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Fetal anomalies v6.183 FGFR1 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 27055092 Mazen et al., 2016
Male patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ambiguous genitalia, referred at 15 months. Consanguineous parents, positive family history for CHD. Trio WES revealed a homozygous FGFR1 c.1418G>A variant (hg38: c.1424G>A, p.Arg475Gln - rs747333248, 34 total alleles in gnomAD v4.1.0, no homozygotes). Patient also homozygous for a STARD3 p.Ala247Val mutation, no disease association reported for this gene. Ambiguous genitalia highlighted as unusual presentation in FGFR1-related disease.

PMID: 25394172 Villanueva et al., 2015
7 individuals with Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), 3/7 with anosmia, and 7/7 with split hand/foot malformation. The patients harboured FGFR1 variants - 6 heterozygous and 1 homozygous.
P1: male, homozygous for c.1286T>A, p.V429E. Heterozygous sister and parents. Sister has hyposmia, otherwise no phenotype reported in heterozygous family members.
In the 6 heterozygous pedigrees, CHH was an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance.

PMID: 23812909 Simonis et al., 2013
6 patients with Hartsfield syndrome and 1 female fetus with similar symptoms. FGFR1 variants were detected in the extracellular binding domain (two patients with homozygous mutations) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (four heterozygous de novo variants). Patients presented with holoprosencephaly 7/7 (lobar, alobar, or semilobar), corpus callosum agenesis 5/7 (full or partial), ectrodactyly 7/7 (hands and/or feet affected), growth retardation 6/6, genital anomalies 3/6 (micropenis, cryptorchidism), DD/ID 6/6 (mild to severe). P1 was homozygous for L165S, heterozygous parents unaffected. P2 was homozygous for L191S, parents not available for testing.

PMID: 23154428 Jarzabek et al., 2012
5 Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients who carry FGFR1 mutations (Gly270Asp, Gly97Ser, Met161Thr, Ser685Phe and Ala167Ser/Ala167Ser). Patients 1-4 harboured de novo heterozygous FGFR1 mutations, while P5 was homozygous for the c.499G>T, p.Ala167Ser variant - his parents are sister are heterozygous and unaffected. All 5 patients had absent puberty, as well as hyposmia or anosmia. 3/5 patients presented with skeletal abnormalities and lip/palate malformations.
P5 (previously described in PMID: 12627230) had KS, cleft palate, corpus callosum agenesis, vertebral anomalies, unilateral fusion of fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and bilateral oligodactyly of feet (four digits).

FGFR1 is associated with multiple dominant conditions in OMIM, including AD Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950 and AD Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465 (accessed 27th Feb 2026).; to: PMID: 27055092 Mazen et al., 2016
Male patient with congenital heart disease (CHD) and ambiguous genitalia, referred at 15 months. Consanguineous parents, positive family history for CHD. Trio WES revealed a homozygous FGFR1 c.1418G>A variant (hg38: c.1424G>A, p.Arg475Gln - rs747333248, 34 total alleles in gnomAD v4.1.0, no homozygotes). Patient also homozygous for a STARD3 p.Ala247Val mutation, no disease association reported for this gene. Ambiguous genitalia highlighted as unusual presentation in FGFR1-related disease.

PMID: 25394172 Villanueva et al., 2015
7 individuals with Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH), 3/7 with anosmia, and 7/7 with split hand/foot malformation. The patients harboured FGFR1 variants - 6 heterozygous and 1 homozygous.
P1: male, homozygous for c.1286T>A, p.V429E. Heterozygous sister and parents. Sister has hyposmia, otherwise no phenotype reported in heterozygous family members.
In the 6 heterozygous pedigrees, CHH was an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance.

PMID: 23812909 Simonis et al., 2013
6 patients with Hartsfield syndrome and 1 female fetus with similar symptoms. FGFR1 variants were detected in the extracellular binding domain (two patients with homozygous mutations) or the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain (four heterozygous de novo variants). Patients presented with holoprosencephaly 7/7 (lobar, alobar, or semilobar), corpus callosum agenesis 5/7 (full or partial), ectrodactyly 7/7 (hands and/or feet affected), growth retardation 6/6, genital anomalies 3/6 (micropenis, cryptorchidism), DD/ID 6/6 (mild to severe). Fetal case (patient 7) had no FGFR1 mutation detected.


PMID: 23154428 Jarzabek et al., 2012
5 Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients who carry FGFR1 mutations (Gly270Asp, Gly97Ser, Met161Thr, Ser685Phe and Ala167Ser/Ala167Ser). Patients 1-4 harboured de novo heterozygous FGFR1 mutations, while P5 was homozygous for the c.499G>T, p.Ala167Ser variant - his parents are sister are heterozygous and unaffected. All 5 patients had absent puberty, as well as hyposmia or anosmia. 3/5 patients presented with skeletal abnormalities and lip/palate malformations.
P5 (previously described in PMID: 12627230) had KS, cleft palate, corpus callosum agenesis, vertebral anomalies, unilateral fusion of fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and bilateral oligodactyly of feet (four digits).

FGFR1 is associated with multiple dominant conditions in OMIM, including AD Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with or without anosmia, OMIM:147950 and AD Hartsfield syndrome, OMIM:615465 (accessed 27th Feb 2026).
Fetal anomalies v6.157 MED12 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: The mode of inheritance of this gene has been updated to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval. The GMS reviewers noted as follows: Multiple reports of prenatal features in female pregnancies e.g. PMID:3970286; PMID:40884785,PMID:34987808.; to: The mode of inheritance of this gene has been updated to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.

The GMS reviewers noted as follows: Multiple reports of prenatal features in female pregnancies e.g. PMID:3970286; PMID:40884785,PMID:34987808.
Fetal anomalies v6.156 MED12 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to MED12.
Mode of inheritance for gene MED12 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v6.149 WNK3 Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: WNK3: The rating of this gene has been updated to Green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v6.149 PLXNA1 Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: PLXNA1: The rating of this gene has been updated to Green and the mode of inheritance set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v6.147 ZDHHC9 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: ZDHHC9: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Raymond type, OMIM:300799; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 WNK3 Soo-Mi Park reviewed gene: WNK3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 35678782; Phenotypes: Prieto syndrome, OMIM:309610; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 WASHC3 Tessa Homfray reviewed gene: WASHC3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40129681; Phenotypes: short stature, distinctive facies, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.147 SLC9A6 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: SLC9A6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic, Christianson type, OMIM:300243; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 SHROOM4 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: SHROOM4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141, 36379543, 32565546; Phenotypes: congenital anomalies of the urinary tract and the anorectal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 RNU2-2P Soo-Mi Park reviewed gene: RNU2-2P: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40950445, 40909831, 40442284, 40210679; Phenotypes: neurodevelopmental disorder; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.147 POLA1 Tessa Homfray reviewed gene: POLA1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 34119699, 31006512, 36182037; Phenotypes: Van Esch-O'Driscoll syndrome, OMIM:301030; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 PLXNA1 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: PLXNA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141, 34054129; Phenotypes: Dworschak-Punetha neurodevelopmental syndrome, OMIM:619955; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.147 GPKOW Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: GPKOW: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28612833, 40221893; Phenotypes: Intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly/microencephaly, and eye, brain, skin, and skeletal abnormalities; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v6.147 EDA Alice Gardham reviewed gene: EDA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40781288; Phenotypes: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 DLG3 Natalie Canham reviewed gene: DLG3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40983642; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 90, OMIM:300850; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 CDH11 Beth Young reviewed gene: CDH11: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33811546, 29271567; Phenotypes: Teebi hypertelorism syndrome 2, OMIM:619736; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.147 BRWD3 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: BRWD3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141, 36414205; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 93, OMIM:300659; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.147 ATP6V0A1 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: ATP6V0A1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40905141, 34909687, 33833240; Phenotypes: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 104, OMIM:619970, Neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy and brain atrophy, OMIM:619971; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.147 AMOT Anna de Burca reviewed gene: AMOT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 40892511; Phenotypes: Congenital hydrocephalus; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.146 RNU2-2P Arina Puzriakova gene: RNU2-2P was added
gene: RNU2-2P was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: RNU2-2P was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.146 POLA1 Arina Puzriakova gene: POLA1 was added
gene: POLA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: POLA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.146 ATP6V0A1 Arina Puzriakova gene: ATP6V0A1 was added
gene: ATP6V0A1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP6V0A1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.145 WASHC3 Arina Puzriakova gene: WASHC3 was added
gene: WASHC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Red
Mode of inheritance for gene: WASHC3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.145 AMOT Arina Puzriakova gene: AMOT was added
gene: AMOT was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: AMOT was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.143 WNK3 Arina Puzriakova gene: WNK3 was added
gene: WNK3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green
Mode of inheritance for gene: WNK3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.143 PLXNA1 Arina Puzriakova gene: PLXNA1 was added
gene: PLXNA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green
Mode of inheritance for gene: PLXNA1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v6.131 WSB2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: WSB2 was added
gene: WSB2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: WSB2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: WSB2 were set to 40374945
Phenotypes for gene: WSB2 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092
Review for gene: WSB2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: PMID:40374945 reported five patients from four unrelated families with developmental delays, brain anomalies, and dysmorphic features with or without intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypotonia. They were all identified with homozygous predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) or missense variants in WSB2 gene (c.128G>A/ p.Trp43Ter, p.Gln134ArgfsTer14, c.1121G>A/ p.Arg374Gln & c.1187_1188delAA/ p.Lys396ArgfsTer19) inherited from asymptomatic consanguineous parents.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was reported in two unrelated patients and Oligohydramnios was reported in a different unrelated patient.

There is also functional evidence available from Wsb2-mutant mice, which exhibited several neurological findings that included hyperactivity, altered exploration, and hyper alertness. They also weighed less, had a lower heart rate, and presented an abnormal retinal blood vessel morphology and vasculature pattern along with decreased total thickness of the retina.

This gene has not been associated with relevant phenotypes either in OMIM, Gene2Phenotype or ClinGen.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v6.90 EMX2 Ida Ertmanska commented on gene: EMX2: Comment on list classification: There are at least 4 unrelated families where individuals harbouring de novo variants in EMX2 have schizencephaly - a rare severe brain malformation, leading to neurologic deficits and developmental delay (PMIDs: 8528262, 9153481, 9359037). However, the 1996-1997 studies are limited by their sequencing method (targeted gene sequencing). Subsequent studies of 3 different schizencephaly patient cohorts showed that none of the 175 affected individuals carried pathogenic EMX2 mutations (PMIDs: 17506092, 18409201, 20157829).
No other schizencephaly cases with EMX2 variants were published in literature since 1997. Other genes, such as SIX3 and SHH, have been putatively linked to schizencephaly (PMID: 20157829). Furthermore, schizencephaly may stem from non-genetic causes, such as in utero viral infections, teratogen exposure, maternal trauma, and more (PMID: 18409201). Due to outdated / conflicting evidence, this gene should be downgraded to Amber for Fetal anomalies.
Fetal anomalies v6.24 MAGED2 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: MAGED2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Bartter syndrome, type 5, antenatal, transient; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.24 SRPK3 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: SRPK3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39073169; Phenotypes: X-linked intellectual developmental disorder-114; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.24 LAGE3 Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: LAGE3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 28805828, 31069511, 36682911; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 2, X-linked; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v6.24 G6PD Sarah Graham reviewed gene: G6PD: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39041728; Phenotypes: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v6.21 MAGED2 Arina Puzriakova gene: MAGED2 was added
gene: MAGED2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: MAGED2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MAGED2 were set to Bartter syndrome, type 5, antenatal, transient
Fetal anomalies v6.21 SRPK3 Arina Puzriakova gene: SRPK3 was added
gene: SRPK3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: SRPK3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: SRPK3 were set to 39073169
Phenotypes for gene: SRPK3 were set to X-linked intellectual developmental disorder-114
Fetal anomalies v6.21 NEXN Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene NEXN was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Added phenotypes Cardiomyopathy for gene: NEXN
Publications for gene: NEXN were updated from 33947203; 32058062; 35166435; 33027564; 33949776 to 39183344; 33947203; 33949776; 33027564; 35166435; 32058062
Fetal anomalies v6.9 GPKOW Eleanor Williams reviewed gene: GPKOW: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28612833, 40221893; Phenotypes: syndromic disease, MONDO:0002254; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.95 GPKOW Sarah Leigh Mode of inheritance for gene: GPKOW was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.87 LMNB2 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: LMNB2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 40011009; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.78 ZRSR2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: ZRSR2: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.78 ZFX Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: ZFX: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.78 WDR44 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: WDR44: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.78 PLS3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: PLS3: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.15 ZRSR2 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: ZRSR2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38158857; Phenotypes: Orofaciodigital syndrome, MONDO:0015375, ZRSR2-related; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 ZFX Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: ZFX: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38325380; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic 37, MIM#301118; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.15 WDR44 Vicki Harrison reviewed gene: WDR44: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 38191484; Phenotypes: Ciliopathy, MONDO:0005308, WDR44-related; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 STAG1 Natalie Bibb reviewed gene: STAG1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 39224759, 34440290, 28119487; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 47, MIM#617635; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v5.15 SPIN4 Sunayna Best reviewed gene: SPIN4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 36927955; Phenotypes: Lui-Jee-Baron syndrome, MIM#301114; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.15 SHROOM4 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: SHROOM4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32565546, 36379543; Phenotypes: Abnormal corpus callosum; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 PLS3 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: PLS3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: 24088043, 37751738, 29736964, 25209159, 32655496, 28777485, 29884797; Phenotypes: Diaphragmatic hernia 5, X-linked, MIM#306950; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.15 GPC4 Esther Kinning reviewed gene: GPC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 21567928, 30982611, 4708024, 18541962, 12605449, 9001804, 17726694; Phenotypes: Keipert syndrome, MIM#301026; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 FGF16 Sarah Graham reviewed gene: FGF16: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 24706454, 23709756, 25333065; Phenotypes: Metacarpal 4-5 fusion, MIM#309630; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 CLCN5 Elizabeth Scotchman reviewed gene: CLCN5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 36307859, 38267993, 37229200, 36495297; Phenotypes: Nephrolithiasis, type I, MIM#310468, Dent disease, MIM#300009, Hypophosphatemic rickets, MIM#300554; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 CD40LG Esther Kinning reviewed gene: CD40LG: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 24631270, 6605368, 9255191, 8993019, 10228294, 35572607, 14451053; Phenotypes: Immunodeficiency, X-linked, with hyper-IgM, MIM#308230; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 C1GALT1C1 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: C1GALT1C1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 36599939, 37216524; Phenotypes: Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical, 8, with rhizomelic short stature, MIM#301110; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v5.15 ALG13 Alice Gardham reviewed gene: ALG13: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32681751; Phenotypes: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 36, MIM#300884; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v5.13 ZRSR2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: ZRSR2 was added
gene: ZRSR2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZRSR2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: ZRSR2 were set to 38158857
Phenotypes for gene: ZRSR2 were set to Orofaciodigital syndrome XXI, OMIM:301132
Fetal anomalies v5.13 ZFX Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: ZFX was added
gene: ZFX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZFX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: ZFX were set to 38325380
Phenotypes for gene: ZFX were set to Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic 37, OMIM:301118
Fetal anomalies v5.13 WDR44 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: WDR44 was added
gene: WDR44 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR44 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: WDR44 were set to 38191484
Phenotypes for gene: WDR44 were set to Ciliopathy, MONDO:0005308, WDR44-related
Fetal anomalies v5.13 STAG1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to STAG1.
Mode of inheritance for gene STAG1 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 47, OMIM:617635 for gene: STAG1
Publications for gene: STAG1 were updated from to 28119487; 39224759; 34440290
Fetal anomalies v5.13 SPIN4 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: SPIN4 was added
gene: SPIN4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: SPIN4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: SPIN4 were set to 36927955
Phenotypes for gene: SPIN4 were set to ?Lui-Jee-Baron syndrome, OMIM:301114
Fetal anomalies v5.13 PLS3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: PLS3 was added
gene: PLS3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: PLS3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: PLS3 were set to 32655496; 28777485; 29736964; 37751738; 25209159; 29884797; 24088043
Phenotypes for gene: PLS3 were set to Diaphragmatic hernia 5, X-linked, OMIM:306950
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: PLS3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Fetal anomalies v5.13 GPC4 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: GPC4 was added
gene: GPC4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: GPC4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: GPC4 were set to 9001804; 21567928; 30982611; 17726694; 12605449; 4708024; 18541962
Phenotypes for gene: GPC4 were set to Keipert syndrome, OMIM:301026
Fetal anomalies v5.13 FGF16 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: FGF16 was added
gene: FGF16 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: FGF16 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: FGF16 were set to 25333065; 24706454; 23709756
Phenotypes for gene: FGF16 were set to Metacarpal 4-5 fusion, OMIM:309630
Fetal anomalies v5.13 CD40LG Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CD40LG was added
gene: CD40LG was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CD40LG was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: CD40LG were set to 8993019; 10228294; 14451053; 24631270; 35572607; 6605368; 9255191
Phenotypes for gene: CD40LG were set to Immunodeficiency, X-linked, with hyper-IgM, OMIM:308230
Fetal anomalies v5.13 C1GALT1C1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: C1GALT1C1 was added
gene: C1GALT1C1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: C1GALT1C1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: C1GALT1C1 were set to 36599939; 37216524
Phenotypes for gene: C1GALT1C1 were set to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, atypical, 8, with rhizomelic short stature, OMIM:301110
Fetal anomalies v5.6 CACHD1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CACHD1 was added
gene: CACHD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CACHD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CACHD1 were set to 38158856
Phenotypes for gene: CACHD1 were set to syndromic complex neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0800439
Review for gene: CACHD1 was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID:38158856 reported six affected individuals from four unrelated families with biallelic (either homozygous or compound heterozygous) CACHD1 variants (3 splice, 2 frameshift and 1 nonsense variant).

Of these, two cases from the fourth family are fetal cases. Excluding these two fatal cases, all others were affected by syndromic neurodevelopmental abnormalities, multiple organ systems featuring global impairment of psychomotor development, dysmorphic facial features, genitourinary abnormalities, oculo-auricular and congenital malformation. Cognitive impairment was reported to be mild in three cases from three different families, while the fourth case had no cognitive impairment. Psychomotor delay was reported in two unrelated cases and seizure was reported in one.

Facial dysmorphism and ear and genitourinary abnormalities were reported in the two fetal cases, while congenital malformations of the digestive tract was reported in one of them.

Functional evidence from human stem cell-derived neural models and zebrafish mutants are also available in support of the disease association.

This gene has not yet been associated with relevant phenotypes either in OMIM or in Gene2Phenotype.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v4.198 SCN4A Sarah Graham reviewed gene: SCN4A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Classic congenital myopathy-22A, 620351, Severe fetal congenital myopathy-22B, 620369; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Fetal anomalies v4.198 SIRT6 Dmitrijs Rots gene: SIRT6 was added
gene: SIRT6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SIRT6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SIRT6 were set to PMID: 29555651
Penetrance for gene: SIRT6 were set to Complete
Review for gene: SIRT6 was set to GREEN
Added comment: The paper describes:"Here, we demonstrate that a homozygous inactivating mutation in the histone deacetylase SIRT6 results in severe congenital anomalies and perinatal lethality in four affected fetuses. " + functional data --> enough evidence for the green rating
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v4.192 RNF113A Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: RNF113A: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.192 RLIM Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: RLIM: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance updated to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.192 NONO Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: NONO: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance updated to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.192 KIF4A Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: KIF4A: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.192 HNRNPH2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: HNRNPH2: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.192 HK1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: HK1: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.192 GATA1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: GATA1: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.192 CYBB Achchuthan Shanmugasundram commented on gene: CYBB: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v4.192 CCDC22 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram edited their review of gene: CCDC22: Added comment: The rating of this gene has been updated to green following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.192 ANGPT2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram commented on gene: ANGPT2: The rating of this gene has been updated to green and the mode of inheritance updated to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v4.35 TLK2 Denise Williams reviewed gene: TLK2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 34821460, 31558842, 29861108; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 57, OMIM:618050; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 THOC2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: THOC2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32116545, 26166480, 32960281, 29851191; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, X-linked 12/35 MIM#300957; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 TBX22 Samantha Doyle reviewed gene: TBX22: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 22784330, 14729838, 17868388, 11559848, 12374769; Phenotypes: Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome, OMIM:302905, Cleft palate with ankyloglossia, OMIM:303400; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 RNF113A Natalie Bibb reviewed gene: RNF113A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25612912, 31793730, 31880405; Phenotypes: Trichothiodystrophy 5, nonphotosensitive, OMIM:300953; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 RLIM Anna de Burca reviewed gene: RLIM: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 29728705, 25735484, 25644381; Phenotypes: Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome, OMIM:300978; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 PHEX Esther Kinning reviewed gene: PHEX: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 9106524, 16055933, 19219621, 29791829; Phenotypes: Hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked dominant, OMIM:307800; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 OTUD5 Esther Kinning reviewed gene: OTUD5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33523931, 33131077; Phenotypes: Multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome, X-linked, OMIM:301056; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 NONO Anna de Burca reviewed gene: NONO: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 27550220, 27329731, 32397791, 26571461; Phenotypes: Ebstein s anomaly, Pulmonary stenosis, Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC), Mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic 34, MIM# 300967, Ventricular septal defect (VSD); Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 NEXN Lyn Chitty reviewed gene: NEXN: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33949776, 33947203, 35166435, 32058062; Phenotypes: Lethal fetal cardiomyopathy, Cardiomyopathy, dilated 1CC, OMIM:613122, Hydrops fetalis; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 MAMLD1 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: MAMLD1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 26815876, 31555317, 32690052; Phenotypes: Hypospadias 2, OMIM:300758; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 LAGE3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: LAGE3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31069511, 28805828; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 2, X-linked, OMIM:301006; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 KIF4A Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: KIF4A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 34346154, 30679815, 24812067; Phenotypes: Hydrocephalus, Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 100, OMIM:300923; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 HNRNPH2 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: HNRNPH2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31236915, 30887513, 34907471, 31670473, 33728377; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndromic, Bain type, OMIM:300986; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 HK1 Natalie Bibb reviewed gene: HK1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33082562; Phenotypes: Hexokinase deficiency; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 GATA1 Natalie Chandler reviewed gene: GATA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 10700180, 30914438, 29949202; Phenotypes: Anaemia, X-linked, with/without neutropaenia and/or platelet abnormalities, OMIM:300835; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 G6PD Denise Williams reviewed gene: G6PD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33082562; Phenotypes: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 FRMPD4 Natalie Bibb reviewed gene: FRMPD4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25644381, 29267967; Phenotypes: Intellectual Disability, X-linked 104, OMIM:300983; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 CYBB Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: CYBB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 16795136, 33082562; Phenotypes: X-linked Chronic granulomatous disease; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.35 CCDC22 Natalie Canham reviewed gene: CCDC22: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 24916641, 21826058, 34020006, 31971710, 33059814; Phenotypes: Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome 2, OMIM:300963; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 ATP11C Samantha Doyle reviewed gene: ATP11C: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 33082562; Phenotypes: X-linked hemolytic anemia; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.35 ANGPT2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: ANGPT2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 32908006, 34876502; Phenotypes: Hydrops fetalis, MONDO:0015193, Lymphatic malformation-10, MIM#619369; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v4.35 ACSL4 Lyn Chitty reviewed gene: ACSL4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 12525535; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, X-linked 63 , OMIM:300387; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v4.34 TLK2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: TLK2 was added
gene: TLK2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: TLK2 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: TLK2 were set to 34821460; 31558842; 29861108
Phenotypes for gene: TLK2 were set to Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 57, OMIM:618050
Fetal anomalies v4.34 TBX22 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to TBX22.
Mode of inheritance for gene TBX22 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Added phenotypes Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome, OMIM:302905; Cleft palate with ankyloglossia, OMIM:303400 for gene: TBX22
Publications for gene: TBX22 were updated from 22784330 to 22784330; 14729838; 17868388; 11559848; 12374769
Fetal anomalies v4.34 SPTA1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to SPTA1.
Source Expert Review Red was added to SPTA1.
Mode of inheritance for gene SPTA1 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Added phenotypes Elliptocytosis-2, OMIM:130600; Spherocytosis, type 3, OMIM:270970 for gene: SPTA1
Publications for gene: SPTA1 were updated from 31333484; 34132406 to 31333484; 33082562; 34132406
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Red List (low evidence)
Fetal anomalies v4.34 RNF113A Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: RNF113A was added
gene: RNF113A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: RNF113A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: RNF113A were set to 25612912; 31793730; 31880405
Phenotypes for gene: RNF113A were set to Trichothiodystrophy 5, nonphotosensitive, OMIM:300953
Fetal anomalies v4.34 RLIM Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to RLIM.
Mode of inheritance for gene RLIM was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Added phenotypes Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome, OMIM:300978 for gene: RLIM
Publications for gene: RLIM were updated from to 29728705; 25735484; 25644381
Fetal anomalies v4.34 PHEX Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: PHEX was added
gene: PHEX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: PHEX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: PHEX were set to 9106524; 16055933; 19219621; 29791829
Phenotypes for gene: PHEX were set to Hypophosphatemic rickets, X-linked dominant, OMIM:307800
Fetal anomalies v4.34 NONO Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to NONO.
Mode of inheritance for gene NONO was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic 34, OMIM:300967 for gene: NONO
Publications for gene: NONO were updated from 31680349; 32397791 to 27329731; 32397791; 26571461; 31680349; 27550220
Fetal anomalies v4.34 NEXN Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to NEXN.
Mode of inheritance for gene NEXN was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: NEXN were updated from 32058062; 33027564 to 33947203; 32058062; 35166435; 33027564; 33949776
Fetal anomalies v4.34 MYBPC3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to MYBPC3.
Mode of inheritance for gene MYBPC3 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Added phenotypes Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, 4, OMIM:115197 for gene: MYBPC3
Publications for gene: MYBPC3 were updated from 19858127; 28749478 to 19858127; 16679492; 28749478; 17937428
Fetal anomalies v4.34 LAGE3 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: LAGE3 was added
gene: LAGE3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: LAGE3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: LAGE3 were set to 31069511; 28805828
Phenotypes for gene: LAGE3 were set to Galloway-Mowat syndrome 2, X-linked, OMIM:301006
Fetal anomalies v4.34 KIF4A Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: KIF4A was added
gene: KIF4A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF4A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: KIF4A were set to 34346154; 30679815; 24812067
Phenotypes for gene: KIF4A were set to Hydrocephalus; Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 100, OMIM:300923
Fetal anomalies v4.34 HK1 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: HK1 was added
gene: HK1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: HK1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: HK1 were set to 33082562
Phenotypes for gene: HK1 were set to Hemolytic anemia due to hexokinase deficiency, OMIM:235700; Neurodevelopmental disorder with visual defects and brain anomalies, OMIM:618547
Fetal anomalies v4.34 G6PD Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: G6PD was added
gene: G6PD was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: NHS GMS,Expert Review Red
Mode of inheritance for gene: G6PD was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: G6PD were set to 33082562
Phenotypes for gene: G6PD were set to Hemolytic anemia, G6PD deficient (favism), OMIM:300908
Fetal anomalies v4.34 CYBB Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: CYBB was added
gene: CYBB was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: CYBB was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: CYBB were set to 16795136; 33082562
Phenotypes for gene: CYBB were set to Chronic granulomatous disease, X-linked, OMIM:306400
Fetal anomalies v4.34 ATP11C Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: ATP11C was added
gene: ATP11C was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP11C was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: ATP11C were set to 33082562
Phenotypes for gene: ATP11C were set to ?Hemolytic anemia, congenital, X-linked, OMIM:301015
Fetal anomalies v4.34 ANGPT2 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram Source NHS GMS was added to ANGPT2.
Mode of inheritance for gene ANGPT2 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Added phenotypes hydrops fetalis, MONDO:0015193 for gene: ANGPT2
Fetal anomalies v4.32 GATA1 Sarah Leigh gene: GATA1 was added
gene: GATA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: GATA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: GATA1 were set to 10700180; 33082562; 20301538; 30914438; 29949202; 35580337
Phenotypes for gene: GATA1 were set to Anaemia, X-linked, with/without neutropaenia and/or platelet abnormalities, OMIM:300835; Hemolytic anemia due to elevated adenosine deaminase, OMIM:301083
Fetal anomalies v4.23 MED12 Achchuthan Shanmugasundram reviewed gene: MED12: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v4.3 CLCN5 Sarah Graham gene: CLCN5 was added
gene: CLCN5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CLCN5 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: CLCN5 were set to 36307859; 36495297; 37229200
Review for gene: CLCN5 was set to RED
Added comment: Loss-of-function variants associated with X-linked recessive renal tubular disorders. Maternally inherited hemizygous splice variant, c.934-1G>T, reported in 3 male fetuses with variable phenotypes across 3 studies from the same centre. Phenotypes in reported cases: polyhydramnios and large size for gestational age (Fu 2022 PMID: 36307859, case 229); growth restriction, polyhydramnios, pre-term birth at 31 weeks (Zhou 2023 PMID: 36495297, patient 5); microcephaly (Wang 2023 PMID: 37229200, patient 18). No definitive evidence that this variant is pathogenic. As all prenatal reports are of the same variant and from the same centre, concern that these may be incidental findings due to variant frequency in the local population (variant absent from gnomAD).
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v3.111 CLCN4 Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: The rating of this gene has been updated to Green and the mode of inheritance set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.; to: The rating of this gene has been updated to Green and the mode of inheritance set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v3.111 KDM5C Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: KDM5C: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.111 CLCN4 Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: CLCN4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.110 KDM5C Sarah Leigh Source NHS GMS was added to KDM5C.
Mode of inheritance for gene KDM5C was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.8 CLCN4 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: CLCN4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Raynaud-Claes syndrome, OMIM:300114; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.8 NDUFB11 Stephanie Allen reviewed gene: NDUFB11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 25772934; Phenotypes: ?Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 30, OMIM:301021, Linear skin defects with multiple congenital anomalies 3, OMIM:300952; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v3.7 CLCN4 Arina Puzriakova gene: CLCN4 was added
gene: CLCN4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CLCN4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: CLCN4 were set to Raynaud-Claes syndrome, OMIM:300114
Fetal anomalies v3.5 CDX2 Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by Dmitrijs Rots (RadboudUMC). At least 8 unrelated families reported with de novo or inherited pathogenic variants in CDX2. Phenotypic findings comprise a broad spectrum of caudal abnormalities including defects of the uro‐recto‐genital tract, vertebrae, and the limbs. Cdx2 mutant mice show a variable phenotype that is comparable to that of patients (including imperforate anus, sirenomelia, posterior vertebral truncations, and bladder anomalies).

Overall there is sufficient evidence to promote this gene to Green at the next GMS panel update.
Fetal anomalies v2.10 MTM1 Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: MTM1: The mode of inheritance of this gene has been updated to 'X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)' following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v2.10 AP1S2 Arina Puzriakova commented on gene: AP1S2: The mode of inheritance of this gene has been updated to 'X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)' following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Fetal anomalies v2.9 MTM1 Arina Puzriakova Source NHS GMS was added to MTM1.
Mode of inheritance for gene MTM1 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v2.9 GRIN1 Arina Puzriakova Source NHS GMS was added to GRIN1.
Mode of inheritance for gene GRIN1 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v2.9 AP1S2 Arina Puzriakova Source NHS GMS was added to AP1S2.
Mode of inheritance for gene AP1S2 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.988 KDM5C Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: KDM5C was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.900 THSD1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: THSD1 was added
gene: THSD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: THSD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: THSD1 were set to PMID: 28749478; 26036949
Phenotypes for gene: THSD1 were set to Intracerebral aneurysms; ?Hydrops fetalis
Review for gene: THSD1 was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: May be fetally relevant but currently limited evidence, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as Amber gene pending more evidence.

Details of review:
Not currently Green on any panels. Amber on Cerebral vascular malformations. (Heterozygous mutations identified in nine families with intracerebral aneurysms plus animal models but unclear on penetrance.)

Shamseldin et al 2018 (PMID: 28749478) report a fetal case with hydrops and a HOMOZYGOUS likely pathogenic variant in THSD1. The same group previously identified this same founder mutation in THSD1 in another 3 families with hydrops/oedema (PMID: 26036949)
Sources: Expert Review, Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.900 MYBPC3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: MYBPC3 was added
gene: MYBPC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: MYBPC3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: MYBPC3 were set to PMID: 28749478; 19858127
Phenotypes for gene: MYBPC3 were set to Cardiomyopathy; ?Congenital myopathy
Review for gene: MYBPC3 was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: May be fetally relevant but currently limited evidence, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as Amber gene pending more evidence.

Currently rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Various cardiomyopathy panels. Amber on congenital myopathy panel.

Details of review:
Previously only one (AR) case with skeletal muscle phenotype, although is a known cardiomyopathy gene (PMID: 19858127). One fetal case reported by Shamseldin et al 2018 (PMID: 28749478) with hydrops.
Sources: Expert Review, Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.900 CACNA1S Rhiannon Mellis gene: CACNA1S was added
gene: CACNA1S was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CACNA1S was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: CACNA1S were set to PMID: 33060286; 28012042
Phenotypes for gene: CACNA1S were set to Congenital myopathy; arthrogryposis
Review for gene: CACNA1S was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: May be fetally relevant but currently limited evidence, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as Amber gene.

Details of review:
Previously only monoallelic variants reported associated with malignant hyperthermia and periodic paralysis but more recently biallelic variants have been associated with congenital myopathy. In Ravenscroft et al 2020 (PMID: 33060286) the reported biallelic variants were VUS but strong suspicion of causality: the proband had polyhydramnios, scalp oedema, bilateral wrist contractures, bilateral talipes and reduced fetal movements, ToP at 26/40. Mild facial dysmorphic features were noted on autopsy, including low anterior hairline, mild hypertelorism and moderate retrognathia. A previous pregnancy was affected with polyhydramnios and reduced fetal movements, delivered at 32/40 due to placental abruption and died at 10 days. On photos the baby had ptosis and broad nasal tip. The biallelic variants segregated within the family (parents and the 2 unaffected sibs all het). No cell lines available for functional studies.
Another study (PMID: 28012042) reports 7 families with congenital myopathy and CACNA1S mutations (both recessive and dominant), of whom 3 had cases with antenatal onset (reduced fetal movements).
Sources: Expert Review, Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.900 NONO Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: NONO: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31680349; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.880 NDUFB11 Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: NDUFB11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 25772934; Phenotypes: Linear skin defects, cardiomyopathy, ACC; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.880 SPTA1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: SPTA1 was added
gene: SPTA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: SPTA1 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: SPTA1 were set to PMID: 34132406; PMID: 31333484
Phenotypes for gene: SPTA1 were set to Hydrops fetalis; Congenital anaemia
Review for gene: SPTA1 was set to AMBER
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st July 2022 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.
Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH), and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams, Esther Kinning and Anna de Burca (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Likely that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as an Amber gene, pending further evidence and review of other congenital anaemia genes that may cause hydrops.

Currently rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Congenital anaemias

Details of review: The fetal case in Wagner et al 2021 (PMID: 34132406) had hydrops secondary to severe fetal anaemia at 28/40. Chonat et al 2019 (PMID: 31333484) also report 3 further unrelated cases with hydrops/fetal anaemia.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.873 MTM1 Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: MTM1 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.837 PHF6 Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene PHF6 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.827 RAC3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: RAC3 was added
gene: RAC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review,NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: RAC3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: RAC3 were set to 30293988; 29276006
Phenotypes for gene: RAC3 were set to Abnormality of brain morphology; Abnormal muscle tone; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: RAC3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: RAC3 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene already has sufficient evidence for Green rating on the ID panel (see below) and now adding evidence (from NHS GMS testing) for prenatal phenotype to support Green rating for the Fetal Anomalies panel also: A RAC3 likely pathogenic missense variant has been identified postnatally in a baby that presented prenatally with absent corpus callosum, bilateral ventriculomegaly, cerebellar and brainstem hypoplasia detected on fetal ultrasound and MRI. The variant is judged by the child's clinical team to be causative of the clinical and radiological features in the child.

Copied from Green review on Intellectual Disability panel by Konstantinos Varvagiannis:

PMID: 30293988 reports on 5 individuals (from 4 different families) with de novo missense variants in RAC3. All individuals demonstrated structural anomalies on brain MRI (notably agenesis/dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, variable degrees of polymicrogyria and ventricular anomalies) as well as shared non-specific neurological features including abnormal muscular tone, global developmental delay and severe to profound intellectual disability. Feeding difficulties were observed in 4/5 patients.

All variants reported are missense and are presumed to result in constitutive protein activation, as suggested by previous observations either in RAC3 [eg. the p.(Gln61Leu) mutation] or the highly homologous RAC1 and RAC2. According to the authors this is further supported by the fact that Rac3 -/- mice do not show a severe phenotype while missense variants are underrepresented in the ExAC database (z=1.97) as opposed to loss-of-function variants (pLI=0.04 / probability of loss-of-function intolerance).

Of the 3 SNVs reported, 2 variants were in adjacent amino-acid positions [p.(Gln61Leu) and p.(Glu62Lys)]. The latter variant was found in 2 half-sibs born to different fathers, due to suspected maternal gonadal mosaicism (variant absent in all sequencing reads in the maternal DNA sample). The specific variant was also found in a further affected individual from an unrelated family.

Finally, as the authors point out a further individual with de novo RAC3 missense variant [p.(Ala59Gly)] was reported previously in an individual with thin corpus callosum and global developmental delay, although the phenotype was felt to be more reminiscent of Robinow syndrome (PMID: 29276006).
Sources: Literature, Expert Review, NHS GMS
Fetal anomalies v1.819 PHF6 Ivone Leong reviewed gene: PHF6: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24092917, 25099957; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.802 CNBP_CCTG Arina Puzriakova STR: CNBP_CCTG was added
STR: CNBP_CCTG was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review
STR, NGS Not Validated tags were added to STR: CNBP_CCTG.
Mode of inheritance for STR: CNBP_CCTG was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Phenotypes for STR: CNBP_CCTG were set to Myotonic dystrophy 2, OMIM:602668
Added comment: The mutation is a CCTG repeat expansion in intron 1 of the CNBP (ZNF9) gene. The range of expanded allele sizes is 75 to 11,000 CCTG repeats, whereas normal is up to 30.

The CCTG repeat tract in normal alleles typically contains one or more tetranucleotide interruptions. The sequence interruptions that are routinely found within the CCTG tracts of normal alleles are not found in sequenced pathogenic CCTG expansions of CNBP alleles. On transmission to the next generation, CNBP repeat length sometimes diminishes dramatically, without significant differences determined by the gender of the transmitting parent.
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Copied from Rhiannon Mellis (GOSH) review of gene CNBP on Fetal anomalies panel:

This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.
Sources: Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.749 PRIM1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: PRIM1 was added
gene: PRIM1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: PRIM1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: PRIM1 were set to PMID: 33060134
Phenotypes for gene: PRIM1 were set to Primordial dwarfism
Review for gene: PRIM1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Details of review:
Parry et al 2020 (PMID: 33060134) report this as a novel disease gene - biallelic LOF mutations in 5 patients (from 4 families) with primordial dwarfism phenotype, including prenatal features of IUGR and extreme microcephaly with simplified gyri.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.749 CDK8 Rhiannon Mellis gene: CDK8 was added
gene: CDK8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature,Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: CDK8 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: CDK8 were set to PMID: 31742715; 30905399
Phenotypes for gene: CDK8 were set to Syndromic developmental disorder with hypotonia and behavioural abnormalities
Review for gene: CDK8 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during a meeting on 21st October 2021 between representatives of the North Thames and Central & South R21 testing GLHs.

Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Alison Male, Rowenna Roberts, Rhiannon Mellis (North Thames GLH) and Stephanie Allen, Denise Williams and Esther Kinning (Central & South GLH).

Outcome of review: Confirmed that the phenotype is fetally relevant, support adding to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Already rated Green on the following other PanelApp panel(s): Intellectual disability; Severe paediatric disorders

Details of review:
Aggarwal et al 2020 report a heterozygous nonsense variant in a fetus with ventriculomegaly and Ebstein anomaly resulting in IUFD. Post-mortem found additionally congenital diaphragmatic hernia, common atrium and facial dysmorphism. This nonsense variant is at the same position as a hotspot for missense variants reported in a paediatric cohort (Calpena et al 2019, PMID: 30905399) with overlapping but milder phenotype: half of the 12 children in that cohort had cardiac defects, most had dysmorphic features - hence Aggarwal et al propose that this is a more severe (prenatal) presentation of the same multiple malformation syndrome, caused here by a nonsense rather than missense mutation.
Sources: Literature, Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.748 CYP19A1 Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: CYP19A1 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.747 CYP19A1 Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: CYP19A1 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.733 EHBP1L1 Sarah Leigh gene: EHBP1L1 was added
gene: EHBP1L1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Amber,Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: EHBP1L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: EHBP1L1 were set to 34645488; 26833786; https://dmdd.org.uk/mutants/Ehbp1l1
Phenotypes for gene: EHBP1L1 were set to non-immune hydrops fetalis MONDO:0009369
Penetrance for gene: EHBP1L1 were set to unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.729 AP1S2 Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: AP1S2 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.720 WLS Zornitza Stark gene: WLS was added
gene: WLS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: WLS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: WLS were set to 34587386
Phenotypes for gene: WLS were set to structural congenital anomalies
Review for gene: WLS was set to GREEN
Added comment: - Homozygous variants in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families.
- Affected individuals had multiorgan defects, including microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects.
- The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases. ; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases, therefore waiting for GMS review before considering changing the mode of inheritance.
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (the phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation).

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) also noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases. ; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (Li et al 2021, PMID: 33244166). The phenotype includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) are noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases.
Fetal anomalies v1.720 MED12 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome and phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome (the phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation).

In addition Polla et al 2021 (PMID: 33244165) and Riccardi et al 2021 (PMID: 34079076) report 22 females in total with de novo variants in MED12. Some physical features such as syndactyly (10/22) and anteriorly placed anus (4/22) also noted. 12/22 have severe intellectual disability.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the predominantly male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases.
Fetal anomalies v1.718 MED12 Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Variants in this gene have also been reported in females with Hardikar syndrome and phenotype that includes facial clefting, pigmentary retinopathy, biliary anomalies, hydronephrosis, and intestinal malrotation.

X-linked hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females is the appropriate mode of inheritance for Hardikar syndrome but there are carrier implications for the male-only phenotypes associated with this gene (e.g. Lujan-Fryns syndrome, Ohdo syndrome, X-linked and Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome) in female cases
Fetal anomalies v1.718 MED12 Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: MED12 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.717 GNB1 Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of pathogenicity: Gen2Phen entry for GNB1 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gene2phenotype/gfd?dbID=2121) lists the mutation consequence summary as Activating
Fetal anomalies v1.716 GRIN1 Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: The Q3_21_MOI tag has been added to this gene as the MOI should be changed to - BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal.; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: The Q3_21_MOI tag has been added to this gene as the MOI should be changed to - BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal.
Fetal anomalies v1.715 GRIN1 Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: The Q3_21_MOI tag has been added to this gene as the MOI should be changed to - BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal.
Fetal anomalies v1.634 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: KIDINS220 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Fetal anomalies v1.632 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: KIDINS220 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.630 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.; to: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 22048169 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.
Fetal anomalies v1.630 KIDINS220 Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures in the following two publications:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.; to: Associated with Spastic paraplegia, intellectual disability, nystagmus, and obesity #617296 in OMIM for monoallelic cases.

2 biallelic cases associated with cerebral ventriculomegaly and limb contractures, plus a mouse model that shows some phenotypic overlap:

PMID: 33205811 - Jacquemin et al 2021 - report a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which 3 fetuses presented with brain ventriculomegaly and limb contractures. Autopsy of one fetus identifed bilateral club feet and club hands. They were found by WES to share a very rare homozygous variant of KIDINS220 (c.2327_2336del, Gln713_Leu715del). Parents and healthy siblings were heterozygous for this variant. Severe ventriculomegaly was diagnosed as early as 14 weeks. Binding of KIDINS220 to TrkA is decreased by the deletion mutation.

PMID: 28934391 - Mero et al 2017 - report a consanguineous couple in which 4 fetuses presented with enlarged cerebral ventricles and limb contractures. Exome sequencing in two of the fetuses found a shared homozygous frameshift variant in exon 24 in KIDINS220 ((NM_020738:c.3394_3403del; p.Gln1132Serfs*30). Healthy family members were either carriers or homozygous for the wild-type allele. It is thought that the variant leads to NMD and complete loss of KIDINS220 protein.

PMID: 28934391 - Cesca et al 2011 - report a Kidins220 mutant mouse. Kidins220 -/- mice die at late stages of gestation and show extensive neuronal cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart malformations.
Fetal anomalies v1.625 OTUD5 Arina Puzriakova gene: OTUD5 was added
gene: OTUD5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review
Q2_21_rating tags were added to gene: OTUD5.
Mode of inheritance for gene: OTUD5 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: OTUD5 were set to 33131077; 33523931
Phenotypes for gene: OTUD5 were set to Multiple congenital anomalies-neurodevelopmental syndrome, X-linked, OMIM:301056
Review for gene: OTUD5 was set to GREEN
Added comment: OTUD5 is associated with a relevant phenotype in OMIM but not yet in Gene2Phenotype.

- PMID: 33131077 (2021) - 13 male patients from a single family with three generations affected. Patients presented prenatally or during the neonatal period with IUGR, ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, hypotonia, congenital heart defects, hypospadias, and severe neurodevelopmental delay. The disease is typically fatal during infancy, mainly due to sepsis (pneumonias). Female carriers are asymptomatic. WGS in four individuals identified a unique candidate variant in the OTUD5 gene (NM_017602.3:c.598G > A, p.Glu200Lys). The variant cosegregated with the disease in 10 tested individuals.

- PMID: 33523931 (2021) - Another 10 individuals from 7 families reported. Key features include poor growth, global developmental delay with impaired intellectual development, and variable abnormalities of the cardiac, skeletal, and genitourinary systems. Most affected individuals also have hypotonia and dysmorphic craniofacial features. Brain imaging typically shows enlarged ventricles and thin corpus callosum; some have microcephaly, whereas others have hydrocephalus. The severity of the disorder is highly variable, ranging from death in early infancy to survival into the second or third decade.
Sources: Expert Review
Fetal anomalies v1.614 ISCA-46302-Gain Catherine Snow Region: ISCA-46302-Gain was added
Region: ISCA-46302-Gain was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: ClinGen
for-review tags were added to Region: ISCA-46302-Gain.
Mode of inheritance for Region: ISCA-46302-Gain was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for Region: ISCA-46302-Gain were set to 22518125; 17504899; 20685758
Phenotypes for Region: ISCA-46302-Gain were set to gonadal dysgenesis
Review for Region: ISCA-46302-Gain was set to AMBER
Added comment: Addition of region inline with ClinGen region. Reviewed by GEL clinical for application for panel the phenotype, may escape detection in fetal life. The fetal team have rated the gene NR0B1 green, the CNV should be added too.
Sources: ClinGen
Fetal anomalies v1.610 SUFU Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: SUFU was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.229 AMMECR1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: AMMECR1 was added
gene: AMMECR1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: AMMECR1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: AMMECR1 were set to Midface hypoplasia, hearing impairment, elliptocytosis, and nephrocalcinosis, 300990
Review for gene: AMMECR1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): IUGR and IGF abnormalities
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.215 DNM2 Rhiannon Mellis gene: DNM2 was added
gene: DNM2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: DNM2 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: DNM2 were set to PMID: 30208955
Phenotypes for gene: DNM2 were set to Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 5, 615368
Review for gene: DNM2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Arthrogryposis

Additional comment: AR Phenotype = lethal congenital contracture syndrome – definite prenatal phenotype with arthrogryposis, decreased fetal movements, polyhydramnios. Mutations only identified in three siblings although supported by animal models --> Moderate evidence for arthrogryposis --> Made green on arthrogryposis panel after internal discussion (Jan 2017)

NB in 2018 a further report of 3 unrelated cases with heterozygous DNM2 pathogenic variants with a more severe phenotype than usual for the AD disease (centronuclear myopathy) – all 3 had severe hypotonia and respiratory distress from birth. 1 had reduced fetal movements, polyhydramnios, distal contractures at birth (born at 29/40). 1 had micrognathia and clenched fists prenatally, multiple contractures at birth. All 3 were ventilator-dependent and died within first few months of life. (i.e. some overlap with the lethal congenital contracture phenotype despite heterozygous variants). PMID: 30208955
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.215 EIF2S3 Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: EIF2S3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: MEHMO syndrome, 300148; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.205 PIH1D3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: PIH1D3 was added
gene: PIH1D3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: PIH1D3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PIH1D3 were set to Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 36, X-linked
Review for gene: PIH1D3 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Laterality disorders and isomerism; Primary ciliary disorders
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.205 POLG2 Rhiannon Mellis gene: POLG2 was added
gene: POLG2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: POLG2 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: POLG2 were set to Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 16 (hepatic type); Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, autosomal dominant 4
Review for gene: POLG2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Neuromuscular disorders
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.201 RBM10 Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: RBM10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: TARP syndrome; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.200 RPL10 Rhiannon Mellis gene: RPL10 was added
gene: RPL10 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: RPL10 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: RPL10 were set to Mental retardation, X-linked, syndromic, 35
Review for gene: RPL10 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): IUGR and IGF abnormalities; Severe microcephaly
Sources: Expert list
Fetal anomalies v1.195 SCLT1 Rhiannon Mellis gene: SCLT1 was added
gene: SCLT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SCLT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: SCLT1 were set to No OMIM phenotype; Oro-facio-digital syndrome type IX; Senior-Løken Syndrome
Review for gene: SCLT1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Green on related panel(s): Rare multisystem ciliopathy Super panel


Copied from rare multisystem ciliopathies panel:
PMID: 24285566 - Adly et al 2014 - 1 case with index patient with consanguineous Saudi parents and a severe ciliopathy phenotype. He had severe midline cleft lip and palate, microcephaly and choanal atresia. He also had significant eye involvement in the form of severe coloboma, and congenital heart disease (ASD and VSD). He had micropenis. Brain imaging revealed pachygyria and absent corpus callosum. He had abnormal inner ear structures. A splicing mutation was identified in SCLT1 (, NM_144643.2:exon5:c.290+2T>C). This mutation completely abolishes the consensus donor site of exon 5 as confirmed by RTPCR, which showed complete skipping of exon 5 resulting in a frameshift and introduction of a premature stop codon (p.Lys79Valfs*4),

PMID: 28005958 - de Castro-Miró et al 2016 - A cohort of 33 pedigrees affected with a variety of retinal disorders was analysed by WES. 1 case with compound heterozygosity (one missense and one splicing altering mutations) in SCLT1 that segregates with the condition in the family (2 affected siblings). Proposed to be causative of early-onset Retinitis Pigmentosa. SCLT1 is a member of the centrosomal/ciliary protein family.

PMID: 28486600 - Li et al 2017 - report a mouse model with mutated Sclt1 gene. The Sclt1-/- mice exhibit typical ciliopathy phenotypes, including cystic kidney, cleft palate and polydactyly.

PMID: 30425282 - Katagiri et al 2018 - a patient with Senior Løken syndrome and her unaffected parents revealed that the patient had infantile-onset retinal dystrophy and juvenile-onset nephronophthisis. Other systemic abnormalities included hepatic dysfunction, megacystis, mild learning disability, autism, obesity, and hyperinsulinemia. Whole-exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous SCLT1 variants (c.1218 + 3insT and c.1631A > G) in the patient. The unaffected parents were heterozygous for each variant. Transcript analysis using reverse transcription PCR demonstrated that the c.1218 + 3insT variant leads to exon 14 skipping (p.V383_M406del), while the other variant (c.1631A > G) primarily leads to exon 17 skipping (p.D480EfsX11) as well as minor amounts of two transcripts. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the Sclt1 protein was localized to the distal appendage of the photoreceptor basal body, indicating a ciliary protein.

= 3 cases plus a mouse model and functional evidence that the protein is a ciliary protein.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.187 SMS Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: SMS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: SNYDER-ROBINSON SYNDROME; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.187 SUFU Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: SUFU: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 33024317, 21289193; Phenotypes: Joubert syndrome 32; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v1.185 TNNT3 Rhiannon Mellis gene: TNNT3 was added
gene: TNNT3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TNNT3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: TNNT3 were set to 32779773
Phenotypes for gene: TNNT3 were set to Arthrogryposis, distal, type 2B2
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TNNT3 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Review for gene: TNNT3 was set to GREEN
Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in October 2020. This gene has a Green evidence rating on at least one other related PanelApp panel. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Rhiannon Mellis, and Richard Scott. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: add to the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene.

Additional comment: Clearly documented phenotype of distal arthrogryposis. Also, recent paper in Prenatal Diagnosis reporting a het pathogenic variant in TNNT3 in a fetus with FADS; that variant has previously only been described in a family with much milder distal arthrogryposis phenotype. PMID: 32779773

(copied from OMIM): In in vitro studies, Robinson et al. (2007) demonstrated that the TNNI2 R174Q (191043.0001) and R156X (191043.0002) mutations and the TNNT3 mutation R63H (600692.0001) resulted in a gain of function with increased ATPase activity in actin-activated myosin ATPase assays, reflecting increased calcium sensitivity and consistent with increased contractility. In patients, Robinson et al. (2007) concluded that the mutation would cause increased tension in developing muscles, thus resulting in contractures and limb deformities via an active process rather than a passive process. These findings implicated disturbed muscle function as the pathogenic mechanism underlying DA2B.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.185 USP9X Rhiannon Mellis reviewed gene: USP9X: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 99, MRX99; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.169 NONO Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: NONO: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32397791; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.91 SRY Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SRY was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v1.90 SRY Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SRY was changed from Other to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v1.89 SRY Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SRY was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to Other
Fetal anomalies v1.73 SHROOM4 Suzanne Drury gene: SHROOM4 was added
gene: SHROOM4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: SHROOM4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: SHROOM4 were set to 32565546
Phenotypes for gene: SHROOM4 were set to HP:0001274
Review for gene: SHROOM4 was set to AMBER
Added comment: Reported in fetal case series of abnormal corpus callosum PMID:32565546. Case also had Blake's pouch cyst, Turner syndrome: mos46,X, psu idic(X)(p11.2)[19/45,X[6]
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v1.68 REN Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: REN: PMID:31736371. He et al., performed a study to identify the potentially pathogenic gene variants that contribute to the AR renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) in an aborted fetus. WES was performed on the fetus and his parents. Compound heterozygous variants (c.963T>A, p.Y321X and c.492+1G>A splicing site mutation) were identified in the fetus, one inherited from each parent.
Fetal anomalies v1.36 PAICS Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:31600779. Pelet et al. report an AR inborn error of de novo purine synthesis due to homozygous missense vairant in PAICS (c.158A>G; p.Lys53Arg) in 2 siblings from the Faroe islands. Catalytic activity of the mutant protein was approx 25% of wild type levels. The siblings had multiple malformations resulting in early neonatal death.; to: PMID:31600779. Pelet et al. report an AR inborn error of de novo purine synthesis due to homozygous missense variant in PAICS (c.158A>G; p.Lys53Arg) in 2 siblings from the Faroe islands. Catalytic activity of the mutant protein was approx 25% of wild type levels. The siblings had multiple malformations resulting in early neonatal death.
Fetal anomalies v0.374 SHOX Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SHOX was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.347 GLA Rebecca Foulger gene: GLA was added
gene: GLA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Other
Mode of inheritance for gene: GLA was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: GLA were set to Fabry disease, 301500
Added comment: Added GLA to panel based on Green rating on Fetal hydrops panel V1.16, following email communication from Dominic McMullan (West Midlands, Oxford and Wessex GLH).
Sources: Other
Fetal anomalies v0.346 AMER1 Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: AMER1 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.345 FAM58A Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: FAM58A was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.339 SLC35A2 Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC35A2 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.334 PKD1 Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: PKD1 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.324 TRPV6 Rebecca Foulger gene: TRPV6 was added
gene: TRPV6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TRPV6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: TRPV6 were set to 29861107
Phenotypes for gene: TRPV6 were set to Transient Neonatal Hyperparathyroidism; Hyperparathyroidism, transient neonatal, 618188
Review for gene: TRPV6 was set to AMBER
Added comment: New gene:disorder association added to DDG2P in March 2019: Transient Neonatal Hyperparathyroidism. DDG2P Disease confidence: probable. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: loss of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance: biallelic.
Sources: Literature
Fetal anomalies v0.318 MYH10 Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: MYH10 is listed in DDG2P with a 'possible' Disease confidence rating and a monoallelic mode of inheritance/allelic requirement. Mutation consequence summary/MOP: loss of function.
Fetal anomalies v0.295 PDHA1 Anna de Burca reviewed gene: PDHA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26865159; Phenotypes: Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-alpha deficiency; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.287 PKD1 Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: PKD1 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.276 PKD1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PKD1: PMID:20558538 (Vujic et al., 2010) was added as a publication by Julia Baptista. The authors describe two pedigrees each with two patients with onset of polycystic kidney disease in-utero. Mutation analysis suggested that both families inherited, in trans, two incompletely penetrant PKD1 alleles, thus supporting autosomal recessive PKD.
Fetal anomalies v0.247 CNOT1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CNOT1: De Franco et al., 2019 (PMID:31006513) investigated a cohort of 107 individuals with pancreatic agenesis and definite/possible holoprosencephaly, and identified a heterozygous missense variant in CNOT1 (NM_016284.4; c.1603C>T (p.Arg535Cys)) in three unrelated individuals. The variant was de novo in two individuals, and was not present in the DNA sample from the third individual's father (maternal sample was unavailable). Mice required a homozygous variant to display a phenotype: in homozygous mice embryos (embryonically lethal) morphological abnormalities were apparent upon dissection including edema, a smaller dorsal pancreas, and exencephaly. The DDD study identified de novo CNOT1 variants in three individuals with developmental delay but none had holoprosencephaly, diabetes or pancreatic or neurological structural malformations. The authors therefore suggest that a mutation-specific mechanism rather than LOF is responsible for the pancreatic and holoprosencephaly phenotype.
Fetal anomalies v0.245 MUT Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: MUT.
Fetal anomalies v0.245 MUT Louise Daugherty commented on gene: MUT
Fetal anomalies v0.225 SUZ12 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: SUZ12: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March and April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: include on the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene. Additional notes from clinical review: Fetal relevance is borderline- PMIDs:28229514 and 30019515 report a set of features where it is unclear if they would be detected prenatally, including one case of increased head circumference at birth (but also one case with reduced head circumference at birth) some facial and limb features etc. Evidence wise, there are just enough cases from the literature (2 papers from the same group) to support inclusion: Imagawa et al., 2017 (PMID:28229514) identified a missense somatic mosaic mutation (c.1829A>T, p.Glu610Val) in SUZ12 in a patient with clinically suspected Weaver syndrome. Imagawa et al., 2018 (PMID:30019515) report two further Weaver syndrome-like patients with SUZ12 variants (a missense and a frameshift). On balance, it was decided that SUZ12 should be included on the Fetal anomalies panel.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28229514, 30019515
Fetal anomalies v0.222 BGN Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: BGN: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March and April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Originally rated Amber based on DDG2P Disease confidence of 'both DD and IF' for at least one disorder. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: include on the Fetal anomalies panel as a Green gene. Additional notes from clinical review: Review of BGN as Amber by Anna was before group review of the panel began. Following group review, it was decided that BGN should be included for the skeletal phenotype (Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia) with X-linked RECESSIVE inheritance.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v0.199 COG4 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: COG4: The evidence for Saul-Wilson syndrome (MIM:618150) comes from one 2018 paper (PMID:30290151): Ferreira et al. (PMID:30290151, 2018) identified 2 different de novo heterozygous vaiants in the COG4 gene in 14 individuals, c.1546G-A and c.1546G-C both of which give rise to an identical missense mutation (G516R). Functional analysis shows that a stable protein is produced and, despite Golgi collapse, glycosylation is relatively normal. Given the DD-G2P Disease confidence rating is 'probable' (March 2019), only a missense variant has been reported, and functional evidence doesn't yet show the effect of the protein alteration, I have kept the MOI for COG4 on the Fetal anomalies panel as biallelic (for the confirmed glycosylation disorder) and not included the monoallelic Saul-Wilson syndrome on the panel at this stage.
Fetal anomalies v0.199 COG4 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: COG4: COG4 is Green on the fetal panel based on 'confirmed' rating for a biallelic glycosylation disorder (COG4-CDG) and expert clinical review. A probable gene:disease disorder also exists in DD-Gene2Phenotype: Saul-Wilson syndrome. DDG2P Disease confidence: probable. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: all missense/in frame, gain of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance: monoallelic.

Saul-Wilson syndrome is a rare form of primordial dwarfism with severe pre-and postnatal growth retardation, and characteristic facial and radiographic features (PMID:30290151). Fetal relevance was confirmed by Anna de Burca but the evidence requires further investigation before the MOI is expanded to include monoallelic variants.
Fetal anomalies v0.197 DSTYK Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: DSTYK: Note that a new gene:disorder association was added to DDG2P in March 2019: Autosomal Recessive Complicated Spastic Paraparesis SPG23. DDG2P Disease confidence: probable. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: loss of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance: biallelic. Not yet included the spastic paraplegia phenotype (or biallelic inheritance) on this Fetal anomalies panel for DSTYK because the 3 families identified in PMID:28157540 have the same variant, and haplotype analysis suggests a Founder effect.
Fetal anomalies v0.189 VPS53 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: VPS53: VPS53 was added to the Fetal anomalies panel from the PAGE Additional Gene List (with rating: probable). New gene:disorder association added to DDG2P in March 2019: Progressive cerebella-cerebral atrophy type 2. DDG2P Disease confidence: confirmed. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: loss of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance: biallelic.
Fetal anomalies v0.188 PCGF2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PCGF2: New gene:disorder association added to DDG2P in March 2019: Craniofacial Neurological Cardiovascular and Skeletal Features. DDG2P Disease confidence: confirmed. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence: all missense/in frame. DDG2P mode of inheritance: monoallelic.
Fetal anomalies v0.184 RECQL4 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: RECQL4: Added comment: Additional evidence from PMID:29595812:AR maternal variant identified in RECQL4 from fetal exome sequencing in Chandler et al., 2018 (Rapid diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasia using targeted exome sequencing, PMID:29595812). No molecular diagnosis confirmed- single mutation in AR/recessive gene, suggestive of Baller-Gerold syndrome.; Changed publications: 29595812
Fetal anomalies v0.166 HYDIN Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: HYDIN: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but can exclude from causing situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019) plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL), there is fairly firm evidence that mutations in HYDIN cause PCD without laterality defects/Situs Invertis. Variant flagged as Potentially Clinically Useful from PAGE study. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED
Fetal anomalies v0.166 GAS8 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: GAS8: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but highly unlikely to cause situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019), GAS8 has not previously been associated with Situs defects in the literature. Plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL) that mutations in GAS8 are not associated with laterality defects, including in mice. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED; Changed publications: 30166424
Fetal anomalies v0.166 CCDC65 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: CCDC65: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but highly unlikely to cause situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019), CCDC65 (DRC2) has not previously been associated with Situs defects in the literature. Plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL) that mutations in CCDC65/DRC2 are not associated with laterality defects, including in mice. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED; Changed publications: 30166424
Fetal anomalies v0.166 CCNO Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: CCNO: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but can exclude from causing situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019) plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL), there is fairly firm evidence that mutations in CCNO cause PCD without laterality defects/Situs Invertis. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED; Changed publications: 30166424
Fetal anomalies v0.166 RSPH3 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: RSPH3: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but can exclude from causing situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019), RSPH3 has not previously been associated with Situs defects in the literature. Plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL) that there is fairly firm evidence that mutations in RSPH3 cause PCD without laterality defects/Situs Invertis. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED; Changed publications: 30166424
Fetal anomalies v0.166 RSPH1 Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: RSPH1: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were discussed during review of borderline cases in April 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Additional notes from clinical review: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) but can exclude from causing situs defects. According to PMID:30166424 (Best et al., 2019) plus email correspondance from Hannah Mitchison (UCL), there is fairly firm evidence that mutations in RSPH1 cause PCD without laterality defects/Situs Invertis. Action taken: Demoted gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED; Changed publications: 30166424
Fetal anomalies v0.152 POLR3A Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: New gene:disorder association added to DDG2P on 27/03/2019 (after expert clinical review of POLR3A on Fetal anomalies panel): Autosomal Recessive Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Syndrome. DDG2P Disease confidence for Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Syndrome: confirmed. DDG2P mode of pathogenicity/mutation consequence for Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Syndrome: loss of function. DDG2P mode of inheritance for Wiedemann Rautenstrauch Syndrome: biallelic.
Fetal anomalies v0.146 IKBKG Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: IKBKG was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.135 MUT Rebecca Foulger Source Expert Review Red was added to MUT.
Rating Changed from Green List (high evidence) to Red List (low evidence)
Fetal anomalies v0.135 IKBKG Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene IKBKG was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Fetal anomalies v0.134 MUT Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: MUT: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Phenotype is not fetally-relevant. Action taken: Demoted MUT gene rating from Green to Red.; Changed rating: RED
Fetal anomalies v0.134 CDKN1C Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: CDKN1C: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: keep on the Fetal anomalies panel as Green. Additional notes from clinical review: Point mutations in CDKN1C can cause phenotypes, and be picked up by this panel. OMIM confirms that CDKN1C is paternally-imprinted with preferential expression of the maternal allele.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, paternally imprinted (maternal allele expressed)
Fetal anomalies v0.134 CASK Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: CASK: Added comment: This gene and phenotype were reviewed during meetings at Great Ormond Street hospital in March 2019. Clinical review and curation was performed by Lyn Chitty, Anna de Burca, Rhiannon Mellis, Richard Scott, Ellen McDonagh and Rebecca Foulger. Outcome of review: Confirmed that phenotype is fetally-relevant: keep on the Fetal anomalies panel as Green. Additional notes from clinical review: Phenotype includes structural brain abnormalities.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Fetal anomalies v0.115 STAG2 Rebecca Foulger gene: STAG2 was added
gene: STAG2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Green
Mode of inheritance for gene: STAG2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Publications for gene: STAG2 were set to 30158690; 29263825; 28296084
Phenotypes for gene: STAG2 were set to STAG2-related developmental delay with microcephaly and congenital anomalies
Fetal anomalies v0.101 TWIST2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TWIST2: Communication from Deirdre Cilliers, Oxford University Hospitals (via email, February 2019) to support Green rating: Yes [TWIST2 should be on the Fetal anomalies panel]. Very particular mutations which improve the chance of variant interpretation - gain of function for Barber-Say and ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome. May present with ambiguous genitalia (microarray may identify a male karyotype when thought that female genitalia were seen on scan) or talipes which may be identified, but other features not clear on scan (loss of lateral lower lip). Setleis type of focal facial dermal dysplasia would not present prenatally, although there is a small chance of an incidental finding if this gene is on the panel.
Fetal anomalies v0.98 SUFU Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: SUFU: In 4 children from 2 unrelated consanguineous families (Egyptian and Italian) with Joubert syndrome-32 (JBTS32; 617757), De Mori et al. (2017, PMID:28965847) identified 2 different homozygous missense mutations in the SUFU gene.
Fetal anomalies v0.83 DNAH5 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: DNAH5: Communication from Deirdre Cilliers, Oxford University Hospitals (via email, February 2019) to support Green rating: Yes [DNAH5 should be on the Fetal anomalies panel]. The prenatal phenotype would be heterotaxy and often seen on ultrasound scan and about half of affected pregnancies with this mutation would have this phenotype.
Fetal anomalies v0.81 DEAF1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: DEAF1: Communication from Deirdre Cilliers, Oxford University Hospitals (via email, February 2019): Probably not [include DEAF1 on the Fetal anomalies panel] if the panel was requested only for fetal structural anomalies. Difficult to decide as one would like to make this diagnosis prenatally. However, no structural features on ultrasound scan and this would make variant interpretation difficult – especially as some of the mutations have been missense mutations.
Fetal anomalies v0.74 IFIH1 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: IFIH1: Communication from Deirdre Cilliers, Oxford University Hospitals (via email, February 2019) to support Green rating: Yes [IFIH1 should be on the Fetal anomalies panel]. Aicardi-Goutieres is often missed in the prenatal period as it is assumed that there is congenital infection present (even if testing negative). When reading through the cases in the literature, I think that later ultrasound scans in pregnancy might have identified some of the IFIH1 mutations in addition to the more commonly found TREX1. I have had two families in the past 2 years where I suggested the diagnosis in the prenatal period, although in one family with two affected pregnancies we never found the mutations. However, the phenotype is also clear on ultrasound scan as it looks like infection and the screen for this is negative.
Fetal anomalies v0.48 BGN Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: BGN was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Fetal anomalies v0.9 MUT Rebecca Foulger reviewed gene: MUT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance:
Fetal anomalies v0.9 MECP2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: MECP2: DDG2P rating in original PAGE list: Confirmed for RETT SYNDROME (RTT)[, Confirmed for MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED LUBS TYPE, Confirmed for MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED TYPE 13, Confirmed for CHROMOSOME XQ28 DUPLICATION SYNDROME, and Confirmed for ENCEPHALOPATHY NEONATAL SEVERE DUE TO MECP2 MUTATIONS.
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ZNF711 Rebecca Foulger gene: ZNF711 was added
gene: ZNF711 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZNF711 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ZNF711 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED ZNF711-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ZIC3 Rebecca Foulger gene: ZIC3 was added
gene: ZIC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZIC3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ZIC3 were set to VACTERL ASSOCIATION, X-LINKED, WITH OR WITHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ZDHHC9 Rebecca Foulger gene: ZDHHC9 was added
gene: ZDHHC9 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZDHHC9 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ZDHHC9 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED ZDHHC9-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ZC4H2 Rebecca Foulger gene: ZC4H2 was added
gene: ZC4H2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZC4H2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: ZC4H2 were set to ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGENITA AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 WDR45 Rebecca Foulger gene: WDR45 was added
gene: WDR45 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR45 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: WDR45 were set to NEURODEGENERATION WITH BRAIN IRON ACCUMULATION
Fetal anomalies v0.1 USP9X Rebecca Foulger gene: USP9X was added
gene: USP9X was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: USP9X was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: USP9X were set to MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 99
Fetal anomalies v0.1 USP27X Rebecca Foulger gene: USP27X was added
gene: USP27X was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: USP27X was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: USP27X were set to INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UPF3B Rebecca Foulger gene: UPF3B was added
gene: UPF3B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: UPF3B was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: UPF3B were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED TYPE 14
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UBE2A Rebecca Foulger gene: UBE2A was added
gene: UBE2A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: UBE2A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: UBE2A were set to UBE2A-RELATED X-LINKED SYNDROMIC MENTAL RETARDATION
Fetal anomalies v0.1 UBA1 Rebecca Foulger gene: UBA1 was added
gene: UBA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: UBA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: UBA1 were set to Spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked 2, infantile 301830
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TSPAN7 Rebecca Foulger gene: TSPAN7 was added
gene: TSPAN7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TSPAN7 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TSPAN7 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 58
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TRAPPC2 Rebecca Foulger gene: TRAPPC2 was added
gene: TRAPPC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC2 were set to SPONDYLOEPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA TARDA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TIMM8A Rebecca Foulger gene: TIMM8A was added
gene: TIMM8A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TIMM8A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TIMM8A were set to JENSEN SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 THOC2 Rebecca Foulger gene: THOC2 was added
gene: THOC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: THOC2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: THOC2 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 12
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TBX22 Rebecca Foulger gene: TBX22 was added
gene: TBX22 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TBX22 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TBX22 were set to CLEFT PALATE, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TAZ Rebecca Foulger gene: TAZ was added
gene: TAZ was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TAZ was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TAZ were set to BARTH SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 TAF1 Rebecca Foulger gene: TAF1 was added
gene: TAF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: TAF1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: TAF1 were set to Dysmorphic Features, Intellectual Disability, and Neurological Manifestations
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SYP Rebecca Foulger gene: SYP was added
gene: SYP was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SYP was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SYP were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED SYP-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SYN1 Rebecca Foulger gene: SYN1 was added
gene: SYN1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: SYN1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SYN1 were set to EPILEPSY, X-LINKED, WITH VARIABLE LEARNING DISABILITIES AND BEHAVIOR DISORDERS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 STS Rebecca Foulger gene: STS was added
gene: STS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: STS was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: STS were set to ICHTHYOSIS, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SRY Rebecca Foulger gene: SRY was added
gene: SRY was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SRY was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SRY were set to 46XY SEX REVERSAL 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SOX3 Rebecca Foulger gene: SOX3 was added
gene: SOX3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SOX3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: SOX3 were set to SEX REVERSAL TYPE 3
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SMS Rebecca Foulger gene: SMS was added
gene: SMS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: SMS was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SMS were set to SNYDER-ROBINSON SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SMC1A Rebecca Foulger gene: SMC1A was added
gene: SMC1A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SMC1A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: SMC1A were set to CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SLC9A6 Rebecca Foulger gene: SLC9A6 was added
gene: SLC9A6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC9A6 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SLC9A6 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED CHRISTIANSON TYPE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SLC6A8 Rebecca Foulger gene: SLC6A8 was added
gene: SLC6A8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC6A8 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SLC6A8 were set to X-LINKED CREATINE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 SLC16A2 Rebecca Foulger gene: SLC16A2 was added
gene: SLC16A2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC16A2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: SLC16A2 were set to MCT8 (SLC16A2)-SPECIFIC THYROID HORMONE CELL TRANSPORTER DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RPS6KA3 Rebecca Foulger gene: RPS6KA3 was added
gene: RPS6KA3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: RPS6KA3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: RPS6KA3 were set to COFFIN-LOWRY SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RLIM Rebecca Foulger gene: RLIM was added
gene: RLIM was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: RLIM was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: RLIM were set to INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RBM10 Rebecca Foulger gene: RBM10 was added
gene: RBM10 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: RBM10 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: RBM10 were set to TARP SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 RAB39B Rebecca Foulger gene: RAB39B was added
gene: RAB39B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: RAB39B was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: RAB39B were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 72 (MRX72) +/- PARKINSONS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PTCHD1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PTCHD1 was added
gene: PTCHD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PTCHD1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PTCHD1 were set to AUTISM/ID
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PRPS1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PRPS1 was added
gene: PRPS1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PRPS1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PRPS1 were set to CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE X-LINKED RECESSIVE TYPE 5
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PQBP1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PQBP1 was added
gene: PQBP1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PQBP1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PQBP1 were set to RENPENNING S(YNDROME 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PORCN Rebecca Foulger gene: PORCN was added
gene: PORCN was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PORCN was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: PORCN were set to FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PLP1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PLP1 was added
gene: PLP1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PLP1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PLP1 were set to LEUKODYSTROPHY HYPOMYELINATING TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PIGA Rebecca Foulger gene: PIGA was added
gene: PIGA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PIGA was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PIGA were set to MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES-HYPOTONIA-SEIZURES SYNDROME 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PHF8 Rebecca Foulger gene: PHF8 was added
gene: PHF8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PHF8 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PHF8 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED SIDERIUS TYPE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PHF6 Rebecca Foulger gene: PHF6 was added
gene: PHF6 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PHF6 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PHF6 were set to BOERJESON-FORSSMAN-LEHMANN SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PGK1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PGK1 was added
gene: PGK1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PGK1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PGK1 were set to PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE 1 DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PDHA1 Rebecca Foulger gene: PDHA1 was added
gene: PDHA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PDHA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: PDHA1 were set to X-LINKED LEIGH SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PCDH19 Rebecca Foulger gene: PCDH19 was added
gene: PCDH19 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PCDH19 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: PCDH19 were set to EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY EARLY INFANTILE TYPE 9
Fetal anomalies v0.1 PAK3 Rebecca Foulger gene: PAK3 was added
gene: PAK3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: PAK3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: PAK3 were set to AGENESIS OF THE CORPUS CALLOSUM
Fetal anomalies v0.1 OTC Rebecca Foulger gene: OTC was added
gene: OTC was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: OTC was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: OTC were set to ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 OPHN1 Rebecca Foulger gene: OPHN1 was added
gene: OPHN1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: OPHN1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: OPHN1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED OPHN1-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 OFD1 Rebecca Foulger gene: OFD1 was added
gene: OFD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: OFD1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: OFD1 were set to ORAL-FACIAL-DIGITAL SYNDROME TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 OCRL Rebecca Foulger gene: OCRL was added
gene: OCRL was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: OCRL was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: OCRL were set to LOWE OCULOCEREBRORENAL SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NYX Rebecca Foulger gene: NYX was added
gene: NYX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NYX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NYX were set to NIGHT BLINDNESS, CONGENITAL STATIONARY, TYPE 1A
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NSDHL Rebecca Foulger gene: NSDHL was added
gene: NSDHL was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NSDHL was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: NSDHL were set to CK SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NR0B1 Rebecca Foulger gene: NR0B1 was added
gene: NR0B1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: NR0B1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: NR0B1 were set to 46XY sex reversal 2, dosage-sensitive 300018
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NONO Rebecca Foulger gene: NONO was added
gene: NONO was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NONO was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NONO were set to SYNDROMIC INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NHS Rebecca Foulger gene: NHS was added
gene: NHS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NHS was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NHS were set to NANCE-HORAN SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NEXMIF Rebecca Foulger gene: NEXMIF was added
gene: NEXMIF was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NEXMIF was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: NEXMIF were set to KIAA2022
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFB11 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFB11 was added
gene: NDUFB11 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFB11 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFB11 were set to MICROPHTHALMIA WITH LINEAR SKIN DEFECTS SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDUFA1 Rebecca Foulger gene: NDUFA1 was added
gene: NDUFA1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA1 were set to MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NDP Rebecca Foulger gene: NDP was added
gene: NDP was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NDP was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: NDP were set to NORRIE DISEASE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 NAA10 Rebecca Foulger gene: NAA10 was added
gene: NAA10 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: NAA10 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: NAA10 were set to NONPECIFIC SEVERE ID
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MUT Rebecca Foulger gene: MUT was added
gene: MUT was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MUT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: MUT were set to METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA TYPE MUT
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MTM1 Rebecca Foulger gene: MTM1 was added
gene: MTM1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MTM1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MTM1 were set to MYOTUBULAR MYOPATHY, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MSL3 Rebecca Foulger gene: MSL3 was added
gene: MSL3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MSL3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: MSL3 were set to MSL3 syndrome
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MID1 Rebecca Foulger gene: MID1 was added
gene: MID1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MID1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MID1 were set to OPITZ G/BBB SYNDROME, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MED12 Rebecca Foulger gene: MED12 was added
gene: MED12 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MED12 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MED12 were set to OPITZ-KAVEGGIA SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MECP2 Rebecca Foulger Added phenotypes ENCEPHALOPATHY NEONATAL SEVERE DUE TO MECP2 MUTATIONS for gene: MECP2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MECP2 Rebecca Foulger gene: MECP2 was added
gene: MECP2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: MECP2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: MECP2 were set to RETT SYNDROME (RTT)[
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MBTPS2 Rebecca Foulger gene: MBTPS2 was added
gene: MBTPS2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: MBTPS2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MBTPS2 were set to IFAP syndrome with or without BRESHECK syndrome 308205
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MAOA Rebecca Foulger gene: MAOA was added
gene: MAOA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: MAOA was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MAOA were set to BRUNNER SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 MAMLD1 Rebecca Foulger gene: MAMLD1 was added
gene: MAMLD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: MAMLD1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: MAMLD1 were set to X-LINKED HYPOSPADIAS TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 LAMP2 Rebecca Foulger gene: LAMP2 was added
gene: LAMP2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: LAMP2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: LAMP2 were set to DANON DISEASE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 L1CAM Rebecca Foulger gene: L1CAM was added
gene: L1CAM was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: L1CAM was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: L1CAM were set to MENTAL RETARDATION-APHASIA-SHUFFLING GAIT-ADDUCTED THUMBS SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KDM6A Rebecca Foulger gene: KDM6A was added
gene: KDM6A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: KDM6A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: KDM6A were set to KABUKI SYNDROME 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 KDM5C Rebecca Foulger gene: KDM5C was added
gene: KDM5C was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: KDM5C was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: KDM5C were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED JARID1C-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 IQSEC2 Rebecca Foulger gene: IQSEC2 was added
gene: IQSEC2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: IQSEC2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: IQSEC2 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 IL1RAPL1 Rebecca Foulger gene: IL1RAPL1 was added
gene: IL1RAPL1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: IL1RAPL1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: IL1RAPL1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 21
Fetal anomalies v0.1 IKBKG Rebecca Foulger gene: IKBKG was added
gene: IKBKG was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: IKBKG was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: IKBKG were set to IMMUNODEFICIENCY NEMO-RELATED WITHOUT ANHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 IGSF1 Rebecca Foulger gene: IGSF1 was added
gene: IGSF1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: IGSF1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: IGSF1 were set to CENTRAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND TESTICULAR ENLARGEMENT
Fetal anomalies v0.1 IDS Rebecca Foulger gene: IDS was added
gene: IDS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: IDS was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: IDS were set to MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HUWE1 Rebecca Foulger gene: HUWE1 was added
gene: HUWE1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HUWE1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: HUWE1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED TURNER TYPE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HSD17B10 Rebecca Foulger gene: HSD17B10 was added
gene: HSD17B10 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HSD17B10 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: HSD17B10 were set to 2-METHYL-3-HYDROXYBUTYRYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HPRT1 Rebecca Foulger gene: HPRT1 was added
gene: HPRT1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HPRT1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: HPRT1 were set to GOUT HPRT-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HNRNPH2 Rebecca Foulger gene: HNRNPH2 was added
gene: HNRNPH2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: HNRNPH2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: HNRNPH2 were set to Neurodevelopmental Disorder in Females
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HDAC8 Rebecca Foulger gene: HDAC8 was added
gene: HDAC8 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HDAC8 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: HDAC8 were set to CORNELIA DE LANGE-LIKE SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HCFC1 Rebecca Foulger gene: HCFC1 was added
gene: HCFC1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HCFC1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: HCFC1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION, X-LINKED 3
Fetal anomalies v0.1 HCCS Rebecca Foulger gene: HCCS was added
gene: HCCS was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: HCCS was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: HCCS were set to MICROPHTHALMIA SYNDROMIC TYPE 7
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GSPT2 Rebecca Foulger gene: GSPT2 was added
gene: GSPT2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: GSPT2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: GSPT2 were set to XL INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GRIA3 Rebecca Foulger gene: GRIA3 was added
gene: GRIA3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GRIA3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: GRIA3 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 94
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GPKOW Rebecca Foulger gene: GPKOW was added
gene: GPKOW was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE Additional Gene List,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: GPKOW was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: GPKOW were set to 28612833
Phenotypes for gene: GPKOW were set to male-lethal microcephaly with intrauterine growth restriction
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GPC3 Rebecca Foulger gene: GPC3 was added
gene: GPC3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GPC3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: GPC3 were set to SIMPSON-GOLABI-BEHMEL SYNDROME, TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GK Rebecca Foulger gene: GK was added
gene: GK was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GK was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: GK were set to GLYCEROL KINASE DEFICIENCY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 GDI1 Rebecca Foulger gene: GDI1 was added
gene: GDI1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: GDI1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: GDI1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 41
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FTSJ1 Rebecca Foulger gene: FTSJ1 was added
gene: FTSJ1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FTSJ1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FTSJ1 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 44
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FRMPD4 Rebecca Foulger gene: FRMPD4 was added
gene: FRMPD4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: FRMPD4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FRMPD4 were set to Intellectual Disability
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FRMD7 Rebecca Foulger gene: FRMD7 was added
gene: FRMD7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FRMD7 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FRMD7 were set to NYSTAGMUS 1, CONGENITAL, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FOXP3 Rebecca Foulger gene: FOXP3 was added
gene: FOXP3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FOXP3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FOXP3 were set to IPEX SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FMR1 Rebecca Foulger gene: FMR1 was added
gene: FMR1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FMR1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: FMR1 were set to FRAGILE X TREMOR/ATAXIA SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FLNA Rebecca Foulger gene: FLNA was added
gene: FLNA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FLNA was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: FLNA were set to OTOPALATODIGITAL SYNDROME TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FHL1 Rebecca Foulger gene: FHL1 was added
gene: FHL1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FHL1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FHL1 were set to EMERY-DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 6, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FGD1 Rebecca Foulger gene: FGD1 was added
gene: FGD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FGD1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FGD1 were set to AARSKOG-SCOTT SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 FANCB Rebecca Foulger gene: FANCB was added
gene: FANCB was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: FANCB was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: FANCB were set to FANCB-RELATED FANCONI ANEMIA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 EMD Rebecca Foulger gene: EMD was added
gene: EMD was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: EMD was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: EMD were set to Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1, X-linked 310300
Fetal anomalies v0.1 EIF2S3 Rebecca Foulger gene: EIF2S3 was added
gene: EIF2S3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: EIF2S3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: EIF2S3 were set to Syndromic ID with severe microcephaly
Fetal anomalies v0.1 EFNB1 Rebecca Foulger gene: EFNB1 was added
gene: EFNB1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: EFNB1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: EFNB1 were set to CRANIOFRONTONASAL SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 EDA Rebecca Foulger gene: EDA was added
gene: EDA was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: EDA was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: EDA were set to ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 EBP Rebecca Foulger gene: EBP was added
gene: EBP was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: EBP was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: EBP were set to CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA 2, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 DLG3 Rebecca Foulger gene: DLG3 was added
gene: DLG3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: DLG3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: DLG3 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 90
Fetal anomalies v0.1 DKC1 Rebecca Foulger gene: DKC1 was added
gene: DKC1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: DKC1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: DKC1 were set to DKC1-RELATED DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
Fetal anomalies v0.1 DDX3X Rebecca Foulger gene: DDX3X was added
gene: DDX3X was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: DDX3X was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: DDX3X were set to INTELLECTUAL DIABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 DCX Rebecca Foulger gene: DCX was added
gene: DCX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: DCX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: DCX were set to SUBCORTICAL BAND HETEROTOPIA X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CUL4B Rebecca Foulger gene: CUL4B was added
gene: CUL4B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: CUL4B was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: CUL4B were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED CABEZAS TYPE
Fetal anomalies v0.1 COX7B Rebecca Foulger gene: COX7B was added
gene: COX7B was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: COX7B was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: COX7B were set to MICROPHTHALMIA WITH LINEAR SKIN LESIONS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CNKSR2 Rebecca Foulger gene: CNKSR2 was added
gene: CNKSR2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CNKSR2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: CNKSR2 were set to INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY WITH EPILEPSY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CHRDL1 Rebecca Foulger gene: CHRDL1 was added
gene: CHRDL1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: CHRDL1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: CHRDL1 were set to MEGALOCORNEA, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CDKL5 Rebecca Foulger gene: CDKL5 was added
gene: CDKL5 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: CDKL5 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: CDKL5 were set to EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY EARLY INFANTILE TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CCDC22 Rebecca Foulger gene: CCDC22 was added
gene: CCDC22 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: CCDC22 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: CCDC22 were set to SYNDROMIC X-LINKED INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 CASK Rebecca Foulger gene: CASK was added
gene: CASK was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: CASK was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: CASK were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED CASK-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BRWD3 Rebecca Foulger gene: BRWD3 was added
gene: BRWD3 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: BRWD3 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: BRWD3 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 93
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BGN Rebecca Foulger gene: BGN was added
gene: BGN was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: BGN was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: BGN were set to X-Linked Spondyloepimetaphyseal Dysplasia
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BCOR Rebecca Foulger gene: BCOR was added
gene: BCOR was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: BCOR was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: BCOR were set to MICROPHTHALMIA SYNDROMIC TYPE 2
Fetal anomalies v0.1 BCAP31 Rebecca Foulger gene: BCAP31 was added
gene: BCAP31 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: BCAP31 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: BCAP31 were set to DEAFNESS, DYSTONIA, AND CENTRAL HYPOMYELINATION WITH DISORGANIZATION OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ATRX Rebecca Foulger gene: ATRX was added
gene: ATRX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATRX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ATRX were set to MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMIC X-LINKED WITH HYPOTONIC FACIES SYNDROME TYPE 1
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ATP7A Rebecca Foulger gene: ATP7A was added
gene: ATP7A was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP7A was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ATP7A were set to OCCIPITAL HORN SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ARX Rebecca Foulger gene: ARX was added
gene: ARX was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ARX was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ARX were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED ARX-RELATED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ARSE Rebecca Foulger gene: ARSE was added
gene: ARSE was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ARSE was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ARSE were set to CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA 1, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 AR Rebecca Foulger gene: AR was added
gene: AR was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: AR was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: AR were set to SPINAL AND BULBAR MUSCULAR ATROPHY
Fetal anomalies v0.1 AP1S2 Rebecca Foulger gene: AP1S2 was added
gene: AP1S2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: AP1S2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: AP1S2 were set to MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 59
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ANOS1 Rebecca Foulger gene: ANOS1 was added
gene: ANOS1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE Additional Gene List
Mode of inheritance for gene: ANOS1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ANOS1 were set to Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 1 with or without anosmia (Kallmann syndrome 1) 308700
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ALG13 Rebecca Foulger gene: ALG13 was added
gene: ALG13 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ALG13 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes for gene: ALG13 were set to EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHIES.
Fetal anomalies v0.1 AIFM1 Rebecca Foulger gene: AIFM1 was added
gene: AIFM1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: AIFM1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: AIFM1 were set to COWCHOCK SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 AFF2 Rebecca Foulger gene: AFF2 was added
gene: AFF2 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: AFF2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: AFF2 were set to FRAGILE X-E MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROME
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ACSL4 Rebecca Foulger gene: ACSL4 was added
gene: ACSL4 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype,Expert Review Amber
Mode of inheritance for gene: ACSL4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ACSL4 were set to ALPORT SYNDROME WITH MENTAL RETARDATION MIDFACE HYPOPLASIA AND ELLIPTOCYTOSIS
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ABCD1 Rebecca Foulger gene: ABCD1 was added
gene: ABCD1 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ABCD1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ABCD1 were set to ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY, X-LINKED
Fetal anomalies v0.1 ABCB7 Rebecca Foulger gene: ABCB7 was added
gene: ABCB7 was added to Fetal anomalies. Sources: Expert Review Green,PAGE DD-Gene2Phenotype
Mode of inheritance for gene: ABCB7 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Phenotypes for gene: ABCB7 were set to ANEMIA, SIDEROBLASTIC, WITH ATAXIA