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| Skeletal dysplasia v8.5 | FGF4 |
Eleanor Williams gene: FGF4 was added gene: FGF4 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Q3_25_promote_green tags were added to gene: FGF4. Mode of inheritance for gene: FGF4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FGF4 were set to 40259859; 33210601 Phenotypes for gene: FGF4 were set to Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 22 without polydactyly, OMIM:621260; Jeune syndrome, MONDO:0018770 Review for gene: FGF4 was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 22 without polydactyly, OMIM:621260 (AR) PMID: 40259859 - Watts et al 2025 report 2 unrelated families (1 in the 100,000 Genomes project) with a clinical diagnosis of thoracic dystrophy with associated respiratory insufficiency. Family 1 - 2 affected boys clinically suspected to have Jeune syndrome, and 3 unaffected children born to healthy consanguineous 2nd cousin parents. Both affected individuals had narrow/small thorax and short ribs (11 pairs). 2nd child died at 3 months from respiratory infection. Both affected children were homozygous for a missense variant in FGF4 (c.256C>T p.(Leu86Phe)). Parents are confirmed carriers and 2 of the 3 unaffected siblings do not carry the variant. Family 2 - 1 male with a chest shape suggesting thoracic dystrophy and a clinical suspicion of Jeune syndrome. A biallelic missense variant in FGF4 NM_002007.4:c.611C>A p.(Pro204His) was identified. Parents were both heterozygous carriers. The variants are absent from gnomAD and UK Biobank and are predicted to be damaging by multiple in silico tools. PMID: 33210601 - Anderson et al 2020 - Mouse mutants lacking Fgf4 Fgf4 show a variety of segmentation defects in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae with 100% penetrance. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v7.34 | VPS33A |
Sarah Leigh gene: VPS33A was added gene: VPS33A was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Q1_25_ promote_green tags were added to gene: VPS33A. Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS33A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS33A were set to 27547915; 28013294; 31070736; 39273517 Phenotypes for gene: VPS33A were set to Mucopolysaccharidosis-plus syndrome, OMIM:617303; mucopolysaccharidosis-plus syndrome, MONDO:0015012 Review for gene: VPS33A was set to GREEN Added comment: There are numerous reports of the homozygous VPS33A variant: NM 022916.5: c.1492C > T, p.Arg498Trp in cases of Mucopolysaccharidosis-plus syndrome (OMIM:617303)(PMID: 27547915;28013294;31070736;39273517). Common features of this syndrome include: hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, respiratory difficulties, developmental delay including limited cognitive abilities and various skeletal issues (PMID: 27547915;28013294;31070736;39273517). Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v3.10 | KIF5B |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: KIF5B was added gene: KIF5B was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF5B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KIF5B were set to 35342932 Phenotypes for gene: KIF5B were set to kyphomelic dysplasia, MONDO:0008881 Review for gene: KIF5B was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 individuals were reported with Kyphomelic dysplasia, which is characterised by severe bowing of the limbs, sharp angulation of the femora and humeri, short stature, narrow thorax, distinctive facial features, and neonatal respiratory distress. All these individuals harboured a de novo heterozygous missense variant in KIF5B gene ( two with c.272A>G (p.Lys91Arg), one with c.584C>A (p.Thr195Lys), and the other with c.701G>T(p.Gly234Val)). All three variants involved conserved amino acids in or close to the ATPase activity-related motifs in the catalytic motor domain of the KIF5B protein. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v1.242 | TGDS |
Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: Associated with Catel-Manzke syndrome #616145 (AR) in OMIM. PMID: 25480037 - Ehmke et al 2014 - Catel-Manzke syndrome is characterized by Pierre Robin sequence and a unique form of bilateral hyperphalangy causing a clinodactyly of the index finger. They identified homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in TGDS in seven unrelated individuals with typical Catel-Manzke syndrome by exome sequencing. Six different TGDS mutations were detected: c.892A>G (p.Asn298Asp), c.270_271del (p.Lys91Asnfs(∗)22), c.298G>T (p.Ala100Ser), c.294T>G (p.Phe98Leu), c.269A>G (p.Glu90Gly), and c.700T>C (p.Tyr234His), all predicted to be disease causing. By using haplotype reconstruction they showed that the mutation c.298G>T is probably a founder mutation ; to: Associated with Catel-Manzke syndrome #616145 (AR) in OMIM. PMID: 25480037 - Ehmke et al 2014 - Catel-Manzke syndrome is characterized by Pierre Robin sequence and a unique form of bilateral hyperphalangy causing a clinodactyly of the index finger. They identified homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in TGDS in seven unrelated individuals with typical Catel-Manzke syndrome by exome sequencing. Six different TGDS mutations were detected: c.892A>G (p.Asn298Asp), c.270_271del (p.Lys91Asnfs(∗)22), c.298G>T (p.Ala100Ser), c.294T>G (p.Phe98Leu), c.269A>G (p.Glu90Gly), and c.700T>C (p.Tyr234His), all predicted to be disease causing. By using haplotype reconstruction they showed that the mutation c.298G>T is probably a founder mutation. 1 patient showed short toes, short humeri, short femora, 3 had clinodactyly V and 1 had brachymetacarpia and scoliosis. PMID: 26366375 - Pferdehirt et al 2015 - describe a 12-month-old male with molecularly confirmed Catel-Manzke syndrome who presented with Pierre Robin sequence (but without cleft palate) and hyperphalangy. This patient is on the severe end of the phenotypic spectrum, presenting with respiratory complications and failure to thrive. He has a homozygous p.Ala100Ser pathogenic variant. Both parents are heterozygous for this variant. PMID: 28422407 - Schoner et al 2017 - report on a fetus with severe heart defect, nuchal edema, talipes, Pierre-Robin sequence, and bilateral deviation and clinodactyly of the index and middle fingers. Postmortem radiographs showed hypoplasia and V-shaped displacement of the second and third proximal phalanges of both hands as well as hypoplasia of the first metatarsals and the phalangeal bones of the halluces. Two compound heterozygous mutations in TGDS were found: c.298G>T; p.(Ala100Ser) and c.895G>A; p.(Asp299Asn), located in the predicted substrate binding site of TGDS. Analyses of the parents’ blood DNA confirmed biparental inheritance. |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v1.166 | ICK |
Eleanor Williams commented on gene: ICK: Mouse model data PMID: 24853502 - Moon et al 2014 - Ick null mouse embryos displayed cleft palate, hydrocephalus, polydactyly, and delayed skeletal development, closely resembling ECO syndrome phenotypes. PMID: 24797473 - Chaya et al 2014 - ICK−/− mice died around birth probably because of respiratory failure. ICK−/− mice exhibited preaxial polydactyly in both fore and hind limbs. All four limbs were severely shortened in the ICK−/− mice at E18.5 PMID: 28380258 - Tong et al 2017 - created an Ick R272Q knock-in mouse model that recapitulates ECO pathological phenotypes. Their report focusses on the respiratory phenotype, but they report that mice displayed essential ECO pathological features such as polydactyly and shortened limbs. |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v1.140 | TRPV6 | Helen Brittain Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Sufficient cases, relevant phenotype. Therefore considered green. Also I will add it to the thoracic dystrophies and OI panels in view of the presentation with small chest / respiratory distress and fractures. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skeletal dysplasia v1.139 | TRPV6 |
Helen Brittain gene: TRPV6 was added gene: TRPV6 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRPV6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRPV6 were set to 29861107 Phenotypes for gene: TRPV6 were set to Hyperparathyroidism, transient neonatal, 618188 Penetrance for gene: TRPV6 were set to unknown Review for gene: TRPV6 was set to GREEN Added comment: 6 unrelated children with skeletal abnormalities detected in the third trimester of pregnancy, who presented at birth with elevated serum PTH and alkaline phosphatase activity, with normal or low ionized calcium. Skeletal anomalies included generalized osteopenia, narrow chest, short ribs with multiple healing fractures, and bowing or fractures of long bones. All affected individuals experienced postnatal respiratory difficulties requiring ventilatory support in the first few weeks to months of life. In addition, most showed poor feeding, with some requiring tube feeding. Sources: Literature |
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