNAT2 was added
gene: NMNAT2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Research
Mode of inheritance for gene: NMNAT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: NMNAT2 were set to PMID: 31136762
Phenotypes for gene: NMNAT2 were set to hydrops fetalis; cystic hygroma; bilateral hypoplastic lungs; hydrocephalus; hypoplastic cerebellum; severely reduced skeletal muscle mass or absence; flexion contractures of all extremities; micrognathia; cleft palate; hydropic placenta
Penetrance for gene: NMNAT2 were set to Complete
Review for gene: NMNAT2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Closely related phenotype in homozygous null mouse (PMID 23946398)
Sources: Research
Fetal anomalies v0.311 ABCD4 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ABCD4: This gene was re-reviewed in a consistency check by Anna de Burca (Genomics England Clinical Team), and at a Fetal Working Group call on July 19th 2019 by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Richard Scott, Rhiannon Mellis, Rebecca Foulger and Ellen McDonagh. Outcome of review: Rate as Green all genes associated with cobalamin metabolism which have a perinatal phenotype listed in PMID:20301503 (Table 4). Although ABCD4 (CblJ complementation group) is associated with congenital heart disease in PMID:20301503, the Disease confidence rating in Gene2Phenotype is 'probable' with two compound het cases listed in OMIM. Therefore kept rating as Amber awaiting further evidence.
Fetal anomalies v0.311 ABCC8 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: ABCC8: Added comment: This gene was reviewed by Anna de Burca (Genomics England Clinical Team) and Karen Temple. Outcome of review: Growth restriction is less marked but queried whether hyperinsulinaemia might cause features that would be picked up on scan. Rate as Red.; Changed rating: RED
Fetal anomalies v0.310 NDUFAF5 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFAF5 was added
gene: NDUFAF5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFAF5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: NDUFAF5 were set to 18940309; 30266093; 21620786
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFAF5 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 16, 618238
Fetal anomalies v0.284 MYRF Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Green. MYRF gene was added to the panel and reviewed by Julia Baptista. Sufficient cases to support MYRF variants causing Cardiac-urogenital syndrome (MIM:618280) from Pinz et al 2018 (PMID:29446546), Chitayat et al., (PMID:30070761), Qi et al.,2018 (PMID:30532227) and Rossetti et al., 2019 (PMID: 31069960). The phenotype is fetally-relevant (includes congenital diaphragmatic hernia/CDH, genital defects and cardiac defects) with multiple papers reporting detection in-utero: In both patients identified in Pinz et al 2018, anomalies were detected by ultrasound at 20 weeks gestation: mesocardia without other signs of heterotaxy (Patient 1), and a complex congenital heart defect with pericardial effusion (Patient 2). Chitayat et al., report a fetus with a novel de novo LOF variant in MYRF and a hypoplastic left heart and female external genitalia. In Rossetti et al., 2019, cardiac malformation and/or CDH was detected on a prenatal ultrasound.
Fetal anomalies v0.276 PKD1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PKD1: PMID:20558538 (Vujic et al., 2010) was added as a publication by Julia Baptista. The authors describe two pedigrees each with two patients with onset of polycystic kidney disease in-utero. Mutation analysis suggested that both families inherited, in trans, two incompletely penetrant PKD1 alleles, thus supporting autosomal recessive PKD.
Fetal anomalies v0.273 MYRF Julia Baptista gene: MYRF was added
gene: MYRF was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: MYRF was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: MYRF were set to PMID: 30532227; 30985895; 31069960; 30070761; 29446546 )
Phenotypes for gene: MYRF were set to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac defect, disorders of sexual development
Review for gene: MYRF was set to GREEN
Added comment: Pinz et al. 2018 reported MYRF de novo pathogenic variants in 2 unrelated male infants with cardiac-urogenital syndrome (PMID: 29446546)
Chitayat et al. (2018) reported one additional male fetus with complex congenital heart disease and severe urogenital malformations (PMID: 30070761).
Qi et al. 2018 identified 7 patients from 6 families with heterozygous MYRF variants. All of the patients had cardiac defects. Urogenital defects were present in all 4 patients who were examined (PMID: 30532227).
Rosetti et al 2019 described de novo heterozygous MYRF variants in three males. Congenital heart disease was presnet in 2/3 and diaphragmatic hernia in 2/3.
Sources: Expert Review, Literature
Fetal anomalies v0.247 CNOT1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CNOT1: Kruszka et al., 2019 (PMID:31006510) report two unrelated individuals with semilobar holoprosencephaly who have the identical de novo missense variant in the gene CNOT1. (c.1603C>T [p.Arg535Cys]). Proband 1 was born after a pregnancy complicated by IUGR. Additional medical problems include diabetes, pancreatice exocrine insufficiency and facial characteristics. No diabetic or pancreatic phenotype was recorded for proband 2.
Fetal anomalies v0.247 CNOT1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CNOT1: De Franco et al., 2019 (PMID:31006513) investigated a cohort of 107 individuals with pancreatic agenesis and definite/possible holoprosencephaly, and identified a heterozygous missense variant in CNOT1 (NM_016284.4; c.1603C>T (p.Arg535Cys)) in three unrelated individuals. The variant was de novo in two individuals, and was not present in the DNA sample from the third individual's father (maternal sample was unavailable). Mice required a homozygous variant to display a phenotype: in homozygous mice embryos (embryonically lethal) morphological abnormalities were apparent upon dissection including edema, a smaller dorsal pancreas, and exencephaly. The DDD study identified de novo CNOT1 variants in three individuals with developmental delay but none had holoprosencephaly, diabetes or pancreatic or neurological structural malformations. The authors therefore suggest that a mutation-specific mechanism rather than LOF is responsible for the pancreatic and holoprosencephaly phenotype.
Fetal anomalies v0.197 DSTYK Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: DSTYK: Note that a new gene:disorder association was added to DDG2P in March 2019: Autosomal Recessive Complicated Spastic Paraparesis SPG23. DDG2P Disease confidence: probable. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: loss of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance: biallelic. Not yet included the spastic paraplegia phenotype (or biallelic inheritance) on this Fetal anomalies panel for DSTYK because the 3 families identified in PMID:28157540 have the same variant, and haplotype analysis suggests a Founder effect.
Fetal anomalies v0.166 QDPR Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: QDPR: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Although not explicitly stated, microcephaly is implied to be progressive. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED
Fetal anomalies v0.134 MPLKIP Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: MPLKIP: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: keep on the Fetal anomalies panel as Green. Additional notes from clinical review: Rare structural associations.; Changed rating: GREEN
Fetal anomalies v0.110 MYH8 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: MYH8: Changed rating to Amber to reflect DDG2P Disease confidence of 'DD and IF' for CARNEY COMPLEX VARIANT; DISTAL ARTHROGRYPOSIS TYPE.
Fetal anomalies v0.110 BRCA2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: BRCA2: Changed rating to Amber to reflect DDG2P Disease confidence of 'DD and IF' for FANCONI ANEMIA COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D TYPE 1.
Fetal anomalies v0.66 CFC1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CFC1: Further information on evidence for Green rating: Reviewed as Green on the 'Familial non syndromic congenital heart disease' panel in relation to heterotaxy phenotype. 3 cases in OMIM cases to support causation of 'Heterotaxy, visceral, 2, autosomal, 605376' although incomplete penetrance (with phenotypically-normal parent carrying the variant) seen in two cases.
Fetal anomalies v0.63 USP18 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: USP18: Added comment: Rated as 'Probable' in original PAGE list. Rated green on 'Intracerebral calcification disorders' panel and phenotype (pseudo-TORCH syndrome) is appropriate for Fetal panel, as noted by Helen Brittain and Anna de Burca (Genomics England Clinical team). However, kept rating as Amber for now based on insufficient evidence to support causation: One publication (Meuwissen et al. 2016, PMID:27325888) with two families (Turkish and German) with pseudo-TORCH syndrome-2 and homozygous or compound het variants in USP18. Segregation shown in 5 affected individuals plus an unaffected sibling. Cells from patients in both families showed complete absence of the USP18 protein.; Changed publications: 27325888; Changed phenotypes: Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2, 617397
Fetal anomalies v0.63 TAPT1 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: TAPT1: Added comment: Rated as 'Probable' in original PAGE list. Rated Green on the Osteogenesis imperfecta V1.14 panel, and phenotype (COMPLEX LETHAL OSTEOCHONDRODYSPLASIA) is appropriate for Fetal panel, as noted by Helen Brittain and Anna de Burca (Genomics England Clinical team). However, kept rating as Amber for now based on insufficient evidence to support causation: 2 families (Moroccan and Syrian) reported in OMIM with no further cases identified from the literature.; Changed publications: 26365339; Changed phenotypes: Osteochondrodysplasia, complex lethal, Symoens-Barnes-Gistelinck type, 616897
Fetal anomalies v0.40 ERCC4 Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: ERCC4 were changed from XFE PROGEROID SYNDROME; FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP Q; PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, GROUP F to XFE PROGEROID SYNDROME; FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP Q; PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, GROUP F; Xeroderma pigmentosum, group F, 278760
Fetal anomalies v0.9 UQCRQ Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: UQCRQ: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, UQCRQ RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.9 TUBB3 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TUBB3: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES and Probable for CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 1.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 TUBB2A Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TUBB2A: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 5
Fetal anomalies v0.9 TUBB Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TUBB: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 6 and Confirmed for Circumferential Skin Creases Kunze Type.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 STAT1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: STAT1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for STAT1 DEFICIENCY COMPLETE, Confirmed for MENDELIAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE and Confirmed for FAMILIAL CANDIDIASIS TYPE 7.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 SNRPE Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: SNRPE: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT HYPOTRICHOSIS SIMPLEX
Fetal anomalies v0.9 SDHAF1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: SDHAF1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX II DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.9 RMND1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: RMND1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for ENCEPHALOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION COMPLEX DEFICIENCIES AND A MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSLATION DEFECT
Fetal anomalies v0.9 RAD51C Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: RAD51C: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 0
Fetal anomalies v0.9 NDUFV1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: NDUFV1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.9 NDUFS8 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: NDUFS8: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.9 NDUFS1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: NDUFS1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for LEIGH SYNDROME and Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 MPLKIP Rebecca Foulger reviewed gene: MPLKIP: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance:
Fetal anomalies v0.9 KRT74 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: KRT74: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for HYPOTRICHOSIS SIMPLEX OF THE SCALP 2
Fetal anomalies v0.9 KIF5C Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: KIF5C: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 2
Fetal anomalies v0.9 KCNH1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: KCNH1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Probable for TEMPLE BARRAISTER SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.9 ERF Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ERF: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for COMPLEX CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS and Confirmed for Chitayat syndrome: hyperphalangism, characteristic facies, hallux valgus and bronchomalacia.
Fetal anomalies v0.9 CYC1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CYC1: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, NUCLEAR TYPE 6
Fetal anomalies v0.9 COX10 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: COX10: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for LEIGH SYNDROME and Confirmed for MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY.
Fetal anomalies v0.7 MYH8 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: MYH8: Rating in original PAGE file: 'both DD and IF' for CARNEY COMPLEX VARIANT and DISTAL ARTHROGRYPOSIS TYPE.
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UQCRQ Rebecca Foulger gene: UQCRQ was added
gene: UQCRQ was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: UQCRQ was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: UQCRQ were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, UQCRQ RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UQCRB Rebecca Foulger gene: UQCRB was added
gene: UQCRB was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: UQCRB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: UQCRB were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, UQCRB-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UBE2T Rebecca Foulger gene: UBE2T was added
gene: UBE2T was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: UBE2T was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: UBE2T were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP T
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TUBB3 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 1 for gene: TUBB3
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TUBB2A Rebecca Foulger gene: TUBB2A was added
gene: TUBB2A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBB2A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: TUBB2A were set to CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 5
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TUBB Rebecca Foulger gene: TUBB was added
gene: TUBB was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: TUBB were set to CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 6
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TTC19 Rebecca Foulger gene: TTC19 was added
gene: TTC19 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TTC19 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: TTC19 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TMEM70 Rebecca Foulger gene: TMEM70 was added
gene: TMEM70 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TMEM70 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: TMEM70 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX V (ATP SYNTHASE) DEFICIENCY, NUCLEAR TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TMEM126B Rebecca Foulger gene: TMEM126B was added
gene: TMEM126B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TMEM126B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: TMEM126B were set to Muscle Weakness and Isolated Complex I Deficiency
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TAPT1 Rebecca Foulger gene: TAPT1 was added
gene: TAPT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: TAPT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: TAPT1 were set to COMPLEX LETHAL OSTEOCHONDRODYSPLASIA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TACO1 Rebecca Foulger gene: TACO1 was added
gene: TACO1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: TACO1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: TACO1 were set to LEIGH SYNDROME DUE TO MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SURF1 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY for gene: SURF1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 STAT1 Rebecca Foulger gene: STAT1 was added
gene: STAT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: STAT1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: STAT1 were set to STAT1 DEFICIENCY COMPLETE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SNRPE Rebecca Foulger gene: SNRPE was added
gene: SNRPE was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: SNRPE was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: SNRPE were set to AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT HYPOTRICHOSIS SIMPLEX
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SLX4 Rebecca Foulger gene: SLX4 was added
gene: SLX4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SLX4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SLX4 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA COMPLEMENTATION GROUP P
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SDHAF1 Rebecca Foulger gene: SDHAF1 was added
gene: SDHAF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SDHAF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SDHAF1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX II DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SCO1 Rebecca Foulger gene: SCO1 was added
gene: SCO1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SCO1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SCO1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RSPH3 Rebecca Foulger gene: RSPH3 was added
gene: RSPH3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: RSPH3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: RSPH3 were set to PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA WITH CENTRAL-COMPLEX DEFECTS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RSPH1 Rebecca Foulger gene: RSPH1 was added
gene: RSPH1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: RSPH1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: RSPH1 were set to PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA WITH CENTRAL-COMPLEX AND RADIAL-SPOKE DEFECTS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RMND1 Rebecca Foulger gene: RMND1 was added
gene: RMND1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: RMND1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: RMND1 were set to ENCEPHALOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION COMPLEX DEFICIENCIES AND A MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSLATION DEFECT
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RAD51C Rebecca Foulger gene: RAD51C was added
gene: RAD51C was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: RAD51C was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: RAD51C were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 0
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX7 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 11 for gene: PEX7
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX6 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 4 for gene: PEX6
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX3 Rebecca Foulger gene: PEX3 was added
gene: PEX3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PEX3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: PEX3 were set to PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 12
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX26 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 8 for gene: PEX26
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX2 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 5 for gene: PEX2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX19 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 14 for gene: PEX19
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX16 Rebecca Foulger gene: PEX16 was added
gene: PEX16 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PEX16 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: PEX16 were set to PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 9
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX14 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP K for gene: PEX14
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX13 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 13 for gene: PEX13
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX12 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 3 for gene: PEX12
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX10 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 7 for gene: PEX10
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PEX1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PEX1 was added
gene: PEX1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PEX1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: PEX1 were set to PEROXISOME BIOGENESIS DISORDER COMPLEMENTATION GROUP 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PET100 Rebecca Foulger gene: PET100 was added
gene: PET100 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: PET100 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: PET100 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PALB2 Rebecca Foulger gene: PALB2 was added
gene: PALB2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PALB2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: PALB2 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP N
Fetal anomalies v0.1 OCLN Rebecca Foulger gene: OCLN was added
gene: OCLN was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: OCLN was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: OCLN were set to Band-like calcification with simplified gyration and polymicrogyria 251290
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NUBPL Rebecca Foulger gene: NUBPL was added
gene: NUBPL was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NUBPL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NUBPL were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFV1 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFV1 was added
gene: NDUFV1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFV1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFV1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFS8 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFS8 was added
gene: NDUFS8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFS8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFS8 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFS7 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFS7 was added
gene: NDUFS7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFS7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFS7 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFS4 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFS4 was added
gene: NDUFS4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFS4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFS4 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFS1 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY for gene: NDUFS1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFA1 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFA1 was added
gene: NDUFA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MYH8 Rebecca Foulger gene: MYH8 was added
gene: MYH8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MYH8 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: MYH8 were set to CARNEY COMPLEX VARIANT
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MPLKIP Rebecca Foulger gene: MPLKIP was added
gene: MPLKIP was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MPLKIP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: MPLKIP were set to TRICHOTHIODYSTROPHY NON-PHOTOSENSITIVE TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 LRIT3 Rebecca Foulger gene: LRIT3 was added
gene: LRIT3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: LRIT3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: LRIT3 were set to AUTOSOMAL-RECESSIVE COMPLETE CONGENITAL STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KRT74 Rebecca Foulger gene: KRT74 was added
gene: KRT74 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: KRT74 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: KRT74 were set to HYPOTRICHOSIS SIMPLEX OF THE SCALP 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KMT2B Rebecca Foulger gene: KMT2B was added
gene: KMT2B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: KMT2B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: KMT2B were set to Complex early-onset dystonia
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KIF5C Rebecca Foulger gene: KIF5C was added
gene: KIF5C was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF5C was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: KIF5C were set to CORTICAL DYSPLASIA, COMPLEX, WITH OTHER BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KCNH1 Rebecca Foulger gene: KCNH1 was added
gene: KCNH1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: KCNH1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: KCNH1 were set to TEMPLE BARRAISTER SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GNPTG Rebecca Foulger gene: GNPTG was added
gene: GNPTG was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GNPTG was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: GNPTG were set to MUCOLIPIDOSIS TYPE III COMPLEMENTATION GROUP C
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GNPTAB Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes MUCOLIPIDOSIS TYPE III COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A for gene: GNPTAB
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FOXRED1 Rebecca Foulger gene: FOXRED1 was added
gene: FOXRED1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FOXRED1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FOXRED1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCG Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCG was added
gene: FANCG was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCG was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCG were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP G
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCF Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCF was added
gene: FANCF was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCF was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCF were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP F
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCE Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCE was added
gene: FANCE was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCE was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCE were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP E
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCD2 Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCD2 was added
gene: FANCD2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCD2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCD2 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCC Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCC was added
gene: FANCC was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCC was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCC were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP C
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCA Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCA was added
gene: FANCA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: FANCA were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP A
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ERF Rebecca Foulger gene: ERF was added
gene: ERF was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ERF was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes for gene: ERF were set to COMPLEX CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ERCC5 Rebecca Foulger gene: ERCC5 was added
gene: ERCC5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ERCC5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: ERCC5 were set to XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM COMPLEMENTATION GROUP G
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ERCC4 Rebecca Foulger gene: ERCC4 was added
gene: ERCC4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ERCC4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: ERCC4 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP Q
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ERCC3 Rebecca Foulger gene: ERCC3 was added
gene: ERCC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ERCC3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: ERCC3 were set to XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM COMPLEMENTATION GROUP B
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ERCC2 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D for gene: ERCC2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ELAC2 Rebecca Foulger gene: ELAC2 was added
gene: ELAC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ELAC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: ELAC2 were set to INFANTILE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, LACTIC ACIDOSIS, AND ISOLATED COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 DDHD2 Rebecca Foulger gene: DDHD2 was added
gene: DDHD2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: DDHD2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: DDHD2 were set to COMPLEX HEREDITARY SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CYP11A1 Rebecca Foulger gene: CYP11A1 was added
gene: CYP11A1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: CYP11A1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: CYP11A1 were set to Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46XY sex reversal, partial or complete 613743
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CYC1 Rebecca Foulger gene: CYC1 was added
gene: CYC1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: CYC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: CYC1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX III DEFICIENCY, NUCLEAR TYPE 6
Fetal anomalies v0.1 COX6B1 Rebecca Foulger gene: COX6B1 was added
gene: COX6B1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: COX6B1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: COX6B1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 COX15 Rebecca Foulger gene: COX15 was added
gene: COX15 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: COX15 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: COX15 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 COX10 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY for gene: COX10
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CARS2 Rebecca Foulger gene: CARS2 was added
gene: CARS2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CARS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: CARS2 were set to Epileptic encephalopathy with complex movement disorder and regression
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BRIP1 Rebecca Foulger gene: BRIP1 was added
gene: BRIP1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: BRIP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: BRIP1 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP J
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BRCA2 Rebecca Foulger gene: BRCA2 was added
gene: BRCA2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: BRCA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: BRCA2 were set to FANCONI ANEMIA COMPLEMENTATION GROUP D TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 APOPT1 Rebecca Foulger gene: APOPT1 was added
gene: APOPT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: APOPT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: APOPT1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX IV DEFICIENCY