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| Early onset dystonia v1.145 | ARX | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: ARX were changed from Dystonia to Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 1, OMIM:308350; X-linked spasticity-intellectual disability-epilepsy syndromeMONDO:0017856; Partington syndrome, OMIM:309510; Partington syndrome, MONDO:0010654 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.140 | FOXG1 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Upgrading the rating from red to green as there is enough evidence to support the gene-disease association. Also green on the childhood dystonia GMS panel (R57). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.138 | AFG3L2 |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with AR and AD ataxia. Dystonia can be a feature but is not typically prominent. Mean age of onset is adulthood, but has been reported in juveniles. More appropriate on ataxia panels. However, is rated as green on equivalent GMS panels and therefore upgrading the rating from red to green on this 100K panel. |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.136 | AFG3L2 | Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: AFG3L2 was changed from to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.135 | COASY | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: COASY were changed from Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 6; COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration to Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 6, OMIM:615643; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 6, MONDO:0014290 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.132 | VPS11 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: VPS11: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.130 | VPS11 |
Edoardo Monfrini gene: VPS11 was added gene: VPS11 was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS11 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS11 were set to PMID: 33452836; 27120463; 27473128; 33871597 Phenotypes for gene: VPS11 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder; Hypomyelination; Microcephaly; Infantile-onset dystonia; Adult-onset dystonia; Spasticity Penetrance for gene: VPS11 were set to Complete Review for gene: VPS11 was set to GREEN gene: VPS11 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Early-onset patients present hypomyelination, developmental delay, spasticity and dystonia. A single adult-onset generalized dystonic patient without additional neurologic signs has been reported. This genetic association needs additional cases to be definitively confirmed. Sources: Literature |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.129 | ADAR |
Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Updated from biallelic only to both mono- and biallelic. Dystonia is an established feature of AGS6 (MIM# 615010) associated with AR variants in this gene. Overall the AD condition (dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, MIM# 127400) often presents with changes in skin pigmentation as the only sign of disease. However, there have also been reports of neurologic deficits including ID, developmental regression, brain calcification, seizures and dystonia in some affected individuals, particularly with the Gly1007Arg variant (PMID: 16225627; 16817193; 19017046). Although the penetrance of extracutaneous features is reduced, there is value in testing heterozygous ADAR variants on these panels to ensure syndromic cases are not missed if not tested in the context of the skin phenotype. |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.129 | ADAR | Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: ADAR was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.127 | XK | Sarah Leigh edited their review of gene: XK: Changed rating: RED | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.127 | XK | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: XK: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.124 | HPRT1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as definitive Gen2Phen gene. Numous variants have been reported in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (OMIM:300322) cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.120 | HPRT1 | Eldar Dedic changed review comment from: Jinnah, et al. (2006) studied 44 Lesch–Nyhan disease patients (age range between 2 and 38 years; only one of them was female; all experienced severe dystonia). Multiple rare HPRT1 variants (including at least 2 splice site variants (IVS6-1G>A (also known as c.486-1G>A), and IVS4+1G>A (also known as c.384+1G>A)), as well as exon 1 deletion, and exon 9 deletion) in patients (the majority of which were under 31 years of age when they were first seen by a clinician) with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity below 1% have been reported. As of August 2022, the c.384+1G>A and c.384+1G>A variants were absent from gnomAD version 2.1.1, and no high-frequency structural variants have been reported in gnomAD SVs v2.1 either.; to: Jinnah, et al. (2006) studied 44 Lesch–Nyhan disease patients (age range between 2 and 38 years; only one of them was female; all experienced severe dystonia). Multiple rare HPRT1 variants (including at least 2 splice site variants (IVS6-1G>A (also known as c.486-1G>A), and IVS4+1G>A (also known as c.384+1G>A)), as well as exon 1 deletion, and exon 9 deletion) in patients (the majority of which were under 31 years of age when they were first seen by a clinician) with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity below 1% have been reported. As of August 2022, the c.486-1G>A and c.384+1G>A variants were absent from gnomAD version 2.1.1, and no high-frequency structural variants have been reported in gnomAD SVs v2.1 either. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.120 | HPRT1 | Eldar Dedic changed review comment from: Jinnah, et al. (2006) studied 44 Lesch–Nyhan disease patients (age range between 2 and 38 years; only one of them was female; all experienced severe dystonia). Multiple rare HPRT1 variants (including at least 2 splice site variants (IVS6-1G>A (also known as c.486-1G>A), and IVS4+1G>A (also known as c.384+1G>A)), as well as exon 1 deletion, and exon 9 deletion) in patients (the majority of which were under 31 years of age when they were first seen by a clinician) with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity below 1% have been reported. As of August 2022, all variants were absent from gnomAD version 2.1.1, and no high-frequency structural variants have been reported in gnomAD SVs v2.1 either.; to: Jinnah, et al. (2006) studied 44 Lesch–Nyhan disease patients (age range between 2 and 38 years; only one of them was female; all experienced severe dystonia). Multiple rare HPRT1 variants (including at least 2 splice site variants (IVS6-1G>A (also known as c.486-1G>A), and IVS4+1G>A (also known as c.384+1G>A)), as well as exon 1 deletion, and exon 9 deletion) in patients (the majority of which were under 31 years of age when they were first seen by a clinician) with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity below 1% have been reported. As of August 2022, the c.384+1G>A and c.384+1G>A variants were absent from gnomAD version 2.1.1, and no high-frequency structural variants have been reported in gnomAD SVs v2.1 either. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.120 | HPRT1 | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: HPRT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 16549399; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.120 | NDUFA12 | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene was recently upgraded to Green on GMS panels and therefore also updating the rating here to ensure all panels display correct knowledge. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.119 | NDUFA12 | Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: NDUFA12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21617257, 33715266, 35141356; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 23, OMIM:618244; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.117 | C19orf12 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Monfrini et al (PMID: 29295770) and Gregory et al (PMID: 31087512) have reported heterozygous pathogenic C19ORF12 variants in patients with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 4 (OMIM: 614298). Therefore, the mode of inheritance for this gene should be BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.117 | C19orf12 | Sarah Leigh Mode of inheritance for gene: C19orf12 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.116 | C19orf12 | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: C19orf12 were changed from Dystonia; mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration; neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation-4 to ?Spastic paraplegia 43, autosomal recessive, OMIM:615043; Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 4, OMIM: 614298 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.115 | C19orf12 | Sarah Leigh Mode of inheritance for gene: C19orf12 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.113 | TOR1A | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: TOR1A were changed from Dystonia-1, torsion, OMIM:128100; Dystonic disorder, MONDO:0003441 to Dystonia-1, torsion, OMIM:128100; Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita 5, OMIM:618947 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.112 | TOR1A | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Dystonia association with monoallelic variants is well-established with multiple cases reported worldwide (OMIM:128100). Biallelic variants cause a more severe phenotype of congenital arthrogryposis (OMIM:618947) and movement impairments including dystonia are also common (PMIDs: 29053766, 30244176). For this reason the MOI was updated from 'monoallelic' only to 'both mono- and biallelic (biallelic more severe)'. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.112 | TOR1A | Arina Puzriakova Mode of inheritance for gene: TOR1A was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.106 | JPH3_CTG |
Arina Puzriakova Pathogenic Number of Repeats for JPH3_CTG was changed from 41 to 40. Source NHS GMS was added to STR: JPH3_CTG. Rating Changed from Green List (high evidence) to Red List (low evidence) |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.106 | ATXN2_CAG |
Arina Puzriakova Normal Number of Repeats for ATXN2_CAG was changed from 31 to 32. Pathogenic Number of Repeats for ATXN2_CAG was changed from 33 to 35. Source NHS GMS was added to STR: ATXN2_CAG. Rating Changed from Green List (high evidence) to Red List (low evidence) |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.105 | SPATA5L1 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: There is enough evidence for this gene to be Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.104 | SPATA5L1 |
Ivone Leong gene: SPATA5L1 was added gene: SPATA5L1 was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Q1_22_rating tags were added to gene: SPATA5L1. Mode of inheritance for gene: SPATA5L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to 34626583 Phenotypes for gene: SPATA5L1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hearing loss and spasticity, OMIM:619616 |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.103 | SLC30A10 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: SLC30A10 were changed from Dystonia/Parkinsonism, Hypermanganesemia, Polycythemia, andChronic Liver Disease; Hypermanganesemia with dystonia, polycythemia, and cirrhosis, 613280 to Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 1, OMIM:613280; Dystonia/Parkinsonism, Hypermanganesemia, Polycythemia, and Chronic Liver Disease | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.102 | ACTB | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Based on the green rating for this gene on https://panelapp.genomicsengland.co.uk/panels/847/gene/ACTB/ and review from Eldar Dedic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | GCDH | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: GCDH: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 21912879, 33064266; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | GAMT | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: GAMT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 19027335, 33996490, 12557293, 19288536, 16855203; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | FOXG1 |
Eldar Dedic changed review comment from: Dzinovic, et al. (2021, PMID: 34399161) analyzed 45 pediatric complex dystonia cases. The whole-exome-sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous FOXG1 c.703C >T (p.Leu235Phe) variant in 3 years of age female case of European ethnicity. Parents were Sanger sequenced. - Please note that FOXG1 c.703C >T (p.Leu235Phe) variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021 Wong, et al. (2019, PMID: 31316448) analyzed 30 cases with encephalopathy and movement impairments. Whole-exome-sequencing revealed 3 variants (c.763 T>C (p.Trp255Arg); c.250delC (p.Gln86Argfs*106); c.256dupC (p.Gln86Aspfs*34)) in FOXG1 gene in 3 Han Chinese cases (between 2 and 17 years of age) from Taiwan who had dystonia , respectively (Table 1). - Please note that FOXG1 c.250delC (p.Gln86Argfs*106) variant was filtered from gnomAD v2.1.1, while FOXG1 c.763 T>C (p.Trp255Arg) and FOXG1 c.256dupC (p.Gln86Aspfs*34) variants were absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021 Mencarelli, et al. (2010, PMID: 19578037) analyzed 107 cases of European origin (including 60 Rett syndrome (RTT), 43 encephalopathy, and 4 RTT-like patients). The FOXG1 c.643T>C (p.Phe215Leu) variant has been found de novo in one 8 years of age female RTT patient with dystonia (diagnosed at 2 years of age) of French origin. - Please note that FOXG1 c.643T>C (p.Phe215Leu) variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021; to: Dzinovic, et al. (2021, PMID: 34399161) analyzed 45 pediatric complex dystonia cases. The whole-exome-sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous FOXG1 c.703C >T (p.Leu235Phe) variant in 3 years of age female case of European ethnicity. Parents were Sanger sequenced. - Please note that FOXG1 c.703C >T (p.Leu235Phe) variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021 Wong, et al. (2019, PMID: 31316448) analyzed 30 cases with encephalopathy and movement impairments. Whole-exome-sequencing revealed 3 variants (c.763 T>C (p.Trp255Arg); c.250delC (p.Gln86Argfs*106); c.256dupC (p.Gln86Aspfs*34)) in FOXG1 gene in 3 Han Chinese cases (between 2 and 17 years of age) from Taiwan who had dystonia, respectively (Table 1). - Please note that FOXG1 c.250delC (p.Gln86Argfs*106) variant was filtered from gnomAD v2.1.1, while FOXG1 c.763 T>C (p.Trp255Arg) and FOXG1 c.256dupC (p.Gln86Aspfs*34) variants were absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021 Mencarelli, et al. (2010, PMID: 19578037) analyzed 107 cases of European origin (including 60 Rett syndrome (RTT), 43 encephalopathy, and 4 RTT-like patients). The FOXG1 c.643T>C (p.Phe215Leu) variant has been found de novo in one 8 years of age female RTT patient with dystonia (diagnosed at 2 years of age) of French origin. - Please note that FOXG1 c.643T>C (p.Phe215Leu) variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021 |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | FOXG1 | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: FOXG1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 34399161, 31316448, 19578037; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ARX | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: ARX: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31324350, 29778428, 23657928, 29343471; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: ACTB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: PMID: 31970217, 29788902, 28849312, 27862284, 29220674, 25255767; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic Deleted their comment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | AFG3L2 | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: AFG3L2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 32219868; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB |
Eldar Dedic changed review comment from: Freitas, et al. (2020, PMID 31970217) presented 52 years of age Brazilian female case with dystonia (onset at age of 25 years) who had additional clinical features (but without facial dysmorphism and brain abnormalities). Whole-exome-sequencing showed the presence of ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant. This variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021. Skogseid, et al. (2018, PMID 29788902) presented 23 years old female case with dystonia (age at onset 13 years), mild dysmorphic facial traits and additional clinical features (but with grossly maintained brain structure). Whole-exome-sequencing revealed heterozygous ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant. The case was negative for the aCGH analysis. Zech, et al. (2017, PMID 28849312) presented 9 unrelated cases with combined and/or complex dystonia (8 of European and 1 of Asian origin). Whole-exome-sequencing revealed de novo ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant in 39-years-old Czech male case with complex dystonia (age of onset at 24 years) who had additional clinical features (but with normal brain MRI). The variant absence in parents has been confirmed through Sanger sequencing. Eggink, et al. (2017, PMID 27862284) presented a family with dystonia. Whole-exome-sequencing revealed ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant in 2 family members: 22 years old female with dystonia (age of onset at 19 years) who in addition to other clinical features showed high-arched eyebrows (but with normal brain MRI results); her 49 years old mother with dystonia (who at age 16 experienced hands trembling, at age 21 she had writer’s cramp diagnosed) and additional clinical features. Cuvertino, et al. (2017, PMID 29220674) analyzed data of more than 15,000 suspected genetic development disorder individuals, 26 cases with 7p22.1 deletions and 4,293 trios from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. The ACTB c.1097dupG (p.Ser368Leufs*13) variant has been found de novo in 12 years old heterozygous male case (of United Kingdom origin; Table S1) who had dystonia (as well as additional clinical features; Table 1). This variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021. (Please note that ACTB c.1097dupG (p.Ser368Leufs*13) results in extension of protein) Hundt, et al. (2014, PMID 25255767) presented in vitro functional study on Sf9 cells. The results showed that ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant resulted in 3 times higher inhibition of DNase I-mediated nucleic acid cleavage (p < 0.0001; Fig.2A), unchanged thermal stability (Fig. 2B), nucleotide exchange from actin monomer was 2.4 times slower (p = 0.0113; Fig.3), 1.9 times faster half-time polymerization (p = 0.0006; Fig. 4A), 1.7 times higher ATP turnover (Fig. 4B), significantly reduced half-time of the depolymerization (Fig. 4C), close to normal binding to the profilin II (Fig. 5A), 4 times lower ability to activate ATPase of nonmuscle myosin-2A isoform (Fig. 6), in comparison to the wild-type. The authors also carried out the computational analysis and showed that this variant impaired the opening of the nucleotide cleft (Fig. 7C, Fig. 8B).; to: Freitas, et al. (2020, PMID: 31970217) presented 52 years of age Brazilian female case with dystonia (onset at age of 25 years) who had additional clinical features (but without facial dysmorphism and brain abnormalities). Whole-exome-sequencing showed the presence of ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant. This variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021. Skogseid, et al. (2018, PMID: 29788902) presented 23 years old female case with dystonia (age at onset 13 years), mild dysmorphic facial traits and additional clinical features (but with grossly maintained brain structure). Whole-exome-sequencing revealed heterozygous ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant. The case was negative for the aCGH analysis. Zech, et al. (2017, PMID: 28849312) presented 9 unrelated cases with combined and/or complex dystonia (8 of European and 1 of Asian origin). Whole-exome-sequencing revealed de novo ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant in 39-years-old Czech male case with complex dystonia (age of onset at 24 years) who had additional clinical features (but with normal brain MRI). The variant absence in parents has been confirmed through Sanger sequencing. Eggink, et al. (2017, PMID: 27862284) presented a family with dystonia. Whole-exome-sequencing revealed ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant in 2 family members: 22 years old female with dystonia (age of onset at 19 years) who in addition to other clinical features showed high-arched eyebrows (but with normal brain MRI results); her 49 years old mother with dystonia (who at age 16 experienced hands trembling, at age 21 she had writer’s cramp diagnosed) and additional clinical features. Cuvertino, et al. (2017, PMID: 29220674) analyzed data of more than 15,000 suspected genetic development disorder individuals, 26 cases with 7p22.1 deletions and 4,293 trios from the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. The ACTB c.1097dupG (p.Ser368Leufs*13) variant has been found de novo in 12 years old heterozygous male case (of United Kingdom origin; Table S1) who had dystonia (as well as additional clinical features; Table 1). This variant was absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 as of December 2021. (Please note that ACTB c.1097dupG (p.Ser368Leufs*13) results in extension of protein) Hundt, et al. (2014, PMID: 25255767) presented in vitro functional study on Sf9 cells. The results showed that ACTB c.547C>T (p.Arg183Trp) variant resulted in 3 times higher inhibition of DNase I-mediated nucleic acid cleavage (p < 0.0001; Fig.2A), unchanged thermal stability (Fig. 2B), nucleotide exchange from actin monomer was 2.4 times slower (p = 0.0113; Fig.3), 1.9 times faster half-time polymerization (p = 0.0006; Fig. 4A), 1.7 times higher ATP turnover (Fig. 4B), significantly reduced half-time of the depolymerization (Fig. 4C), close to normal binding to the profilin II (Fig. 5A), 4 times lower ability to activate ATPase of nonmuscle myosin-2A isoform (Fig. 6), in comparison to the wild-type. The authors also carried out the computational analysis and showed that this variant impaired the opening of the nucleotide cleft (Fig. 7C, Fig. 8B). |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: ACTB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: 31970217, 29788902, 28849312, 27862284, 29220674, 25255767; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.99 | ACTB | Eldar Dedic reviewed gene: ACTB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: ; Phenotypes: 31970217, 29788902, 28849312, 27862284, 29220674, 25255767; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.89 | SERAC1 | Arina Puzriakova Phenotypes for gene: SERAC1 were changed from 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome, 614739; MEGDEL syndrome; 3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Dystonia-Deafness, Hepatopathy, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome; MEGDHEL syndrome; Dystonia to 3-methylglutaconic aciduria with deafness, encephalopathy, and Leigh-like syndrome, OMIM:614739; Dystonia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.88 | XK | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: XK were changed from McLeod syndrome with or without chronic granulomatous disease OMIM 300842 to McLeod syndrome with or without chronic granulomatous disease,OMIM:300842 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.82 | DDC | Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Upgraded rating from Red to Green, in line with the review by Lothar Schlueter. Dystonia as a feature of the phenotype, most commonly arising in infancy. DDC is already Green on the GMS 'Childhood onset dystonia or chorea or related movement disorder' version 1.62 panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.81 | DDC | Lothar Schlueter reviewed gene: DDC: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28100251, 30952622; Phenotypes: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency 608643, floppy child, dystonia, hypotonia, developmental delay, oculogyric crisis; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.80 | XK |
Rachel Jones gene: XK was added gene: XK was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: XK was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Publications for gene: XK were set to 11761473; 11761473 Phenotypes for gene: XK were set to McLeod syndrome with or without chronic granulomatous disease OMIM 300842 Penetrance for gene: XK were set to Incomplete Review for gene: XK was set to GREEN gene: XK was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Several publications including those given above regarding this well characterised link between XK gene and McLeod syndrome in many patients. Phenotype is acanthosis, haemolysis and elevated CK. Neurological phenotype (from OMIM) "Onset of neurologic symptoms ranges between 25 and 60 years (mean onset 30-40 years), and penetrance appears to be high. Additional symptoms include generalized seizures, neuromuscular symptoms leading to weakness and atrophy, and cardiomyopathy mainly manifesting with atrial fibrillation, malignant arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy" Testing not currently offered by UK labs but several accredited European laboratories are offering testing. Sources: Literature |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.78 | CYP27A1 | Philip Dawson reviewed gene: CYP27A1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30054180, 29484516; Phenotypes: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 213700, Dystonia, including childhood & adult onset.; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.76 | BCAP31 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: BCAP31 were changed from Deafness, dystonia and cerebellar hypomyelination, 300475 to Deafness, dystonia and cerebellar hypomyelination, 300475; DEAFNESS, DYSTONIA, AND CENTRAL HYPOMYELINATION WITH DISORGANIZATION OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.73 | BCAP31 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on list classification: More than 3 cases with variants in BCAP31 and a dystonia phenotype | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.69 | DLAT | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on list classification: 3 unrelated cases with plausible disease causing variants in the DLAT gene. All cases show dystonia in childhood. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.68 | DLAT | Chris Buxton reviewed gene: DLAT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20022530, 16049940; Phenotypes: episodic dystonia, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.68 | BCAP31 | Chris Buxton reviewed gene: BCAP31: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24011989; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, dystonia, sensorineural deafness; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.60 | JPH3_CTG | Louise Daugherty Deleted their comment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.59 | ATXN10_ATTCT | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on list classification: Removed STR from Panel. This STR was not listed on the recent GMC STRs document supplied by Arianna Tucci. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.59 | ATXN10_ATTCT | Louise Daugherty Str: atxn10_attct has been removed from the panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.57 | ATXN10_ATTCT | Arianna Tucci Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Marked as ready following the Webex discussion with experts from the GMCs (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.56 | ATXN10_ATTCT |
Arianna Tucci STR: ATXN10_ATTCT was added STR: ATXN10_ATTCT was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for STR: ATXN10_ATTCT was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Added comment: Added to the panel following the Webex discussion with experts from the GMCs (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results Sources: Expert Review |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.55 | ATXN3_CAG | Arianna Tucci Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Marked as ready following the Webex discussion with experts from the GMCs (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.54 | ATXN3_CAG |
Arianna Tucci STR: ATXN3_CAG was added STR: ATXN3_CAG was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for STR: ATXN3_CAG was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Review for STR: ATXN3_CAG was set to GREEN STR: ATXN3_CAG was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Added to the panel following the Webex discussion with experts from the GMCs (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results Sources: Expert Review |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.53 | ATXN2_CAG | Arianna Tucci Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Marked as ready following the Webex discussion with experts from the GMCs (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.51 | JPH3_CTG | Arianna Tucci Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Added to the panel following the Webex discussion with GMC experts (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.50 | JPH3_CTG |
Arianna Tucci STR: JPH3_CTG was added STR: JPH3_CTG was added to Early onset dystonia. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for STR: JPH3_CTG was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Review for STR: JPH3_CTG was set to GREEN Added comment: Added to the panel following the Webex discussion with GMC experts (6/09/2018) about feeding back STR results Sources: Expert Review |
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| Early onset dystonia v1.49 | HPCA | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Green: Gene added to panel by Zornitza Stark. 1 Green expert review (by Zornitza) plus 4 unrelated cases in literature supporting variants in HPCA causing AR dystonia. Note that HPCA variants are a rare cause of AR dystonia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.48 | HPCA | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: HPCA: Although two independent studies (PMID:27771228 and PMID:27145302) from 2017 and 2016 failed to support the role of HPCA in pathogenesis of dystonia, this is most likely because HPCA variants represent a rare form of dystonia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.48 | HPCA | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: HPCA: Atasu et al. 2018 (PMID:30145809) revealed two unlreated consanguineous Turkish families with complex dystonia and novel HPCA variants (p.W103* and p.P10PfsTer80). The first family started to suffer involuntary head movements at age 8 months, and official examination at age 20 revealed dystonia. The second family developed dystonia of lower limbs age 17. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.48 | HPCA | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: HPCA: In 3 siblings (age 61, 57 and 51) from consanguineous Sephardic Hewish family with dystonia (MIM:224500) which presented in their first decade, Charlesworth et al, 2015 (PMID:25799108) identified a homozygous missense variant in HPCA (N75K). Sequencing of HPCA in samples from 150 additional patients with early-onset dystonia (<30 years old) identified compound heterozygous missense variants (T71N and A190T) in a 64 year old woman of Sri Lankan origin with the disorder. The woman reported dystonia onset in her late-teens to early twenties. Her unaffected siblings contained one or both wild-type alleles supporting pathogenicity of the compound heterozygous variants in the affected individual. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia v1.48 | HPCA | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: HPCA were changed from Dystonia 2, torsion, autosomal recessive, MIM#224500 to Dystonia 2, torsion, autosomal recessive, 224500; childhood-onset generalized dystonia; adolescence-onset segmental dystonia; generalized dystonia with additional neurological features | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | SERAC1 | Louise Daugherty edited their review of SERAC1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | PCDH12 | Ellen McDonagh edited their review of PCDH12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | KMT2B | Ellen McDonagh edited their review of KMT2B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | THAP1 | Arianna Tucci reviewed THAP1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | PRKRA | Ellen McDonagh edited their review of PRKRA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | PRKRA | Ellen McDonagh edited their review of PRKRA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | THAP1 | Ellen McDonagh classified THAP1 as green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Early onset dystonia | TH | Ellen McDonagh classified TH as green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||