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COVID-19 research v0.348 IRF2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: IRF2: Evidence Summary from Illumina curation team (Alison Coffey and Julie Taylor): IRF2 encodes interferon regulatory factor 2, a member of the family of transcription factors that play a role in regulating both the innate and adaptive immune response. IRF2 is an antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) which negatively regulates IFN signalling. (Lukele et al. 2019 -review). In both cell culture and the knock out Irf2-/- mouse model, Irf2 deficiency leads to an increase in susceptibility to viral infection (Schoggins et al. 2011; Karki et al. 2012; Matsuyama et al. 1993; Grieder et al. 1999). Irf2-/- mice also show increased susceptibility to neurotrophic viruses, including SINV and VSV, when compared to wild type mice. The compromised development and maturation of multiple immune cell types in the Irf2−/− mice which lead to reduced B cells and virus specific IgG levels in the brains of infected mice was linked to the pathogenic phenotype (Melody et al. 2016). These data suggest IRF2 may also play an important role in the development of the immune system.

PMID: 21478870 Schoggins et al. (2011) - The authors over expressed over 380 ISGs to test their ability to inhibit the replication of viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Each gene was expressed in a lentiviral construct transfected into various cell lines. Cells were challenged with GFP expressing virus and replication was quantified by flow cytometry. IRF2 was shown to be a anti-HCV ISGs.

PMID: 22615998 Karki et al. (2012) - Karki et al. used a library of lentiviruses individually expressing more than 350 ISGs, transduced in HuH-7 cells in the presence of absence of ZAP and identified IRF2 as an enhancer of viral inhibition upon infection with SINV. In confirmatory experiments, when both ZAP and IRF2 were knocked down, viral replication was significantly increased compared to ZAP or IRF2 silencing alone, which supports the results obtained in the ISG overexpression screen and suggests that endogenous ZAP and IRF2 might interact in a synergistic manner (Fig. 5).

PMID: 10208925 Grieder et al. (1999) - Irf2−/− mice show increased susceptibility to virulent Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus infection even after vaccination with attenuated VEE, suggesting IRF2 is required to mount a protective immune response (Grieder and Vogel, 1999)

PMID: 22113474 Gao et al. (2012) - The authors found IRF2 variants to be risk alleles for atopic dermatitis and eczema herpeticum. Eight SNPs were found to be significantly associated with reduced IFN-γ production after stimulation with herpes simplex virus. In the cohort, none of the SNPs showed association with HSV positivity.

PMID: 27899441 Melody et al. (2016) - Fig 1. Lrf2 mice show lethality upon peritoneal infection with either SINV or VSV virus (Fig 1) Irf2−/− and WT mice were challenged i.p. with SVN, a neurovirulent but noninvasive strain, which normally replicates only in the periphery without lethality in mice. Approximately 70% of the Irf2−/− mice succumbed to infection with SVN, whereas all of the WT littermate control mice survived (Fig. 1 A), indicating that IRF2 deficiency confers lethal neuroinvasive properties on the normally noninvasive SVN strain. Infection with VSV led to survival of all the WT mice, whereas ∼60% of the Irf2−/− mice suffered from paralysis and succumbed to infection. Staining using Evans blue showed that the integrity of the blood brain barrier is maintained during the infection(fig 2). The survival of lrf-/- mice treated with IFNAR-1 blocking antibody at 2dpi was similar to treatment with a control antibody, suggesting that peripheral elevation of type I IFN signalling is not responsible for the susceptibility (fig 3). Development and maturation of multiple immune cell subsets are compromised in Irf2−/− mice at baseline and upon SVN infection. B cells and virus-specific IgG level are significantly reduced in Irf2 -/- mouse brains, periorbital injection of naïve Bcells from WT mice 1day before infection did not affect lethality in the lrf2-/1 mice.
COVID-19 research v0.341 IRF2 Alison Coffey reviewed gene: IRF2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: ; Publications: 31155227, 21478870, 22615998, 8402903, 10208925, 22113474, 27899441; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance:
COVID-19 research v0.336 IRF2 Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: IRF2
COVID-19 research v0.333 IRF2 Rebecca Foulger gene: IRF2 was added
gene: IRF2 was added to COVID-19 research. Sources: Expert list,OMIM,Expert Review Green
Mode of inheritance for gene: IRF2 was set to Unknown
COVID-19 research v0.214 TMPRSS2 Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: Preprint https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.075911 reports rs35074065 of TMPRSS2 results in the overexpression of both TMPRSS2 and a nearby gene MX1. rs35074065 overlaps with a transcription factor binding site of an activator (IRF1) and a repressor (IRF2). IRF1 activator can bind to variant delC allele, but IRF2 repressor fails to bind. Thus, in an individual carrying the delC allele, there is only activation, but no repression. On viral entry, IRF1 mediated upregulation of MX1 leads to neutrophil infiltration and processing of 614G mutated Spike protein by neutrophil Elastase. The simultaneous processing of 614G spike protein by TMPRSS2 and Elastase serine proteases facilitates the entry of the 614G subtype into host cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2, particularly the 614G subtype, has spread more easily and with higher frequency to Europe and North America where the delC allele regulating expression of TMPRSS2 and MX1 host proteins is common, but not to East Asia where this allele is rare.; to: Preprint https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.04.075911 reports rs35074065 of TMPRSS2 results in the overexpression of both TMPRSS2 and a nearby gene MX1. rs35074065 overlaps with a transcription factor binding site of an activator (IRF1) and a repressor (IRF2). IRF1 activator can bind to variant delC allele, but IRF2 repressor fails to bind. Thus, in an individual carrying the delC allele of rs35074065, there is only activation, but no repression. On viral entry, IRF1 mediated upregulation of MX1 leads to neutrophil infiltration and processing of 614G variant viral Spike protein by neutrophil Elastase. The simultaneous processing of 614G spike protein by TMPRSS2 and Elastase serine proteases facilitates the entry of the 614G subtype into host cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2, particularly the 614G subtype, has spread more easily and with higher frequency to Europe and North America where the delC allele regulating expression of TMPRSS2 and MX1 host proteins is common, but not to East Asia where this allele is rare.
COVID-19 research v0.65 IRF2BP2 Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: IRF2BP2 were changed from Recurrent infections, possible autoimmunity and inflammatory disease; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; CVID to Recurrent infections, possible autoimmunity and inflammatory disease; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; CVID; Immunodeficiency, common variable, 14, MIM# 617765
COVID-19 research v0.64 IRF2BP2 Eleanor Williams Publications for gene: IRF2BP2 were set to 27016798; 32086639; 32048120
COVID-19 research v0.62 IRF2BP2 Eleanor Williams commented on gene: IRF2BP2
COVID-19 research v0.44 IRF2BP2 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IRF2BP2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27016798; Phenotypes: Immunodeficiency, common variable, 14, MIM# 617765; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
COVID-19 research v0.40 IRF2BP2 Ellen McDonagh Source Expert Review Green was added to IRF2BP2.
Added phenotypes Recurrent infections, possible autoimmunity and inflammatory disease; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; CVID for gene: IRF2BP2
Rating Changed from Red List (low evidence) to Green List (high evidence)
COVID-19 research v0.36 IRF2BP2 Ellen McDonagh gene: IRF2BP2 was added
gene: IRF2BP2 was added to Viral susceptibility. Sources: Expert Review Red,IUIS Classification February 2018,IUIS Classification December 2019
Mode of inheritance for gene: IRF2BP2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: IRF2BP2 were set to 27016798; 32086639; 32048120
Phenotypes for gene: IRF2BP2 were set to Recurrent infections, possible autoimmunity and inflammatory disease; Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies; CVID