Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (GMS)

Gene: FGFR1

Green List (high evidence)

Comment on mode of inheritance: There are more than 3 unrelated cases reported for both dominant and recessive FGFR1-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The condition is usually caused by heterozygous kinase domain variants or homozygous extracellular domain mutations, but there are exceptions to this genotype-phenotype pattern (e.g. PMID: 27790375). Based on available evidence, the MOI for Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (GMS) should be changed to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal.

Created: 27 Feb 2026, 12:50 p.m. | Last Modified: 27 Feb 2026, 12:50 p.m.

Panel Version: 4.5

PMID: 27055092 Mazen et al., 2016
Male patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ambiguous genitalia, referred at 15 months. Consanguineous parents, positive family history for CHD. Trio WES revealed a homozygous FGFR1 c.1418G>A variant (hg38: c.1424G>A, p.Arg475Gln - rs747333248, 34 total alleles in gnomAD v4.1.0, no homozygotes). Patient also homozygous for a STARD3 p.Ala247Val mutation, no disease association reported for this gene. Ambiguous genitalia highlighted as unusual presentation in FGFR1-related disease.

PMID: 25394172 Villanueva et al., 2015
7 individuals with Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), 3/7 with anosmia, and 7/7 with split hand/foot malformation. The patients harboured FGFR1 variants - 6 heterozygous and 1 homozygous.
P1: male, homozygous for c.1286T>A, p.V429E. Heterozygous sister and parents. Sister has hyposmia, otherwise no phenotype reported in heterozygous family members.
In the 6 heterozygous pedigrees, CHH was an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance.

PMID: 23812909 Simonis et al., 2013
6 patients with Hartsfield syndrome and 1 female fetus with similar symptoms. FGFR1 variants were detected in the extracellular binding domain (two patients with homozygous mutations) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (four heterozygous de novo variants). Patients presented with holoprosencephaly 7/7 (lobar, alobar, or semilobar), corpus callosum agenesis 5/7 (full or partial), ectrodactyly 7/7 (hands and/or feet affected), growth retardation 6/6, genital anomalies 3/6 (micropenis, cryptorchidism), DD/ID 6/6 (mild to severe). P1 was homozygous for L165S, heterozygous parents unaffected. P2 was homozygous for L191S, parents not available for testing.

PMID: 23154428 Jarzabek et al., 2012
5 Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients who carry FGFR1 mutations (Gly270Asp, Gly97Ser, Met161Thr, Ser685Phe and Ala167Ser/Ala167Ser). Patients 1-4 harboured de novo heterozygous FGFR1 mutations, while P5 was homozygous for the c.499G>T, p.Ala167Ser variant - his parents are sister are heterozygous and unaffected. All 5 patients had absent puberty, as well as hyposmia or anosmia. 3/5 patients presented with skeletal abnormalities and lip/palate malformations.
P5 (previously described in PMID: 12627230) had KS, cleft palate, corpus callosum agenesis, vertebral anomalies, unilateral fusion of fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and bilateral oligodactyly of feet (four digits).

FGFR1 is associated with multiple dominant conditions in OMIM, including AD Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950 and AD Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465 (accessed 27th Feb 2026).

Created: 27 Feb 2026, 12:43 p.m. | Last Modified: 27 Feb 2026, 12:51 p.m.

Panel Version: 4.7

Mode of inheritance
BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal

Phenotypes
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950; Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465

Publications

• 23154428
• 23812909
• 25394172
• 27055092

Green List (high evidence)

Green List (high evidence)