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Intellectual disability v10.69 PRRT2 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 38316952 Koko et al., 2024
Sudanese family reported with a homozygous PRRT2 variant [NC_000016.10(NM_145239.3):c.-65-1G > A] and self-limited infantile epilepsy. No intellectual disability seen, siblings preformed well in school. Parents were het carriers. The mild presentation of sibs is hypothesised to come from a hypomorphic character of the biallelic PRRT2 variant.

PMID: 36247910 Martorell et al., 2022
Report of a female patient, presented with epileptic seizures at 2 months old. She started walking at 18 months, but had a very severe language delay. Episodic ataxia was noted at 2yrs. 2 PRRT2 variants detected in trans: c.649dupC and c.649delC. History of afebrile seizures noted on mother's side (mother het for c.649dupC). Proband diagnosed with severe ID and ASD.

PMID: 31193310 El Achkar et al., 2019
Report of a male patient with a severe phenotype including infantile epilepsy with status epilepticus, paroxysmal dyskinesia and episodic ataxia. He harboured comp het PRRT2 variants c.649dupC, p.Arg217Profs*8 (maternal) and c.916G>A, p.Ala306Thr (paternal). Mother and brother het for c.649dupC were asymptomatic. On father's side, there is family history of episodic confusion and episodic hemiparesis (only father genotyped). Normal development noted at 5 years old, not cognitive impairment.

PMID: 25595153 Delcourt et al., 2015
Report of 5 patients with biallelic PRRT2 variants: 3 homozygous for c.649dupC, P1 was comp het for c.649dupC and a de novo whole PRRT2 gene deletion, and P5 was homozygous for PRRT2 c.913G>A, p.Gly305Arg. While 4 individuals had some learning difficulties and ADHD, their cognition was normal. All 5 patients had seizures with onset before 6 months of life; episodic ataxia was present in patients 1-4 (not normally seen in heterozygous individuals); cerebellar atrophy was seen on MRI in 2 cases.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2016.12.005 Kishk et al., 2017
Case report of an Egyptian family - two sibs with Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis and a homozygous PRRT2 variant c.649dupC. No physical or cognitive disabilities noted. Het parents unaffected.

The PRRT2-related neurodevelopmental and movement disorder with or without seizures (biallelic_autosomal) entry has Moderate confidence in G2P. PRRT2 is not yet associated with a recessive disorder in OMIM or ClinGen (accessed 27th July 2026).; to: PMID: 38316952 Koko et al., 2024
Sudanese family reported with a homozygous PRRT2 variant [NC_000016.10(NM_145239.3):c.-65-1G > A] and self-limited infantile epilepsy. No intellectual disability seen, siblings preformed well in school. Parents were het carriers. The mild presentation of sibs is hypothesised to come from a hypomorphic character of the splice variant.

PMID: 36247910 Martorell et al., 2022
Report of a female patient, presented with epileptic seizures at 2 months old. She started walking at 18 months, but had a very severe language delay. Episodic ataxia was noted at 2yrs. 2 PRRT2 variants detected in trans: c.649dupC and c.649delC. History of afebrile seizures noted on mother's side (mother het for c.649dupC). Proband diagnosed with severe ID and ASD.

PMID: 31193310 El Achkar et al., 2019
Report of a male patient with a severe phenotype including infantile epilepsy with status epilepticus, paroxysmal dyskinesia and episodic ataxia. He harboured comp het PRRT2 variants c.649dupC, p.Arg217Profs*8 (maternal) and c.916G>A, p.Ala306Thr (paternal). Mother and brother het for c.649dupC were asymptomatic. On father's side, there is family history of episodic confusion and episodic hemiparesis (only father genotyped). Normal development noted at 5 years old, no cognitive impairment seen in the proband.

PMID: 25595153 Delcourt et al., 2015
Report of 5 patients with biallelic PRRT2 variants: 3 homozygous for c.649dupC, P1 was comp het for c.649dupC and a de novo whole PRRT2 gene deletion, and P5 was homozygous for PRRT2 c.913G>A, p.Gly305Arg. While 4 individuals had some learning difficulties and ADHD, their cognition was normal. All 5 patients had seizures with onset before 6 months of life; episodic ataxia was present in patients 1-4 (not normally seen in heterozygous individuals); cerebellar atrophy was seen on MRI in 2 cases.

PMID: 23126439 Labate et al., 2012
Homozygous c.649dupC mutation in PRRT2 detected in 2 sibs from a consanguineous Italian family resulted in ID, episodic ataxia, and absences. 4 other affected family members, het for the same mutation, presented only with benign familial infantile seizures / familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dystonia.

DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1810051 Eshrif & Adofani, 2025
Case report of a family with epilepsy and dyskinesia due to a homozygous PRRT2 variant c.649dup, p.(Arg217Profs8). 3 sibs affected, all 3 presented with focal seizures at 3-8 months old, and 2/3 individuals also had dyskinesia. Family history not discussed, parents assumed to be unaffected from the pedigree.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2016.12.005 Kishk et al., 2017
Case report of an Egyptian family - two sibs with Infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis and a homozygous PRRT2 variant c.649dupC. No physical or cognitive disabilities noted. Het parents unaffected.

The PRRT2-related neurodevelopmental and movement disorder with or without seizures (biallelic_autosomal) entry has Moderate confidence in G2P. PRRT2 is not yet associated with a recessive disorder in OMIM or ClinGen (accessed 27th July 2026).
Intellectual disability v9.309 WDR83 Ida Ertmanska changed review comment from: PMID: 41381792 Tabata et al., 2025
7yo Japanese female patient presenting with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features. Brain MRI at 7 months showed enlarged bilateral ventricles. WES detected a de novo heterozygous WDR83 variant [NM_001099737; c.653 T > C,p.(L218P)].

Functional: Overexpression of WDR83-L218P in mice via in utero electroporation led to reduced proliferation of neural stem cells. Suggested GOF mechanism of disease.

PMID: 28332277 Kim et al., 2017
ADHD proband with de novo heterozygous WDR83 p.Gly127Arg variant (MAF = 0.000002542 in gnomAD v4)

PMID: 37509073 Wulf et al., 2023 - Homozygous Wdr83 knockout (KO) mice die around embryonic day 11 due to severe defects in cell proliferation and massive apoptosis.
PMID: 19726548 Hammerschmidt, Loeffler & Wolf, 2009 - Heterozygous Wdr83+/- mice display a normal phenotype, with no apparent abnormalities in brain structure or cerebral vascular architecture
Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 41381792 Tabata et al., 2025
7yo Japanese female patient presenting with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features. Brain MRI at 7 months showed enlarged bilateral ventricles. WES detected a de novo heterozygous WDR83 variant [NM_001099737; c.653 T > C,p.(L218P)].

Functional: Overexpression of WDR83-L218P in mice via in utero electroporation led to reduced proliferation of neural stem cells. Suggested GOF mechanism of disease.

PMID: 28332277 Kim et al., 2017
ADHD proband with de novo heterozygous WDR83 p.Gly127Arg variant (MAF = 0.000002542 in gnomAD v4)

PMID: 37509073 Wulf et al., 2023 - Homozygous Wdr83 knockout (KO) mice die around embryonic day 11 due to severe defects in cell proliferation and massive apoptosis.
PMID: 19726548 Hammerschmidt, Loeffler & Wolf, 2009 - Heterozygous Wdr83+/- mice display a normal phenotype, with no apparent abnormalities in brain structure or cerebral vascular architecture

WDR83 is not yet associated with disease in OMIM, ClinGen, or G2P (accessed 17 Mar 2026).
Sources: Literature
Intellectual disability v9.307 WDR83 Ida Ertmanska gene: WDR83 was added
gene: WDR83 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR83 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: WDR83 were set to 28332277; 41381792
Phenotypes for gene: WDR83 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder, MONDO:0700092
Review for gene: WDR83 was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID: 41381792 Tabata et al., 2025
7yo Japanese female patient presenting with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and dysmorphic features. Brain MRI at 7 months showed enlarged bilateral ventricles. WES detected a de novo heterozygous WDR83 variant [NM_001099737; c.653 T > C,p.(L218P)].

Functional: Overexpression of WDR83-L218P in mice via in utero electroporation led to reduced proliferation of neural stem cells. Suggested GOF mechanism of disease.

PMID: 28332277 Kim et al., 2017
ADHD proband with de novo heterozygous WDR83 p.Gly127Arg variant (MAF = 0.000002542 in gnomAD v4)

PMID: 37509073 Wulf et al., 2023 - Homozygous Wdr83 knockout (KO) mice die around embryonic day 11 due to severe defects in cell proliferation and massive apoptosis.
PMID: 19726548 Hammerschmidt, Loeffler & Wolf, 2009 - Heterozygous Wdr83+/- mice display a normal phenotype, with no apparent abnormalities in brain structure or cerebral vascular architecture
Sources: Literature
Intellectual disability v3.1510 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Tag for-review was removed from gene: ABAT.
Intellectual disability v3.1510 ABAT Sarah Leigh commented on gene: ABAT: The rating of this gene has been updated following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.
Intellectual disability v3.1509 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Source Expert Review Green was added to ABAT.
Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Green List (high evidence)
Intellectual disability v3.1034 NEUROD2 Arina Puzriakova gene: NEUROD2 was added
gene: NEUROD2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature
Q2_21_rating tags were added to gene: NEUROD2.
Mode of inheritance for gene: NEUROD2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: NEUROD2 were set to 16504944; 30323019; 33438828
Phenotypes for gene: NEUROD2 were set to Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 72, OMIM:618374
Review for gene: NEUROD2 was set to GREEN
Added comment: NEUROD2 is associated with a relevant phenotype in OMIM (MIM# 618374), but is not yet listed in Gene2Phenotype.

- PMID: 30323019 (2019) - Two unrelated children with refractory early-infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Developmental delay (DD) preceded onset of seizures in both cases, with signs of DD becoming evident at 2-4 months and seizures arising at 5 months of age. Patient 1 became seizure-free after introducing a ketogenic diet at 16 months; however, an EEG at 22 months remained abnormal and she continues to have severe GDD with no independent sitting, walking or speaking at the chronological age of 3 years and 2 months. Patient 2 became seizure-free when a vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) was placed at 16 months of age. He displayed significant improvement on EEG and subsequently began regaining neurodevelopmental milestones.
WES revealed different de novo variants in the NEUROD2 gene (P1: c.388G>C, p.E130Q; P2: c.401T>C, p.M134T, respectively). Knockdown of the neurod2 in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles resulted in abnormal swimming behaviour and progressive seizures followed by periods of immobility. Overexpression of wild-type human NEUROD2 in tadpoles induced non-neuronal cells to differentiate into neurons - on the other hand, overexpression of the mutant alleles failed to to cause any (p.E130Q) or a comparable degree (p.M134T) of ectopic neuronal induction as seen with the wild-type protein.

- Conference poster (Genomics of Rare Disease 2021) - 'Neuronal Differentiation Factor 2 (NEUROD2) Pathogenic Variant as a Molecular Aetiology of Infantile Spasm ' by Sakpichaisakul et al, QSNICH, Thailand -
In a 15 month-old female with infantile spasm, trio exome sequencing revealed a de novo variant in NEUROD2 (c.388G>C, p.E130Q). She was born of non-consanguineous healthy parents with no family history of epilepsy. Poor eye contact and no social smile were noted in the first few months, followed by the first infantile spasm at 5 months of age. This was initially controlled by combined vigabatrin and prednisolone therapy - however relapsing seizures were detected at 15 months. Sequential treatment with vigabatrin following prednisolone resulted in cessation of seizures, and subsequently regaining of neurodevelopmental milestones (sitting without support, grabbing objects without pincer grasp and speaking one single word)

----- Cases without seizures -

- PMID: 33438828 (2021) - Adolescent (14 yrs old) with GDD but without seizures who was found to have a novel de novo NEUROD2 missense variant (c.488 T > C, p.L163P). An additional individual (12 yrs) with DD and a different missense NEUROD2 (c.703G>A, p.A235T) was also identified, but lacking parental samples for segregation analysis.
Functional analysis in Xenopus laevis revealed that injection of the p.L163P mRNA variant resulted in a defective ability to induce ectopic neurons in tadpoles as compared with wild-type NEUROD2 mRNA, while the p.A235T variant functioned similarly to wild-type.
Sources: Literature
Intellectual disability v3.342 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Classified gene: ABAT as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Intellectual disability v3.342 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Added comment: Comment on list classification: Following discussion with Helen Brittain (Genomics England Clinical Team), it has been agreed that this gene should be upgraded from Amber to Green at the next major review.
Intellectual disability v3.342 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Gene: abat has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Intellectual disability v3.341 ABAT Arina Puzriakova Tag for-review tag was added to gene: ABAT.
Intellectual disability v3.341 ABAT Arina Puzriakova reviewed gene: ABAT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: GABA-transaminase deficiency, 613163; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Intellectual disability v3.0 ABAT Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ABAT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10407778, 20052547, 27596361, 28411234,; Phenotypes: GABA-transaminase deficiency, MIM#613163; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Intellectual disability v2.688 ABAT Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: ABAT were changed from GABA-transaminase deficiency, 613163 to GABA-transaminase deficiency, 613163; developmental delay
Intellectual disability v2.687 ABAT Louise Daugherty Classified gene: ABAT as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Intellectual disability v2.687 ABAT Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on list classification: Rated gene as Amber based on current information in the literature and external expert review there is not enough evidence to support gene-disease association rating of this gene to Green.
Intellectual disability v2.687 ABAT Louise Daugherty Gene: abat has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Intellectual disability v2.686 ABAT Louise Daugherty Publications for gene: ABAT were set to 27596361; 28411234
Intellectual disability v2.685 ABAT Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on publications: Added publications suggested from external expert review to support upgrading of the gene to Green
Intellectual disability v2.685 ABAT Louise Daugherty Publications for gene: ABAT were set to 27596361
Intellectual disability v2.588 ABAT Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: ABAT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28411234; Phenotypes: GABA-transaminase deficiency (MIM 613163); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Intellectual disability v2.588 ABAT Konstantinos Varvagiannis Deleted their review
Intellectual disability v2.588 ABAT Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: ABAT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28411234; Phenotypes: GABA-transaminase deficiency (MIM 613163); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Intellectual disability ABAT BRIDGE consortium edited their review of ABAT
Intellectual disability ABAT BRIDGE consortium edited their review of ABAT
Intellectual disability ABAT Louise Daugherty classified ABAT as amber
Intellectual disability ABAT Louise Daugherty commented on ABAT
Intellectual disability ABAT BRIDGE consortium reviewed ABAT