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| Intellectual disability v3.80 | RBL2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RBL2 was added gene: RBL2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RBL2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RBL2 were set to 32105419; 9806916 Phenotypes for gene: RBL2 were set to intellectual diability Review for gene: RBL2 was set to RED Added comment: Single family reported with pair of affected siblings. Supportive mouse model. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.80 | OTUD7A |
Zornitza Stark gene: OTUD7A was added gene: OTUD7A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: OTUD7A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: OTUD7A were set to 31997314; 29395075; 29395074 Phenotypes for gene: OTUD7A were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, intellectual disability, no OMIM# yet Review for gene: OTUD7A was set to RED Added comment: One patient with severe global developmental delay, language impairment and epileptic encephalopathy reported. Homozygous OTUD7A missense variant (c.697C>T, p.Leu233Phe), predicted to alter an ultraconserved amino acid, lying within the OTU catalytic domain. Its subsequent segregation analysis revealed that the parents, presenting with learning disability, and brother were heterozygous carriers. Biochemical assays demonstrated that proteasome complex formation and function were significantly reduced in patient‐derived fibroblasts and in OTUD7A knockout HAP1 cell line. Gene lies in the chromosome 15q13.3 region. Heterozygous microdeletions of chromosome 15q13.3 show incomplete penetrance and are associated with a highly variable phenotype that may include intellectual disability, epilepsy, facial dysmorphism and digit anomalies. Mouse model and other data support the role of this gene in neurodevelopmental phenotypes but nevertheless, single family to date. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.80 | COG4 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: COG4: Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.80 | COG4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COG4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31949312, 30290151, 19494034, 21185756; Phenotypes: Saul-Wilson syndrome, OMIM #618150, Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type IIj, OMIM #613489; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.80 | TTC5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TTC5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29302074, 32439809; Phenotypes: Central hypotonia, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Abnormality of nervous system morphology, Microcephaly, Abnormality of the face, Behavioral abnormality, Abnormality of the genitourinary system; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.80 | HIST1H4J |
Zornitza Stark gene: HIST1H4J was added gene: HIST1H4J was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HIST1H4J was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: HIST1H4J were set to 31804630 Phenotypes for gene: HIST1H4J were set to microcephaly; intellectual disability; dysmorphic features Review for gene: HIST1H4J was set to AMBER Added comment: Single case report but with functional evidence in zebrafish and phenotypic similarity to HIST1H4C phenotype Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.80 | SNX27 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: SNX27 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.80 | SNX27 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Not associated with phenotype in OMIM (lasted edited on 05/23/2012) or in Gen2Phen. However, five variants in three unrelated cases, together with supportive functional studies and mouse model. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.80 | SNX27 | Sarah Leigh Gene: snx27 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.79 | SOX6 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SOX6 was added gene: SOX6 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SOX6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SOX6 were set to 32442410 Phenotypes for gene: SOX6 were set to intellectual diability; ADHD; Craniosynostosis; Osteochondromas Review for gene: SOX6 was set to GREEN gene: SOX6 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 19 individuals from 17 families with a neurodevelopmental syndrome reported. 6 LoF, 4 missense, and 6 intragenic deletion variants identified. ID ranged from mild to severe. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.79 | SLC5A6 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: SLC5A6 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.79 | SLC5A6 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Not associated with phenotype in OMIM and as possible Gen2Phen gene for SLC5A6-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder. At least 5 variants published in three unrelated famililies (4 cases total) with SLC5A6-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder, together with supportive functional studies (PMID 29669219; 23104561). One of the cases had mixed semiology seizures including focal dyscognitive, absence, tonic spasms and generalised convulsive seizures with electrographic features of encephalopathy with generalised and independent multifocal spike-wave discharges (PMID 31754459), another case had brain, immune, bone and intestinal dysfunction (PMID 27904971) and the third had metabolic dysfunction mimicking biotinidase deficiency (PMID 31392107). This condition could be treated with biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid supplementation (PMID 31392107). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.79 | SLC5A6 | Sarah Leigh Gene: slc5a6 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | CXorf56 | Sarah Leigh Tag Skewed X-inactivation tag was added to gene: CXorf56. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | RNF113A | Sarah Leigh Tag Skewed X-inactivation tag was added to gene: RNF113A. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | PIGA | Sarah Leigh Tag Skewed X-inactivation tag was added to gene: PIGA. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | DMD | Sarah Leigh Tag Skewed X-inactivation tag was added to gene: DMD. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | TTC5 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TTC5 was added gene: TTC5 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TTC5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TTC5 were set to 29302074; 32439809 Phenotypes for gene: TTC5 were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Microcephaly; Abnormality of the face; Behavioral abnormality; Abnormality of the genitourinary system Penetrance for gene: TTC5 were set to Complete Review for gene: TTC5 was set to GREEN Added comment: Hu et al (2019 - PMID: 29302074) reported briefly on 3 individuals from 2 consanguineous families (from Turkey and Iran) with biallelic TTC5 variants. Features included DD (3/3), ID (severe in 2/2 with relevant age), microcephaly (3/3), brain abnormalities, etc. A nonsense and a variant affecting splice site were identified by WES/WGS. --- In a recent report, Rasheed et al (2020 - PMID: 32439809) report on the phenotype of 8 individuals - belonging to 5 consanguineous families - all 8 harboring homozygous TTC5 mutations. Frequent features included hypotonia (6/8), motor and speech delay, moderate to severe ID (10/10 of relevant age - inclusion of less severely affected subjects was not considered by study design), brain MRI abnormalities (8/8). Other findings included microcephaly in some (6/11), behavioral abnormalities in few (autistic behavior in 2/8, aggression in 2/8), genitourinary anomalies (2/8), seizures (1/11). Facial phenotype incl. thin V-shaped upper lip, low-set ears (in most) and/or additional features. TTC5 encodes a 440 aa protein, functioning as a scaffold to stabilise p300-JMY interactions. Apart from this role in nucleus, it has functions in the cytoplasm (inhibiting actin nucleataion, autophagosome formation, etc). The gene has ubiquitous expression, highest in brain. All variants were identified following WES - as the best candidates - in affected individuals with compatible Sanger studies in all affected family members and carrier parents. 2 missense and 2 nonsense variants were identified with the 2 missense SNVs localizing within TPR domains. qRT-PCR studies for a nonsense variant localizing 19 nt before the last exon, revealed fourfold decreased expression in affected individuals compared to carriers. Families from Egypt shared a homozygous ~6.3 Mb haplotype block spanning TTC5, suggesting that p.(Arg263Ter) is likely a founder mutation. The authors underscore some phenotypic (though not facial) similarities with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome 2 due to EP300 mutations (in line with the role of TTC5). Biallelic variants in genes encoding other members of the TTC family (containing a TPR motif), e.g. TTC8 or TTC15 cause disorders with neurologic manifestations (and DD/ID). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.78 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. One family presented in PMID:27000257, and 2 compound het cases in PMID:31555905 (though there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant). Functional data shows decreased enzyme activity of the variants. Although there are 3 cases, the phenotype is variable between patients (ID/DD vs regression). Therefore, rated as Amber awaiting further cases and clinical opinion.; to: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. One family presented in PMID:27000257, and 2 compound het cases in PMID:31555905 (though there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant). Functional data shows decreased enzyme activity of the variants. Although there are 3 cases, the phenotype is variable between patients (ID/DD vs regression) and therefore this is borderline. Therefore, rated as Amber awaiting further cases and clinical opinion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. One homozygous case presented in PMID:27000257, and 2 compound het cases in PMID:31555905 (though there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant). Functional data shows decreased enzyme activity of the variants. Although there are 3 cases, the phenotype is variable between patients (ID/DD vs regression). Therefore, rated as Amber awaiting further cases and clinical opinion.; to: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. One family presented in PMID:27000257, and 2 compound het cases in PMID:31555905 (though there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant). Functional data shows decreased enzyme activity of the variants. Although there are 3 cases, the phenotype is variable between patients (ID/DD vs regression). Therefore, rated as Amber awaiting further cases and clinical opinion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: AGMO as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. One homozygous case presented in PMID:27000257, and 2 compound het cases in PMID:31555905 (though there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant). Functional data shows decreased enzyme activity of the variants. Although there are 3 cases, the phenotype is variable between patients (ID/DD vs regression). Therefore, rated as Amber awaiting further cases and clinical opinion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.78 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger Gene: agmo has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.77 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:27000257 (2016) Alrayes et al., 2016 enrolled a consanguineous family from Saudi Arabia presenting with primary microcephaly, developmental delay, short stature and intellectual disability. They identified a novel homozygous deletion mutation (c.967delA; p.Glu324Lysfs12*) in exon 10 of the alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) gene in 2 brothers. Population screening of 178 ethnically matched control chromosomes and consultation of the ExAC database confirmed that this variant was not present outside the family. Epilepsy is not mentioned amongst their phenotypes.; to: PMID:27000257 (2016) Alrayes et al., 2016 enrolled a consanguineous family from Saudi Arabia presenting with primary microcephaly, developmental delay, short stature and intellectual disability. They identified a novel homozygous deletion mutation (c.967delA; p.Glu324Lysfs12*) in exon 10 of the alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) gene in 2 brothers. Population screening of 178 ethnically matched control chromosomes and consultation of the ExAC database confirmed that this variant was not present outside the family. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.77 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:31555905. Okur et al., report rare nonsense in-frame deletion and missense compound heterozygous variants in AGMO in 2 unrelated individuals (8 year old European girl, and 4-year old Ashkenazi Jewish boy). They demonstrated significantly diminished enzyme activity for all disease-associated variants. The girl harboured variants p.Trp130Ter & p.Gly238Cys. The boy harboured variants p.Gly144Arg and p.Tyr236del. Note that there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant. Table 1 also mentions MTHFR C677T homozygous for the boy, but this is not referred to within the text. ID/DD (and seizures) was reported in the girl. The boy showed normal development to begin, but began to regress age 3.5 years.; to: PMID:31555905. Okur et al., report rare nonsense in-frame deletion and missense compound heterozygous variants in AGMO in 2 unrelated individuals (8 year old European girl, and 4-year old Ashkenazi Jewish boy). They demonstrated significantly diminished enzyme activity for all disease-associated variants. The girl harboured variants p.Trp130Ter & p.Gly238Cys. The boy harboured variants p.Gly144Arg and p.Tyr236del. Note that there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant. Table 1 also mentions MTHFR C677T homozygous for the boy, but this is not referred to within the text. ID/DD (and seizures) were reported in the girl. The boy showed normal development to begin, but began to regress age 3.5 years. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.77 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: AGMO were changed from microcephaly; intellectual disability; epilepsy to microcephaly; intellectual disability; epilepsy; developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.77 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: AGMO were set to 31555905 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.76 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: AGMO: PMID:31555905. Okur et al., report rare nonsense in-frame deletion and missense compound heterozygous variants in AGMO in 2 unrelated individuals (8 year old European girl, and 4-year old Ashkenazi Jewish boy). They demonstrated significantly diminished enzyme activity for all disease-associated variants. The girl harboured variants p.Trp130Ter & p.Gly238Cys. The boy harboured variants p.Gly144Arg and p.Tyr236del. Note that there is one individual in gnomAD who is homozygous for the p.Gly144Arg variant. Table 1 also mentions MTHFR C677T homozygous for the boy, but this is not referred to within the text. ID/DD (and seizures) was reported in the girl. The boy showed normal development to begin, but began to regress age 3.5 years. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.76 | AGMO | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: AGMO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.76 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: KAT8. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.76 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: KAT8: Added 'missense' tag because all de novo variants in PMID:31794431 are missense. Note that for the biallelic case in the same paper, one of the variants is nonsense. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.76 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KAT8 was changed from None to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.75 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Individual T9 inherited biallelc variants from her asymptomatic parents. Her sister carried 1 variant and showed no obvious symptoms. This may be due to incomplete genetic penetrance, or the two variants act differently from the de novo heterozygous variants identified. This is the only example of biallelic inheritance, so have set MOI to 'monoallelic' until more cases are identified. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.75 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: KAT8 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.74 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: KAT8 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.74 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to the panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis, and subsequently reviewed Green by Zornitza Stark. Not yet associated with a disorder in OMIM or G2P. All cases come from PMID:31794431 (Li et al.2019) who report 8 unrelated individuals with heterozygous de novo pathogenic KAT8 variants (T1,T2,T3 had the same variant), plus one individual compound het for a nonsense and a missense variant (p.Lys175* and p.Arg325Cys). All individuals had DD and/or ID (Supplementary materials). Knockout mice failed to thrive, and showed early lethality and cerebral hypoplasia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.74 | KAT8 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: kat8 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.73 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: OMIM records XL inheritance for MIM:301013 with X-linked inactivation. In PMID:29374277 carrier females had skewed X-inactivation whereas the affected female did not. In PMID:31822863 X-linked skewing was seen in both affected females and the unaffected carrier.; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: OMIM records XL inheritance for MIM:301013 noting X-linked inactivation in the comments. In PMID:29374277 carrier females had skewed X-inactivation whereas the affected female did not. In PMID:31822863 X-linked skewing was seen in both affected females and the unaffected carrier. Have set MOI to XLD for now, to capture affected females and males. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.73 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: CXorf56 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.73 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Green. Gene was added to panel by Konstantinos Varvagiannis, with a subsequent Green review by Zornitza Stark. Sufficient cases in PMIDs:29374277 and 31822863. The reported pattern of X-inactivation differs between the papers, but sufficient cases and relevant phenotype for inclusion on the panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.73 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: cxorf56 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.72 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: OMIM records XL inheritance for MIM:301013 with X-linked inactivation. In PMID:29374277 carrier females had skewed X-inactivation whereas the affected female did not. In PMID:31822863 X-linked skewing was seen in both affected females and the unaffected carrier. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.72 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: CXorf56 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.71 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CXorf56: PMID:31822863. Rocha et al., 2019 report on 9 affected individuals (3 unrelated families) with mild to severe ID and variants in CXorf56. In comparison to PMID:29374277, X-linked skewing was seen in both affected females and the unaffected carrier had complete inactivation of the carrier X-chromosome. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.71 | CXorf56 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CXorf56 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.71 | UGP2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: UGP2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.71 | UGP2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added to panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Subsequently reviewed Green by Zornitza Stark. Sufficient evidence and appropriate phenotype (DD seen in all patients in PMID:31820119) for inclusion on panel: 20 patients from 13 unrelated families all with the same variant identified in PMID:31820119 (2019 publication). Therefore updated rating from Grey to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.71 | UGP2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: ugp2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.70 | UGP2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: UGP2 were changed from Seizures; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of vision; Abnormality of the face to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 83, 618744; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of vision; Abnormality of the face | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.69 | TRAPPC4 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: TRAPPC4 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.69 | TRAPPC4 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Added to panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Subsequent Green review by Zornitza Stark. Updated rating from Grey to Green: 7 children from 3 unrelated families with MIM:618741 reported by, Van Bergen et al. (2020) with a recurring homozygous splice site variant in TRAPPC4 resulting in a splice site alteration, the skipping of exon 3, a frameshift, and premature termination (Leu120AspfsTer9). The variant segregated within the disorder within the families and was only found in heterozygous state in gnomAD. Appropriate phenotype and cases just reach threshold for inclusion. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.69 | TRAPPC4 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: trappc4 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.68 | TRAPPC4 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC4 were changed from Feeding difficulties; Progressive microcephaly; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spastic tetraparesis; Abnormality of the face; Scoliosis; Cortical visual impairment; Hearing impairment to Neurodevelopmental disorder with epilepsy, spasticity, and brain atrophy, 618741 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.67 | WDR45B | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: WDR45B were changed from AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE MENTAL RETARDATION to AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE MENTAL RETARDATION; Neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic quadriplegia and brain abnormalities with or without seizures, 617977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.67 | WDR45B | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: WDR45B were set to 21937992; 28503735 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.66 | ALKBH8 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: ALKBH8 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.66 | ALKBH8 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Demoted from Green to Amber based on advice from the Genomics England Clinical Team. In email correspondence, Helen Brittain notes that this is a borderline gene in terms of evidence (two families, 6/7 individuals with seizures and not particularly extensive functional / supportive information). Zornitza's review on the Genetic Epilepsy Syndromes panel focuses on the differing ratings of ALKBH8 on the ID (Green) and Epilepsy (Amber) panels. Based on borderline evidence, I have demoted ALKBH8 to Amber on the ID panel to be consistent with the GLH consensus on the Epilepsy panel (R59 #402). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.66 | ALKBH8 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: alkbh8 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.65 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Marked gene: PTRHD1 as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.65 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Added comment: Comment when marking as ready: Further case from personal correspondence. Considered sufficient for a green rating. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.65 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Gene: ptrhd1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.65 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Phenotypes for gene: PTRHD1 were changed from Intellectual disability; Parkinsonism, Intellectual disability; Parkinsonism to Intellectual disability; Parkinsonism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.64 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Classified gene: PTRHD1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.64 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Gene: ptrhd1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.63 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Tag watchlist was removed from gene: PTRHD1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.63 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Classified gene: PTRHD1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.63 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Gene: ptrhd1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.63 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Classified gene: PTRHD1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.63 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain Gene: ptrhd1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.62 | PTRHD1 | Helen Brittain reviewed gene: PTRHD1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.62 | TMX2 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: TMX2 were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormal cortical gyration to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormal cortical gyration; Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, cortical malformations, and spasticity, 618730 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.61 | SMARCD1 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: SMARCD1 were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the hand; Abnormality of the foot to Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the hand; Abnormality of the foot; Coffin-Siris syndrome 11, 618779 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.60 | NKAP | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: NKAP were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndromic, Hackman-Di Donato type #301039 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.59 | DLG4 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: DLG4 were changed from Intellectual disability; Marfanoid habitus to Intellectual disability; Marfanoid habitus; Intellectual developmental disorder 62 #618793 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.58 | CDK8 | Eleanor Williams Phenotypes for gene: CDK8 were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Behavioral abnormality; Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology; Hearing impairment; Abnormality of vision; Anorectal anomaly; Seizures to Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Behavioral abnormality; Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology; Hearing impairment; Abnormality of vision; Anorectal anomaly; Seizures; Intellectual developmental disorder with hypotonia and behavioral abnormalities #618748 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.57 | PCYT2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PCYT2 were changed from Global developmental delay; Developmental regression; Intellectual disability; Spastic paraparesis; Seizures; Spastic tetraparesis; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar atrophy to Spastic paraplegia 82, autosomal recessive, 618770; Global developmental delay; Developmental regression; Intellectual disability; Spastic paraparesis; Seizures; Spastic tetraparesis; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar atrophy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.56 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: EXT2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.56 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green. Sufficient cases to support causation of MIM:616682, of which ID is a prominent phenotype. Note that I have updated the Mode of Inheritance from AD to AR to match MIM:616682 (and the Genetic epilepsy syndromes panel, #402). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.56 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: ext2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:30288735. In 2 siblings with MIM:616682, Gentile et al identified compound het missense variants in EXT2, which segregated with the disorder (D227N and Y608C). The D227N vairant contributes to exostosis (inherited from the mother who had a family history of exostosis).; to: PMID:30288735. In 2 siblings with MIM:616682, Gentile et al identified compound het missense variants in EXT2, which segregated with the disorder (D227N and Y608C). The D227N variant contributes to exostosis (inherited from the mother who had a family history of exostosis). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: EXT2: PMID:30288735. In 2 siblings with MIM:616682, Gentile et al identified compound het missense variants in EXT2, which segregated with the disorder (D227N and Y608C). The D227N vairant contributes to exostosis (inherited from the mother who had a family history of exostosis). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: EXT2: PMID:30997052. In a 14 year old girl, Gupta et al. (2019) identified compound het missense variants in the EXT2 gene (V373D and T672M), which segregated with the disorder in the family. The patient also carried a maternal heterozygous variant (R454C) in NDST1. She had developmental delay, autism and epilepsy amongst her phenotypes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: EXT2: PMID:30075207. In 2 brothers, born of consanguineous Syrian parents, with MIM:616682 El-Bazzal et al. (2019) identified a homozygous missense mutation in the EXT2 gene (p.Ser4Leu). Psychomotor delay was noted for both at the age of 3 months. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: EXT2: PMID:26246518: In 4 siblings, born of consanguineous parents in the Old Order Mennonite community, with seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly/microcephaly syndrome (MIM:616682), Farhan et al. (2015) identified homozygosity for 2 missense mutations in EXT2 (M87R and R95C). All siblings had moderate ID and a seizure disorder. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.55 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: EXT2 were changed from Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, 616682 to Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, 616682; autosomal recessive EXT2-related syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.54 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Deleted their comment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.54 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Updated MOI from MONOALLELIC to BIALLELIC. EXT2 is associated with 2 different disorders: Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, 616682 (AR) and Exostoses, multiple, type 2, 133701 (AD). MIM:616682 is relevant to this panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.54 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: EXT2 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.53 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: EXT2 were set to 25529582; 26246518; 30997052; 30288735 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.52 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: EXT2 were changed from Exostoses, multiple, type 2, 133701 to Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, 616682 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.51 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: EXT2 were set to 25529582 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.51 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Updated MOI from MONOALLELIC to BIALLELIC. EXT2 is associated with 2 different disorders: Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, 616682 (AR) and Exostoses, multiple, type 2, 133701 (AD). MIM:616682 is relevant to this panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.51 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: EXT2 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.50 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: EXT2 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.49 | EXT2 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: EXT2 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.48 | WASF1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: WASF1 were changed from ID associated with autistic features, seizures, and developmental delay; intellectual disability to Neurodevelopmental disorder with absent language and variable seizures, 618707; ID associated with autistic features, seizures, and developmental delay; intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.47 | POU3F3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: POU3F3 were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Delayed speech and language development; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autistic behavior to Snijders Blok-Fisher syndrome, 618604; Generalized hypotonia; Delayed speech and language development; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autistic behavior | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.46 | POLR2A | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: POLR2A were changed from Global developmental delay; Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia and variable intellectual and behavioral abnormalities, 618603; Global developmental delay; Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.45 | PHF21A | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: Potocki-Shaffer syndrome (MIM:601224) is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving genes on chromosome 11p11.2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.45 | PHF21A | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PHF21A were changed from Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, 601224; PSS; Intellectual disability; Intellectual developmental disorder with behavioral abnormalities and craniofacial dysmorphism with or without seizures, 618725 to Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, 601224; PSS; Intellectual disability; Intellectual developmental disorder with behavioral abnormalities and craniofacial dysmorphism with or without seizures, 618725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.44 | PHF21A | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PHF21A were changed from Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, 601224; PSS; Intellectual disability to Potocki-Shaffer syndrome, 601224; PSS; Intellectual disability; Intellectual developmental disorder with behavioral abnormalities and craniofacial dysmorphism with or without seizures, 618725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.43 | MSL3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: MSL3 were changed from Muscular hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability; no OMIM number to Muscular hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability; Basilicata-Akhtar syndrome, 301032 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.42 | CNOT3 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CNOT3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.42 | CNOT3 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: CNOT3 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.41 | CNOT3 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: CNOT3 were set to 25529582; 28135719 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.40 | CNOT3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: CNOT3 were changed from CNOT3 syndrome; intellectual disability, global developmental delay to CNOT3 syndrome; intellectual disability, global developmental delay; Intellectual developmental disorder with speech delay, autism, and dysmorphic facies, 618672 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.39 | NR4A2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: NR4A2: Added comment: Singh et al (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-020-0815-4) provide details on the phenotype of 9 unrelated individuals with NR4A2 pathogenic variants (in almost all cases de novo). Features included hypotonia (in 6/9), DD (9/9), varying levels of ID (mild to severe in 8/8 for whom this information was available), seizures (6/9 - variable epilepsy phenotypes), behavioral problems (5/9 - with autism reported for one). Less frequent features incl. hypermobility (in 3), ataxia/movement disorder (in 3). 8 total pLoF and missense variants were identified as de novo events following trio exome sequencing with Sanger validation (7/8 variants). For 1(/8) individual with a stopgain variant, a single parental sample was available. A 9th individual was found to harbor a ~3.7 Mb 2q deletion spanning also other genes (which might also contribute to his phenotype of epilepsy). Only the effect of a variant affecting the splice-acceptor site was studied (c.865-1_865delGCinsAAAAAGGAGT - NM_006186.3) with RT-PCR demonstrating an out-of-frame skipping of exon 4. Another variant (NM_006186.3:c.325dup) found in a subject with DD, ID and epilepsy had also previously been reported in another individual with similar phenotype of epilepsy and ID (Ramos et al - PMID: 31428396 - the variant was de novo with other causes for his phenotype excluded). As discussed by Singh et al, NR4A2 encodes a steroid-thyroid-retinoid receptor which acts as a nuclear receptor transcription factor. The authors summarize previous reports on NR4A2 haploinsufficiency (NR4A2 has a pLI of 1 and HI score of 1.28% - Z-score is 2.24). The authors comment on mouse models suggesting a role of NR4A2 for dopaminergic neurons, and provide plausible explanations for the phenotype of ID/seizures.; Changed publications: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-020-0815-4, 31428396, 29770430, 30504930, 28544326, 27569545, 23554088, 28135719, 27479843, 25363768; Changed phenotypes: Generalized hypotonia, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Behavioral abnormality, Abnormality of movement, Joint hypermobility |
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| Intellectual disability v3.39 | CUL3 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: CUL3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32341456; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology, Abnormality of the palate, Pseudohypoaldosteronism, type IIE - MIM #614496; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.39 | ATP1A2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: ATP1A2 were changed from Migraine, familial hemiplegic, 2 602481 to Migraine, familial hemiplegic, 2 602481; Alternating hemiplegia of childhood 1, 104290 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.38 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: ALG9 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.38 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: As highlighted by Zornitza Stark, since the last curation review, a number of papers have been published on the ALG9 phenotype, including PMID:26453364 and PMID:28932688 who review the literature and report additional cases. At least 6-7 (of 10/11) patients have developmental delay. Therefore sufficient cases to support causation and have updated rating from Red to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.38 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: alg9 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.37 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: ALG9 were changed from Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Il 608776; Gillessen-Kaesbach-Nishimura syndrome 263210 to Developmental delay; Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Il 608776; Gillessen-Kaesbach-Nishimura syndrome 263210 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.36 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ALG9: PMID:28932688. Davis et al., 2017 review the literature for ALG9:CDG cases. They summarise 10 patients from 6 different families with one of four ALG9 variants (including the 4 new patients reported by PMID:26453364). They also report an additional patient with ALG9-CDH with a milder phenotype. Prenatally, dysmorphic features, renal cysts and cardiac malformations were detected. She had seizures and developmental delay. She had a homozygous variant in ALG9: p.Tyr287Cys. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.36 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:26453364. AlSubhi et al., 2016 summarise 6 patients with ALG9-CDG from the literature and report 4 additional patients from a large consanguineous family. 6/10 patients had developmental disability including the index patient (IV:5), a6 year old girl with global DD, skeletal dysplasia, epilepsy, facial dysmorphisms amongst her phenotypes. The three affected cousins had similar phenotypes.; to: PMID:26453364. AlSubhi et al., 2016 summarise 6 patients with ALG9-CDG from the literature and report 4 additional patients from a large consanguineous family. 6/10 patients had developmental disability including the index patient (IV:5), a 6 year old girl with global DD, skeletal dysplasia, epilepsy, facial dysmorphisms amongst her phenotypes. The three affected cousins had similar phenotypes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.36 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: ALG9 were set to 15945070; 15148656 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | ALG9 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ALG9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | WDR34 | Catherine Snow Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: WDR34. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | WDR34 | Catherine Snow commented on gene: WDR34 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | WDR60 | Catherine Snow Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: WDR60. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | WDR60 | Catherine Snow commented on gene: WDR60 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | UGDH |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: UGDH was added gene: UGDH was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UGDH was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UGDH were set to 32001716 Phenotypes for gene: UGDH were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 84 - MIM #618792 Penetrance for gene: UGDH were set to Complete Review for gene: UGDH was set to GREEN Added comment: Hengel et al (2020 - PMID: 32001716) report on 36 individuals with biallelic UGDH pathogenic variants. The phenotype corresponded overall to a developmental epileptic encephalopathy with hypotonia, feeding difficulties, severe global DD, moderate or commonly severe ID in all. Hypotonia and motor disorder (incl. spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, chorea, etc) often occurred prior to the onset of seizures. A single individual did not present seizures and 2 sibs had only seizures in the setting of fever. Affected subjects were tested by exome sequencing and UGDH variants were the only/best candidates for the phenotype following also segregation studies. Many were compound heterozygous or homozygous (~6 families were consanguineous) for missense variants and few were compound heterozygous for missense and pLoF variants. There were no individuals with biallelic pLoF variants identified. Parental/sib studies were all compatible with AR inheritance mode. UGDH encodes the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, the latter being a critical component of the glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate [OMIM]. Patient fibroblast and biochemical assays suggested a LoF effect of variants leading to impairment of UGDH stability, oligomerization or enzymatic activity (decreased UGDH-catalyzed reduction of NAD+ to NADH / hyaluronic acid production which requires UDP-glucuronate). Attempts to model the disorder using an already developped zebrafish model (for a hypomorphic LoF allele) were unsuccessful as fish did not exhibit seizures spontaneously or upon induction with PTZ. Modelling of the disorder in vitro using patient-derived cerebral organoids demonstrated smaller organoids due to reduced number of proliferating neural progenitors. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.35 | YIF1B |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: YIF1B was added gene: YIF1B was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YIF1B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YIF1B were set to 32006098 Phenotypes for gene: YIF1B were set to Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement Penetrance for gene: YIF1B were set to Complete Review for gene: YIF1B was set to GREEN Added comment: AlMuhaizea et al (2020 - PMID: 32006098) report on the phenotype of 6 individuals (from 5 families) with biallelic YIF1B truncating variants. Affected subjects presented hypotonia, failure to thrive, microcephaly (5/6), severe global DD and ID (as evident from best motor/language milestones achieved - Table S1) as well as features suggestive of a motor disorder (dystonia/spasticity/dyskinesia). Seizures were reported in 2 unrelated individuals (2/6). MRI abnormalities were observed in some with thin CC being a feature in 3. Variable initial investigations were performed including SNP CMA, MECP2, microcephaly / neurotransmitter disorders gene panel testing did not reveal P/LP variants. YIF1B variants were identified in 3 families within ROH. Following exome sequencing, affected individuals were found to be homozygous for truncating variants (4/5 families being consanguineous). The following 3 variants were identified (NM_001039672.2) : c.186dupT or p.Ala64fs / c.360_361insACAT or p.Gly121fs / c.598G>T or p.Glu200*. YIF1B encodes an intracellular transmembrane protein. It has been previously demonstrated that - similarly to other proteins of the Yip family being implicated in intracellular traffic between the Golgi - Yif1B is involved in the anterograde traffic pathway. Yif1B KO mice demonstrate a disorganized Golgi architecture in pyramidal hippocampal neurons (Alterio et al 2015 - PMID: 26077767). The rat ortholog interacts with serotonin receptor 1 (5-HT1AR) with colocalization of Yif1BB and 5-HT1AR in intermediate compartment vesicles and involvement of the former in intracellular trafficing/modulation of 5-HT1AR transport to dendrites (PMID cited: 18685031). Available mRNA and protein expression data (Protein Atlas) suggest that the gene is widely expressed in all tissues incl. neuronal cells. Immunochemistry data from the Human Brain Atlas also suggest that YIF1B is found in vesicles and localized to the Golgi apparatus. Immunohistochemistry in normal human brain tissue (cerebral cortex) demonstrated labeling of neuronal cells (Human Protein Atlas). Functional/network analysis of genes co-regulated with YIF1B based on available RNAseq data, suggest enrichement in in genes important for nervous system development and function. Please consider inclusion in other panels that may be relevant (e.g. microcephaly, etc). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.35 | SPTBN4 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SPTBN4 was added gene: SPTBN4 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPTBN4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SPTBN4 were set to 28540413; 28940097; 29861105; 31230720; 31857255 Phenotypes for gene: SPTBN4 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neuropathy, and deafness MIM#617519 Penetrance for gene: SPTBN4 were set to Complete Review for gene: SPTBN4 was set to GREEN Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic SPTBN4 variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neuropathy, and deafness (MIM #617519). There are several reports on the phenotype of relevant affected individuals with severe/profound DD/ID in at least 9 individuals : - Knierim et al (2017 - PMID: 28540413) [1 affected individual] - Anazi et al (2017 - PMID: 28940097) [1] - Wang et al (2018 - PMID: 29861105) [6] - Pehlivan et al (2019 - PMID: 31230720) [1] A recent article by Häusler et al (2019 - PMID: 31857255) describes the phenotype of 2 sibs, both presenting with motor and speech delay, although the older one had reportedly 'normal' cognitive performance allowing attendance of regular school at the age of 6 years. Features include congenital hypotonia, severe DD and ID (in most as outlined above, ID was the primary indication for testing on several occasions), poor or absent reflexes and weakness secondary to axonal motor neuropathy, feeding and respiratory difficulties, hearing and visual impairment. Seizures have been reported in at least 4 unrelated individuals (3 by Wang et al / 1 by Pehlivan et al). Variants in most cases were nonsense/frameshift although biallelic missense variants have also been reported. Sibs in the report by Häusler et al harbored a homozygous splicing variant. SPTBN4 encodes a member of the beta-spectrin protein family that is expressed in the brain, peripheral nervous system, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. βIV spectrin links ankyrinG and clustered ion channels (at axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier) to the axonal cytoskeleton. Pathogenic variants are proposed to disrupt the cytoskeletal machinery controlling proper localization of ion channels and function of axonal domains where ion channels are normally clustered in high density. Among the evidence provided : nerve biopsies from an affected individual displayed reduced nodal Na+ channels and no nodal KCNQ2 K+ channels / Loss of AnkyrinG and βIV spectrin in animal model resulted in loss of KCNQ2- and KCNQ3- subunit containing K+ channels. Apart from the ID / epilepsy panels please consider inclusion in other relevant ones. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.35 | TNRC6B | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: TNRC6B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32152250, 28135719, 25363768, 27479843, 28959963, 25228304; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Autistic behavior; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | CDC42BPB |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CDC42BPB was added gene: CDC42BPB was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CDC42BPB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CDC42BPB were set to 32031333 Phenotypes for gene: CDC42BPB were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Autistic behavior; Behavioral abnormality Penetrance for gene: CDC42BPB were set to unknown Review for gene: CDC42BPB was set to GREEN Added comment: Chilton et al (2020 - PMID: 32031333) report on 14 individuals with missense and loss-of-function CDC42BPB variants. Features included hypotonia (8/11), DD (12/13 - the 14th was a fetus), ID (7/13), ASD (8/12), clinical seizures (in 3 - a 4th had abnormal EEG without seizures), behavioral abnormalities. Variable non-specific dysmorphic features were reported in some (sparse hair being the most frequent - 4/8). Additional features were observed in few (=<4) incl. cryptorchidism, ophthalmological issues, constipation, kidney abnormalities, micropenis, etc. All individuals had non-diagnostic prior genetic testing (incl. CMA, FMR1, MECP2, Angelman/Prader-Willi methylation studies, autism gene panel - suggesting relevance to the current panel) or metabolic testing. Variants were identified following clinical exome sequencing with Sanger confirmation. Most occurred as de novo events (11/14) while inheritance was not available for few (3/14). Missense variants did not display (particular) clustering. Almost all variants were absent from gnomAD and were predicted to be deleterious in silico (among others almost all had CADD scores >25). As the authors comment, CDC42BPB encodes myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase β (MRCKβ) a serine/threonine protein kinase playing a role in regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration in nonmuscle cells (through phosporylation of MLC2). Previous studies have demonstrated that it is ubiquitously expressed with prenatal brain expression. The gene appears to be intolerant to pLoF (pLI of 1) as well as to missense variants (Z-score of 3.66). CDC42BPB is a downstream effector of CDC42. Mutations of the latter cause Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome with DD/ID and some further overlapping features (with CDC42BPB-associated phenotypes). Homozygous Cdc42bpb KO in mouse appears to be nonviable (MGI:2136459). Loss of gek in the eyes of Drosophila results in disrupted growth cone targeting to the lamina (gek is the fly CDC42BPB ortholog). Please consider inclusion with amber / green rating in the ID panel (>=4 relevant individuals / variants) and other panels (e.g. for epilepsy, ASD). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.35 | ADAM22 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: ADAM22 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | ADAM22 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Set rating as Amber: 2 unrelated families with ID as part of the phenotype (PMID:27066583 and 30237576). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.35 | ADAM22 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: adam22 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.34 | ADAM22 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ADAM22: PMID:27066583. Muona et al., 2016 report a Finnish proband-parent-trio with intractable seizures and ID. Compound het variants c.1202G>A, p.Cys401Tyr and c.2396delG, p.Ser799IlefsTer96 were found in ADAM22. Functional assays showed that mutant proteins failed to form the LGI1-ADAM22 ligand-receptor complex. The variants are unlikely to be full LOF. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.34 | ADAM22 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: ADAM22: PMID:30237576 (Maddirevula et al., 2019) searched their database of clinical exomes for homozygous variants and report an 18 year old male with Arg860* variant and recurrent seizures (Supplementary Table). His development was normal until 5 months when he had a slower gain of milestones. He has ID with severely delayed speech. Family history revealed ID and epilepsy in his old brother and in wider family. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.34 | ADAM22 |
Rebecca Foulger gene: ADAM22 was added gene: ADAM22 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ADAM22 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ADAM22 were set to 27066583; 30237576 Added comment: Added ADAM22 to ID panel based on literature curation for Epilepsy phenotype. Patients in PMID:27066583 (Finnish trio with compound het ADAM22 variants in the proband) and PMID:30237576 (18 year old male with Arg860* variant) both report ID alongside epilepsy. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.33 | VPS51 |
Zornitza Stark gene: VPS51 was added gene: VPS51 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS51 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS51 were set to 30624672; 31207318 Phenotypes for gene: VPS51 were set to Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 13, MIM# 618606 Review for gene: VPS51 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two families reported with bi-allelic variants in this gene and global developmental delay, impaired intellectual development with absent speech, microcephaly, and progressive atrophy of the cerebellar vermis and brainstem. Additional features, including seizures and visual impairment, are variable. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.33 | LRRC32 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LRRC32 was added gene: LRRC32 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: LRRC32 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: LRRC32 were set to 30976112 Phenotypes for gene: LRRC32 were set to Intellectual disability; cleft palate; proliferative retinopathy Review for gene: LRRC32 was set to AMBER Added comment: Three individuals from two consanguineous families segregated the same homozygous bi-allelic variant, c.1630C>T; p.(Arg544Ter), shared haplotype indicative of founder effect. Mouse model has cleft palate and neonatal death. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.33 | CTU2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: CTU2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.33 | CTU2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to panel and rated Green by Zornitza Stark. Sufficient cases of global DD in PMID:31301155 in patients that survived infancy to support causation. Therefore updated rating from Grey to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.33 | CTU2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: ctu2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.32 | CTU2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CTU2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.32 | CTU2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: CTU2 were changed from Microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, renal agenesis, and ambiguous genitalia syndrome, MIM#618142 to DREAM‐PL syndrome; Microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, renal agenesis, and ambiguous genitalia syndrome, 618142 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.31 | CDK19 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDK19: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32330417; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, epileptic encephalopathy; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.31 | GNAI2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: GNAI2 was added gene: GNAI2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GNAI2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: GNAI2 were set to 31036916; 27787898 Phenotypes for gene: GNAI2 were set to Syndromic intellectual disability Review for gene: GNAI2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two individuals reported, some functional data. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.31 | FEM1B |
Zornitza Stark gene: FEM1B was added gene: FEM1B was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FEM1B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: FEM1B were set to 31036916 Phenotypes for gene: FEM1B were set to Syndromic intellectual disability Review for gene: FEM1B was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 31036916 - a single individual with de novo variant reported in a neurodevelopmental disorder cohort. Authors note another de novo case with the exact same variant (p.Arg126Gln) from the DDD study, and a 3rd patient from GeneMatcher with the same de novo missense again. The variant is in a highly constrained region of the protein. Cannot be certain the DDD and GeneMatcher individuals are unrelated, therefore I have treated as two reports for now. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.31 | WIPI2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: WIPI2 was added gene: WIPI2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: WIPI2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: WIPI2 were set to 30968111 Phenotypes for gene: WIPI2 were set to Intellectual developmental disorder with short stature and variable skeletal anomalies 618453 Review for gene: WIPI2 was set to RED Added comment: Four homozygous individuals from one consanguineous family with intellectual disability, short stature and variable skeletal anomalies. Functional studies in patient cells showed impaired protein function. One to watch. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.31 | GSX2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: GSX2 was added gene: GSX2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GSX2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GSX2 were set to 31412107 Phenotypes for gene: GSX2 were set to Diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia syndrome 2 618646; Intellectual disability; Dystonia; Spastic tetra paresis Review for gene: GSX2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families, some functional data. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.31 | YARS |
Zornitza Stark gene: YARS was added gene: YARS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YARS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YARS were set to 30304524; 29232904; 27633801 Phenotypes for gene: YARS were set to Intellectual disability; deafness; nystagmus; liver dysfunction Review for gene: YARS was set to GREEN gene: YARS was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Mono-allelic variants are associated with CMT. However, 10 individuals from three unrelated families reported with bi-allelic variants and a severe phenotype, comprising ID, nystagmus, deafness, liver dysfunction and a range of other features. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.31 | CACNB4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CACNB4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32176688; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorder; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.31 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: CEP55 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.31 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Rated CEP55 as Green: >3 unrelated cases in PMID:32100459 with DD/ID (2 of which are severe). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.31 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: cep55 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.30 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) describe 7 living individuals (5 families) with biallelic variants (compound het and homozygous splice site variant) in CEP55. Global/severe DD was seen in patient 2, and the 3 siblings (patients 5,6,7). Mild/delayed motor/speech development was seen in unrelated patients 3 and 4.; to: PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) describe 7 living individuals (5 families) with biallelic variants (compound het and homozygous splice site variant) in CEP55. Global/severe DD was seen in patient 2, and the 3 siblings (patients 5,6,7). Mild/delayed motor & speech development was seen in unrelated patients 3 and 4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.30 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) describe 7 living individuals (5 families) with biallelic variants (compound het and homozygous splice site variant) in CEP55. Global/severe DD wax seen in patient 2, and the 3 siblings (patients 5,6,7). Mild/delayed motor/speech development was seen in unrelated patients 3 and 4.; to: PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) describe 7 living individuals (5 families) with biallelic variants (compound het and homozygous splice site variant) in CEP55. Global/severe DD was seen in patient 2, and the 3 siblings (patients 5,6,7). Mild/delayed motor/speech development was seen in unrelated patients 3 and 4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.30 | CEP55 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CEP55: PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) describe 7 living individuals (5 families) with biallelic variants (compound het and homozygous splice site variant) in CEP55. Global/severe DD wax seen in patient 2, and the 3 siblings (patients 5,6,7). Mild/delayed motor/speech development was seen in unrelated patients 3 and 4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.30 | CEP55 |
Rebecca Foulger gene: CEP55 was added gene: CEP55 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CEP55 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CEP55 were set to 32100459 Phenotypes for gene: CEP55 were set to microcephaly, delayed development, and bilateral toe syndactyly Added comment: Added to ID panel on advice from Helen Brittain, Genomics England Clinical Team. Phenotype of living individuals in PMID:32100459 (Barrie et al., 2020) includes developmental delay. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.29 | RSRC1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: RSRC1: Added comment: 17 additional individuals reported.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28640246, 29522154, 32227164; Changed phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 70, MIM# 618402; Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.29 | EIF2AK2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EIF2AK2 was added gene: EIF2AK2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EIF2AK2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EIF2AK2 were set to 32197074 Phenotypes for gene: EIF2AK2 were set to Intellectual disability; white matter abnormalities; ataxia; regression with febrile illness Review for gene: EIF2AK2 was set to GREEN gene: EIF2AK2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Eight individuals with de novo variants and complex neurodevelopmental phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.29 | EIF2AK1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EIF2AK1 was added gene: EIF2AK1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EIF2AK1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EIF2AK1 were set to 32197074 Phenotypes for gene: EIF2AK1 were set to Intellectual disability; white matter abnormalities Review for gene: EIF2AK1 was set to RED Added comment: Single individual reported with de novo variant in this gene, one to watch. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.29 | NRROS |
Zornitza Stark gene: NRROS was added gene: NRROS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NRROS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NRROS were set to 32100099; 32197075 Phenotypes for gene: NRROS were set to neurodegeneration; intracranial calcification; epilepsy Review for gene: NRROS was set to GREEN Added comment: Normal development or mild developmental delay until onset of regression around age of 1 concurrent with epilepsy Biallelic LOF mutations with functional evidence of pathogenicity reported in 6 unrelated families. Suggest also add to Epilepsy panel, possibly others. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.29 | NOVA2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NOVA2 was added gene: NOVA2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NOVA2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: NOVA2 were set to 32197073 Phenotypes for gene: NOVA2 were set to Intellectual disability; autism; hypotonia; spasticity; ataxia Review for gene: NOVA2 was set to GREEN gene: NOVA2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Six individuals with de novo frameshift variants resulting in C-terminal extension suggesting partial LoF as mechanism. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.29 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: GAD1 were changed from ?Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 1; Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, cleft palate, joint contractures and/or omphalocele to ?Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 1 603513; Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, cleft palate, joint contractures and/or omphalocele | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.28 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: GAD1 were set to 26503795; 24896178; 26350204; https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/10.1093/brain/awaa085 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.27 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on publications: https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/10.1093/brain/awaa085 new publication, without a PMID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.27 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: GAD1 were set to 26503795; 24896178; 26350204; https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/10.1093/brain/awaa085 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.27 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on publications: https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.qmul.ac.uk/10.1093/brain/awaa085 new publication, without a PMID | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.27 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: GAD1 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.26 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: GAD1 were changed from ?Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 1 to ?Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 1; Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, cleft palate, joint contractures and/or omphalocele | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.25 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: GAD1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.25 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Five biallelic loss of function variants reported in 11 cases in 6 unrelated families. All cases had epilepsy syndrome, 10 profound intellectual disabilty (1 case died at day 9 of life) and other nuerological and developement features. Supportive functional studies were also presented | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.25 | GAD1 | Sarah Leigh Gene: gad1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.24 | NUP188 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NUP188: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32021605, 28726809, 32275884; Phenotypes: microcephaly, ID, cataract, structural brain abnormalities, hypoventilation; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.24 | PIGK |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: 12 individuals from 9 unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list; to: 12 individuals from 9 unrelated families reported. Suggest adding to Genetic Epilepsy panel as well. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.24 | PIGK |
Zornitza Stark gene: PIGK was added gene: PIGK was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PIGK was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIGK were set to 32220290 Phenotypes for gene: PIGK were set to Intellectual disability; seizures; cerebellar atrophy Review for gene: PIGK was set to GREEN gene: PIGK was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 12 individuals from 9 unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.24 | ADARB1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Four unrelated individuals with bi-allelic variants in this gene. Sources: Literature; to: Four unrelated individuals with bi-allelic variants in this gene. Suggest also adding to Genetic Epilepsy and Microcephaly panels. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.24 | ADARB1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ADARB1 was added gene: ADARB1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ADARB1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ADARB1 were set to 32220291 Phenotypes for gene: ADARB1 were set to Intellectual disability; microcephaly; seizures Review for gene: ADARB1 was set to GREEN gene: ADARB1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four unrelated individuals with bi-allelic variants in this gene. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.24 | RNF13 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: RNF13 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.24 | RNF13 | Sarah Leigh Gene: rnf13 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.23 | RNF13 |
Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as probable Gen2Phen gene. At least 2 variants reported in 3 unrelated cases, together with supportive functional studies.; to: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as probable Gen2Phen gene. At least 2 variants reported in 3 unrelated cases, together with supportive functional studies. Gain-of-function mechanism has been reported, therefore the mutational spectrum may be limited and is still to be determined through further cases or further functional studies (view of Helen Britain, GeL Clincial Fellow). |
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| Intellectual disability v3.23 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SCAMP5. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.23 | SCAMP5 |
Sarah Leigh changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Not associated with phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 10/06/2014) or in Gen2Phen. Two variants have been identified in three unrelated cases (one monoallelic, one biallelic). Supportive functional studies have been reported. It would appear that the two variants reported so far in this gene result in differing mode of pathogenicity and phenotypic features. With heterozygous c.538G>T, p.Gly180Trp seeming to have a dominant-negative effect resulting in autistic spectrum disorder, intellectual disability and seizures. While homozygous c.271C>T, p.R91W seems to have a loss of function effect resulting in early onset epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. This may be due to different functional domains of the mature protein being altered.; to: Comment on list classification: Not associated with phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 10/06/2014) or in Gen2Phen. Two variants have been identified in three unrelated cases (one monoallelic, one biallelic). Supportive functional studies have been reported. It would appear that the two variants reported so far in this gene result in differing mode of pathogenicity and phenotypic features. With heterozygous c.538G>T, p.Gly180Trp seeming to have a dominant-negative effect resulting in autistic spectrum disorder, intellectual disability and seizures. While homozygous c.271C>T, p.R91W seems to have a loss of function effect resulting in early onset epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. This may be due to different functional domains of the mature protein being altered. Based on this evidence, SCAMP5 is rated as Amber, with a Watchlist tag. This status may change if further cases are reported. |
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| Intellectual disability v3.23 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of pathogenicity: Based on report in PMID 31625145, reporting biallelic loss of function SCN8A variants in three cases in two families with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. This differs from the previosly reported gain of function monoallelic variants (PMID 24194747;22365152). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.23 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Mode of pathogenicity for gene: SCN8A was changed from to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.22 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Based on report in PMID 31625145, reporting biallelic loss of function SCN8A variants in three cases in two families with severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.22 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Mode of inheritance for gene: SCN8A was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.21 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: SCN8A were changed from Cognitive impairment with or without cerebellar ataxia, 614306Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 13, 614558; COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT WITH OR WITHOUT CEREBELLAR ATAXIA to ?Cognitive impairment with or without cerebellar ataxia,614306; Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile,614558; Seizures, benign familial infantile,617080 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.20 | SCN8A | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: SCN8A were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.19 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of pathogenicity: Heterozygous c.538G>T, p.Gly180Trp seeming to have a dominant-negative effect resulting in autistic spectrum disorder, intellectual disability and seizures. While homozygous c.271C>T, p.R91W seems to have a loss of function effect resulting in early onset epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.19 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Mode of pathogenicity for gene: SCAMP5 was changed from Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.18 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: SCAMP5 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.18 | SCAMP5 |
Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Not associated with phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 10/06/2014) or in Gen2Phen. Two variants have been identified in three unrelated cases (one monoallelic, one biallelic). Supportive functional studies have been reported. It would appear that the two variants reported so far in this gene result in differing mode of pathogenicity and phenotypic features. With heterozygous c.538G>T, p.Gly180Trp seeming to have a dominant-negative effect resulting in autistic spectrum disorder, intellectual disability and seizures. While homozygous c.271C>T, p.R91W seems to have a loss of function effect resulting in early onset epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. This may be due to different functional domains of the mature protein being altered. |
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| Intellectual disability v3.18 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Gene: scamp5 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.17 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Based on the reporting of a de novo heterozygous varaiant (NM_001178111.1:c.538G>T) in two unrelated cases (PMID: 31439720) and a homozygous variant (NM_001178111:c.271C>T, rs747966691) in two members of a Chinese consanguienious family (PMID: 32020363). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.17 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Mode of inheritance for gene: SCAMP5 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.16 | SCAMP5 | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: SCAMP5 were set to 31439720; 20071347 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.15 | RNF13 | Sarah Leigh reviewed gene: RNF13: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.15 | RNF113A | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: RNF113A as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.15 | RNF113A | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as possible Gen2Phen gene for X-linked trichothiodystrophy. At least 3 terminating variants reported in unrelated cases. Supportive functional studies also reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.15 | RNF113A | Sarah Leigh Gene: rnf113a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.14 | RNF113A | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: RNF113A were set to 25612912; 29144457 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.13 | RARS | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: RARS as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.13 | RARS | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as confirmed Gen2Phen gene. At least 19 variants reported in at least 13 cases of Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy exhibinting intellectual disability to varying degrees. Supportive functional studies were also reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.13 | RARS | Sarah Leigh Gene: rars has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.12 | RARS | Sarah Leigh commented on gene: RARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.12 | RARS | Sarah Leigh Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: RARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.12 | RALGAPA1 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: RALGAPA1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.12 | RALGAPA1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM and as probable Gen2Phen gene for RALGAPA1-related neurodevelopmental disorder. At least 5 variants reported in at least 4 unrelated cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.12 | RALGAPA1 | Sarah Leigh Gene: ralgapa1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.11 | RALGAPA1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: Intellectual disability;hypotonia;infantile spasms. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.11 | RALGAPA1 | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: RALGAPA1 were changed from Intellectual disability; hypotonia; infantile spasms. to Neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, neonatal respiratory insufficiency, and thermodysregulation 618797 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.10 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: PUM1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.10 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM, but not associated with phenotype in Gen2Phen. At least 3 SNVs in at least 5 unrelated cases and CNVs spanning PUM1 in 9 cases. Supportive functional studies also reported. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.10 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Gene: pum1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.9 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: Global developmental delay;Intellectual disability;Seizures;Abnormality of the face;Ataxia;Cryptorchidism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.9 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: PUM1 were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of the face; Ataxia; Cryptorchidism to Spinocerebellar ataxia 47 617931 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.8 | PUM1 | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: PUM1 were set to 29474920; 30903679; 31859446 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.7 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: PIGP as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.7 | PIGP |
Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM, but not associated with phenotype in Gen2Phen. At least 2 variants reported (rs768633670, rs778481061). rs768633670 were reported as a compound heterozygotes in one case and was present in at least two geographically separated consanguineous European families; suggesting a founder effect in the European population (PMID 32042915). Supportive functional studies are also presented. |
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| Intellectual disability v3.7 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Gene: pigp has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.6 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: PIGP were set to 28334793; 31139695; 32042915 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.5 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Phenotypes for gene: PIGP were changed from ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 55, 617599; Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Cortical visual impairment to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 55, 617599; Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Cortical visual impairment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.4 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: PIGP were set to 28334793; 31139695; 32042915 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.4 | PIGP | Sarah Leigh Publications for gene: PIGP were set to 28334793; 31139695 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SLC5A6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC5A6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31754459, 27904971, 31392107; Phenotypes: Developmental delay, epilepsy, neurodegeneration; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RARS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RARS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31814314; Phenotypes: Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 9 (# 616140); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | CXorf56 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CXorf56: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29374277, 31822863; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, X-linked 107, MIM# 301013; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TNR |
Zornitza Stark gene: TNR was added gene: TNR was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TNR was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TNR were set to 32099069 Phenotypes for gene: TNR were set to Spastic para- or tetraparesis; Axial muscular hypotonia; Intellectual disability; Transient opisthotonus Review for gene: TNR was set to GREEN gene: TNR was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 13 individuals from 8 unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RUSC2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RUSC2 was added gene: RUSC2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: RUSC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RUSC2 were set to 27612186 Phenotypes for gene: RUSC2 were set to Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 61, MIM# 617773 Review for gene: RUSC2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RUNX2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RUNX2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cleidocranial dysplasia, MIM# 119600; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RSRC1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RSRC1 was added gene: RSRC1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: RSRC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RSRC1 were set to 28640246; 29522154 Phenotypes for gene: RSRC1 were set to Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 70, MIM# 618402 Review for gene: RSRC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families reported, 8 affected individuals. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RSPO4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RSPO4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Anonychia congenita, MIM# 206800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RSPH3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RSPH3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 32, MIM# 616481; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RSPH1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RSPH1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 24, MIM# 615481; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RPS19 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RPS19: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1, MIM#105650; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RPGRIP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RPGRIP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cone-rod dystrophy 13, MIM# 608194, Leber congenital amaurosis 6, MIM# 613826; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RPE65 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RPE65: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Leber congenital amaurosis 2, MIM# 204100, Retinitis pigmentosa 20, MIM# 613794, Retinitis pigmentosa 87 with choroidal involvement, MIM# 618697; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ROBO3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ROBO3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Gaze palsy, familial horizontal, with progressive scoliosis, 1 607313; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RNF13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RNF13: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30595371; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 73, MIM# 618379; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RIC1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RIC1 was added gene: RIC1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: RIC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RIC1 were set to 31932796 Phenotypes for gene: RIC1 were set to Cleft lip; cataract; tooth abnormality; intellectual disability; facial dysmorphism; ADHD Review for gene: RIC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Zebrafish model and consanguineous families but homozygous-by-descent. One to watch. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RHEB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RHEB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29051493; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, Macrocephaly; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RETREG1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RETREG1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type IIB, MIM# 613115; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MYO5B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MYO5B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Microvillus inclusion disease, MIM# 251850; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MYH9 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MYH9: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Macrothrombocytopenia and granulocyte inclusions with or without nephritis or sensorineural hearing loss, MIM# 155100; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MYH8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MYH8: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Trismus-pseudocamptodactyly syndrome, MIM# 158300; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MYH6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MYH6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: {Sick sinus syndrome 3} 614090 3 Atrial septal defect 3, MIM# 614089, Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1EE, MIM# 613252, Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, 14, MIM# 613251; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MTHFS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MTHFS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30031689, 31844630, 22303332; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and hypomyelination, 618367; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MSX2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MSX2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Craniosynostosis 2, MIM# 604757, Parietal foramina 1, MIM# 168500, Parietal foramina with cleidocranial dysplasia, MIM# 168550; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MSX1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MSX1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ectodermal dysplasia 3, Witkop type 189500, Orofacial cleft 5 608874, Tooth agenesis, selective, 1, with or without orofacial cleft 106600; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MPV17 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MPV17: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22593919; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 6 (hepatocerebral type), OMIM #256810; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MNX1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MNX1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Currarino syndrome, OMIM #176450; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MN1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MN1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31834374, 31839203; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, dysmophic features, rhombencephalosynapsis; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MMP13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MMP13: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Metaphyseal anadysplasia 1, MIM# 602111, Metaphyseal dysplasia, Spahr type, MIM# 250400, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Missouri type, MIM# 602111; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MGP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MGP: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Keutel syndrome, MIM# 245150; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MFSD2A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MFSD2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26005865, 26005868, 24828044; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 15, primary, autosomal recessive, MIM# 616486; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MFRP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MFRP: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Microphthalmia, isolated 5, MIM# 611040; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | METTL5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: METTL5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29302074, 31564433; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 72, MIM# 618665; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MESP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MESP2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondylocostal dysostosis 2, autosomal recessive, MIM# 608681; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MC2R | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MC2R: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Glucocorticoid deficiency, due to ACTH unresponsiveness, MIM# 202200; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MATN3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MATN3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia 608728, {Osteoarthritis susceptibility 2} 140600, Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 5 607078; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MAPRE2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MAPRE2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26637975; Phenotypes: Symmetric circumferential skin creases, congenital, 2, MIM# 616734; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MAPK10 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MAPK10: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23329067, 16249883; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, seizures; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MAP3K1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MAP3K1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: 46XY sex reversal 6, MIM# 613762; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MAP1B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MAP1B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31317654, 30150678, 30214071; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, seizures, PVNH, dysmorphic features; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | MADD | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MADD: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28940097; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NUP214 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NUP214 was added gene: NUP214 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NUP214 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NUP214 were set to 31178128 Phenotypes for gene: NUP214 were set to developmental delay; intellectual disability; epileptic encephalopathy; developmental regression; microcephaly Review for gene: NUP214 was set to GREEN gene: NUP214 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families reported, regression on background of pre-existing neurodisability. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NUP107 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NUP107: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Galloway-Mowat syndrome 7, MIM# 618348, Nephrotic syndrome, type 11, MIM# 616730; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NRXN2 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: NRXN2: Added comment: One individual reported with autism and a paternally inherited variant in this gene, father had a language disorder. Another infant reported with severe EE and a maternally inherited variants in NRXN1 and a paternally inherited variant in NRXN2. Some animal data.; Changed publications: 21424692, 30709877, 25745399; Changed phenotypes: Autism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NR5A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NR5A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: 46XY sex reversal 3, 612965, Premature ovarian failure 7, 612964, Adrenocortical insufficiency, Spermatogenic failure 8, 613957; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NR2F2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NR2F2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 4, MIM# 615779; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NPR2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NPR2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Acromesomelic dysplasia, Maroteaux type, MIM# 602875, Epiphyseal chondrodysplasia, Miura type MIM#615923, Short stature with nonspecific skeletal abnormalities 616255; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NPHS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NPHS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Nephrotic syndrome, type 1, MIM# 256300; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NPHP4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NPHP4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Nephronophthisis 4, MIM# 606966, Senior-Loken syndrome 4, MIM# 606996; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NPHP3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NPHP3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18371931; Phenotypes: Meckel syndrome 7, MIM# 267010; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NOTCH2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NOTCH2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Alagille syndrome 2, MIM#610205, Hajdu-Cheney syndrome, MIM#102500; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NOG | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NOG: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Brachydactyly, type B2, MIM# 611377, Multiple synostoses syndrome 1, MIM# 186500, Stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes, MIM# 184460, Symphalangism, proximal, 1A, MIM# 185800, Tarsal-carpal coalition syndrome, MIM# 186570; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NODAL | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NODAL: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Heterotaxy, visceral, 5, MIM# 270100; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NMNAT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NMNAT1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Leber congenital amaurosis 9, MIM# 608553; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NKX3-2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NKX3-2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia, MIM# 613330; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NHP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NHP2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 18523010, 31985013; Phenotypes: Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal recessive 2, MIM# 613987, Høyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NHEJ1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NHEJ1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 16439204; Phenotypes: Severe combined immunodeficiency with microcephaly, growth retardation, and sensitivity to ionizing radiation; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NGF | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NGF: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type V, MIM# 608654; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NEK1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NEK1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 6 with or without polydactyly, MIM# 263520; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NEDD4L | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NEDD4L: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27694961; Phenotypes: Periventricular nodular heterotopia 7, MIM#617201; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NDUFAF1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NDUFAF1 was added gene: NDUFAF1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFAF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NDUFAF1 were set to 17557076; 21931170; 24963768 Phenotypes for gene: NDUFAF1 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 11, MIM#618234 Review for gene: NDUFAF1 was set to GREEN gene: NDUFAF1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families described, DD/ID part of the phenotype, specifically mentioned in two families, child in third family died in infancy from HOCM. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NDUFA2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NDUFA2 was added gene: NDUFA2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NDUFA2 were set to 18513682; 28857146 Phenotypes for gene: NDUFA2 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 13, MIM#618235 Review for gene: NDUFA2 was set to GREEN gene: NDUFA2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families reported, DD/IDD in all. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NCAPG2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NCAPG2 was added gene: NCAPG2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NCAPG2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NCAPG2 were set to 30609410 Phenotypes for gene: NCAPG2 were set to Khan-Khan-Katsanis syndrome, MIM# 618460 Review for gene: NCAPG2 was set to GREEN gene: NCAPG2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two unrelated families and an animal model (zebrafish). Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | NCAPD2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NCAPD2 was added gene: NCAPD2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NCAPD2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NCAPD2 were set to 31056748; 27737959; 28097321 Phenotypes for gene: NCAPD2 were set to Microcephaly 21, primary, autosomal recessive, OMIM #617983 Review for gene: NCAPD2 was set to GREEN gene: NCAPD2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 5 individuals from three unrelated families reported, some functional evidence. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ZNF335 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZNF335: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23178126, 27540107, 29652087; Phenotypes: Microcephaly 10, primary, autosomal recessive, OMIM #615095; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ZNF148 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZNF148: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27964749; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, absent or hypoplastic corpus callosum, and dysmorphic facies, 617260; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ZMPSTE24 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZMPSTE24: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B lipodystrophy, MIM# 608612, Restrictive dermopathy, lethal, MIM# 275210; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ZIC3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZIC3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Heterotaxy, visceral, 1, X-linked 306955, Congenital heart defects, nonsyndromic, 1, X-linked, 306955, VACTERL association, X-linked, 314390; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | ZIC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ZIC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26340333, 30391508; Phenotypes: Structural brain anomalies with impaired intellectual development and craniosynostosis, OMIM #618736; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | XYLT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: XYLT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24581741, 22711505, 23982343; Phenotypes: Desbuquois dysplasia 2, OMIM# 615777; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | XPC | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: XPC: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Xeroderma pigmentosum, group C, MIM# 278720; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WRAP53 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WRAP53: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal recessive 3, OMIM# 613988; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WNT7A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNT7A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Fuhrmann syndrome, MIM# 228930, Ulna and fibula, absence of, with severe limb deficiency, MIM# 276820; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WNT5A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNT5A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 17256787; Phenotypes: Robinow syndrome, autosomal dominant 1, OMIM# 180700; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WNT3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNT3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 14872406; Phenotypes: Tetra-amelia syndrome 1, MIM# 273395; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WNT10B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNT10B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Split-hand/foot malformation 6, MIM#225300; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WNT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WNT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26671912; Phenotypes: Osteogenesis imperfecta, type XV, OMIM# 615220; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WFS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WFS1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Wolfram syndrome 1, MIM# 222300, Wolfram-like syndrome, autosomal dominant, MIM# 614296; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WDR35 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WDR35: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WDR34 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WDR34: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WDR19 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: WDR19: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 5 with or without polydactyly, OMIM #614376, Nephronophthisis 13, OMIM #614377, Senior-Loken syndrome 8, OMIM#616307; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | WDFY3 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: WDFY3: Added comment: >10 individuals with heterozygous variants in this gene and mild/moderate intellectual disability now described in the literature. Some evidence for opposing effects on brain size depending on variant location.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 31327001, 27008544; Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | VSX2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: VSX2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Microphthalmia with coloboma 3, MIM# 610092, Microphthalmia, isolated 2, MIM# 610093; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | VARS2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: VARS2 was added gene: VARS2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: VARS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VARS2 were set to 24827421; 25058219; 29137650; 29314548; 31064326 Phenotypes for gene: VARS2 were set to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 20, OMIM #615917 Review for gene: VARS2 was set to GREEN gene: VARS2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype of this metabolic disorder. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | VAMP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: VAMP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 25, MIM# 618323; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | UVSSA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UVSSA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: UV-sensitive syndrome 3 614640; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | USP7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: USP7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30679821; Phenotypes: ID, Autism; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | USP18 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: USP18: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31940699, 12833411, 27325888; Phenotypes: Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2, OMIM #617397; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | USB1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: USB1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Poikiloderma with neutropenia, MIM# 604173; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | UROS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UROS: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Porphyria, congenital erythropoietic, MIM# 263700; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | UGT1A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UGT1A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I, OMIM #218800, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type II, OMIM #606785; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | UGP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UGP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31820119; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, intellectual disability, microcephaly; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TYRP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TYRP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Albinism, oculocutaneous, type III, 203290; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TYR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TYR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Albinism, oculocutaneous, type IA, 203100; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TXNL4A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TXNL4A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Burn-McKeown syndrome, MIM# 608572; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TUBGCP2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TUBGCP2 was added gene: TUBGCP2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBGCP2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TUBGCP2 were set to 31630790 Phenotypes for gene: TUBGCP2 were set to Lissencephaly; pachygyria; subcortical band heterotopia; microcephaly; intellectual disability Review for gene: TUBGCP2 was set to GREEN gene: TUBGCP2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TUBA8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TUBA8: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19896110, 31481326, 28388629; Phenotypes: Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 8, MIM# 613180; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TSHR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TSHR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 1, MIM# 275200; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRPV4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRPV4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRPS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRPS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type I (MIM 190350), Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, type III (MIM 190351); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRPM3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRPM3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31278393; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, epilepsy; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRPM1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRPM1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Night blindness, congenital stationary (complete), 1C, autosomal recessive, MIM# 613216; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRNT1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TRNT1 was added gene: TRNT1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TRNT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRNT1 were set to 25193871; 23553769; 29170023; 27389523 Phenotypes for gene: TRNT1 were set to Sideroblastic anemia with B-cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers, and developmental delay, OMIM #616084 Review for gene: TRNT1 was set to GREEN gene: TRNT1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: > 10 families reported with congenital sideroblastic anemia, B-cell deficiency, periodic fevers, and variable degrees of delayed psychomotor development. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRIP11 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRIP11: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Achondrogenesis, type IA, MIM# 200600, Osteochondrodysplasia, MIM# 184260; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRIM32 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRIM32: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 16606853; Phenotypes: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 11, MIM# 615988; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRAPPC4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31794024; Phenotypes: intellectual disability, epilepsy, spasticity, microcephaly; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRAPPC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAPPC2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda, MIM# 313400; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TRAK1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TRAK1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28940097, 28364549, 29846532; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 68, MIM# 618201; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TP73 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TP73 was added gene: TP73 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TP73 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TP73 were set to 31130284 Phenotypes for gene: TP73 were set to Intellectual disability; lissencephaly Review for gene: TP73 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families, no functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TP63 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TP63: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ADULT syndrome, OMIM #103285, Ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip/palate syndrome 3, OMIM #604292, Hay-Wells syndrome, OMIM #106260, Limb-mammary syndrome, OMIM #603543, Orofacial cleft 8, OMIM #618149, Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome, OMIM #129400, Split-hand/foot malformation 4, OMIM #605289; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SPOP |
Zornitza Stark gene: SPOP was added gene: SPOP was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPOP was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: SPOP were set to 32109420 Phenotypes for gene: SPOP were set to Intellectual disability; dysmorphism; microcephaly; macrocephaly Mode of pathogenicity for gene: SPOP was set to Other Review for gene: SPOP was set to GREEN gene: SPOP was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Seven individuals reported with de novo missense variants in this gene. Gain-of-function variants associated with microcephaly whereas dominant-negative variants associated with macrocephaly. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TMPRSS6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TMPRSS6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia 206200; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TMEM126B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TMEM126B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 29, MIM# 618250; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TINF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TINF2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 1404302, 18252230, 21477109; Phenotypes: Revesz syndrome, MIM# 268130; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TGFB3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TGFB3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1, MIM# 107970, Loeys-Dietz syndrome 5, MIM# 615582; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TGFB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TGFB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Loeys-Dietz syndrome 4, MIM# 614816; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TGFB1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TGFB1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29483653; Phenotypes: Inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, and encephalopathy, MIM# 618213; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TET3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TET3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31928709; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, abnormal growth, movement disorders; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TENM3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TENM3 was added gene: TENM3 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TENM3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TENM3 were set to 30513139; 22766609; 27103084; 29753094 Phenotypes for gene: TENM3 were set to Microphthalmia, syndromic 15, MIM#615145; coloboma Review for gene: TENM3 was set to GREEN gene: TENM3 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: At least four unrelated families described with syndromic microphthalmia and bi-allelic variants in this gene, ID is part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TEK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TEK: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Glaucoma 3, primary congenital, E , MIM#617272, Venous malformations, multiple cutaneous and mucosal, MIM# 600195; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TCTN3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TCTN3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22883145, 25118024, 26092869; Phenotypes: Joubert syndrome 18, OMIM #614815, Orofaciodigital syndrome IV, OMIM #258860; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TCF12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TCF12: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Craniosynostosis 3, MIM# 615314; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBXAS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBXAS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ghosal hematodiaphyseal syndrome, MIM# 231095; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Holt-Oram syndrome, MIM# 142900; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Amelia, posterior, with pelvic and pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome, MIM# 601360, Ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension, MIM# 147891; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ulnar-mammary syndrome, MIM# 181450; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX22 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX22: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Abruzzo-Erickson syndrome, MIM# 302905, Cleft palate with ankyloglossia, MIM# 303400; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX20 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX20: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Atrial septal defect 4, MIM# 611363; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TBX15 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TBX15: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cousin syndrome, MIM# 260660; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TASP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: TASP1 was added gene: TASP1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TASP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TASP1 were set to 31209944; 31350873 Phenotypes for gene: TASP1 were set to Developmental delay; microcephaly; dysmorphic features; congenital abnormalities Review for gene: TASP1 was set to GREEN gene: TASP1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four unrelated families reported; two with founder mutation. Protein interacts with KMT2A and KMT2D. Another de novo missense variant reported in a single infant with multiple congenital abnormalities, insufficient evidence for mono allelic disease at present. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TANC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TANC2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31616000; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | TAB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TAB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Congenital heart defects, nonsyndromic, 2, MIM# 614980; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SUZ12 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SUZ12: Changed phenotypes: Imagawa-Matsumoto syndrome, MIM# 618786, Intellectual disability, Overgrowth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SUZ12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SUZ12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31736240, 30019515, 28229514; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, Overgrowth; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SUCLA2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SUCLA2 was added gene: SUCLA2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SUCLA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SUCLA2 were set to 27913098; 15877282; 23759946; 17287286; 17301081 Phenotypes for gene: SUCLA2 were set to Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 5 (encephalomyopathic with or without methylmalonic aciduria); OMIM #612073 Review for gene: SUCLA2 was set to GREEN Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype of this mitochondrial disorder. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | STT3A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STT3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23842455, 30701557, 28424003; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Iw, OMIM #615596; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | STS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STS: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | STAT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STAT1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | STAR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: STAR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, MIM# 201710; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SRY | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SRY: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SPEG | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SPEG: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Centronuclear myopathy 5, OMIM #615959; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SPAG1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SPAG1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 28, MIM# 615505; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SOX17 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SOX17: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Vesicoureteral reflux 3, MIM# 613674; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | RASA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RASA1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation 1, MIM# 608354; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SNX27 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SNX27: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25894286, 31721175, 21300787, 23524343; Phenotypes: intellectual disability, seizures; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SMG8 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SMG8 was added gene: SMG8 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SMG8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SMG8 were set to 31130284 Phenotypes for gene: SMG8 were set to Intellectual disability Review for gene: SMG8 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families, no functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SMCHD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SMCHD1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome, OMIM #603457, Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 2, digenic, OMIM #158901; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | DDC | Lothar Schlueter reviewed gene: DDC: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28100251, 30952622, 30689738, 25597765, 24788355; Phenotypes: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency 608643, floppy child, dystonia, hypotonia, developmental delay, oculogyric crisis; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SLC9A7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SLC9A7 was added gene: SLC9A7 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC9A7 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Publications for gene: SLC9A7 were set to 30335141 Phenotypes for gene: SLC9A7 were set to Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 108; OMIM #301024 Review for gene: SLC9A7 was set to AMBER Added comment: 6 males from 2 unrelated families with hemizygous missense mutation in the SLC9A7 gene. The mutation segregated with the disorder in the family. In vitro functional expression studies in CHO cells (AP-1 cells) showed that the mutation caused decreased levels of protein expression and reduced oligosaccharide maturation/glycosylation compared to wildtype, indicating impaired posttranslational processing. Subcellular localization studies indicated that protein trafficking was unaffected by the mutation. However, examination of the trans-Golgi compartment suggested a gain-of-function effect and a perturbation of glycosylation of secretory cargo. Serum transferrin studies in 1 patient suggested a glycosylation defect. One to watch. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SLC1A1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SLC1A1 was added gene: SLC1A1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC1A1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC1A1 were set to Dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, MIM#222730 Review for gene: SLC1A1 was set to GREEN gene: SLC1A1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype of this metabolic disorder. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SKIV2L | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SKIV2L: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Trichohepatoenteric syndrome 2, MIM# 614602; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SIX5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SIX5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Branchiootorenal syndrome 2 610896; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SIX1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SIX1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Branchiootic syndrome 3, MIM# 608389, Deafness, autosomal dominant 23, MIM# 605192; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SH3PXD2B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SH3PXD2B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Frank-ter Haar syndrome, MIM# 249420; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SFXN4 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SFXN4 was added gene: SFXN4 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SFXN4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SFXN4 were set to 31059822; 24119684 Phenotypes for gene: SFXN4 were set to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 18, MIM#615578 Review for gene: SFXN4 was set to GREEN gene: SFXN4 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families reported, mild ID as well as other neurological features are part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SEC31A |
Zornitza Stark gene: SEC31A was added gene: SEC31A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SEC31A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SEC31A were set to 30464055 Phenotypes for gene: SEC31A were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with spastic quadriplegia, optic atrophy, seizures, and structural brain anomalies, OMIM #618651 Review for gene: SEC31A was set to AMBER Added comment: Single family with two affected sibs with functional data (drosophila), one to watch. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SEC23B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SEC23B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ?Cowden syndrome 7 616858, Dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital, type II 224100; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SCN1B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SCN1B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 52, MIM#617350; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SCN11A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SCN11A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VII, MIM#615548; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SCARF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SCARF2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome, MIM# 600920; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SCAMP5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SCAMP5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: 31439720; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, seizures, autism; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SBF1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SBF1 was added gene: SBF1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SBF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SBF1 were set to 24799518; 23749797; 30039846; 28902413 Phenotypes for gene: SBF1 were set to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 4B3, MIM# 615284 Review for gene: SBF1 was set to GREEN Added comment: At least 4 families with multiple affected individuals described. Some have had central features including microcephaly and DD/ID, it is likely this gene causes a mixed picture. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SBDS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SBDS: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19906387; Phenotypes: Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, MIM#260400; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SARS2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SARS2 was added gene: SARS2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: SARS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SARS2 were set to 21255763; 24034276 Phenotypes for gene: SARS2 were set to Hyperuricemia, pulmonary hypertension, renal failure, and alkalosis, MIM#613845 Review for gene: SARS2 was set to GREEN gene: SARS2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: DD/ID is part of the phenotype. Two unrelated families reported, highly specific phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SALL4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SALL4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Duane-radial ray syndrome, MIM# 607323; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | SOX3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SOX3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29175558, 30125608, 12428212, 15800844; Phenotypes: Mental retardation, X-linked, with isolated growth hormone deficiency, MIM#300123, Panhypopituitarism, X-linked, MIM#312000; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PUM1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PUM1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29474920, 25768905; Phenotypes: Spinocerebellar ataxia 47, MIM#617931; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PSAT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PSAT1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26960553, 17436247, 25152457; Phenotypes: Phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency, MIM# 610992, Neu-Laxova syndrome 2, MIM# 616038; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PRSS56 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PRSS56: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Microphthalmia, isolated 6, MIM# 613517; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PROP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PROP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 2, MIM# 262600; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PRKAR1A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PRKAR1A: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Acrodysostosis 1, with or without hormone resistance, MIM# 101800; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PRDM12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PRDM12: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VIII, MIM# 616488; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PPP1R12A |
Zornitza Stark gene: PPP1R12A was added gene: PPP1R12A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PPP1R12A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: PPP1R12A were set to 31883643 Phenotypes for gene: PPP1R12A were set to Intellectual disability; holoprosencephaly; disorder of sex development Review for gene: PPP1R12A was set to GREEN gene: PPP1R12A was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 12 individuals reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.3 | PPA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PPA2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Sudden cardiac failure, infantile, MIM# 617222; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.3 | Rebecca Foulger Panel version has been signed off | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | POMK |
Zornitza Stark gene: POMK was added gene: POMK was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: POMK was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: POMK were set to Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (congenital with brain and eye anomalies), type A, 12, MIM# 615249 Review for gene: POMK was set to GREEN gene: POMK was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.1 | POLR1D | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POLR1D: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Treacher Collins syndrome 2, MIM# 613717; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | POLR1C | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POLR1C: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26151409; Phenotypes: Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 11, MIM# 616494; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | POLD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POLD1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31449058; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, immunodeficiency, Mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy syndrome, MIM#615381; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | POC1B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: POC1B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cone-rod dystrophy 20 615973; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | PNPT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PNPT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13, MIM#614932; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | PMS2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PMS2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mismatch repair cancer syndrome, MIM# 276300; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.1 | PLOD2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PLOD2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Bruck syndrome 2 609220; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PKHD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PKHD1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Polycystic kidney disease 4, with or without hepatic disease 263200; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PKD1L1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PKD1L1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Heterotaxy, visceral, 8, autosomal, MIM# 617205; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PITX3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PITX3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Anterior segment dysgenesis 1, multiple subtypes, MIM# 107250, cataract; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PITX2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PITX2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, type 1, MIM# 180500; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PISD |
Zornitza Stark gene: PISD was added gene: PISD was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PISD was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PISD were set to 31263216; 30858161 Phenotypes for gene: PISD were set to intellectual disability; cataract; microcephaly; deafness; skeletal dysplasia Review for gene: PISD was set to GREEN Added comment: Three unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIK3R1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PIK3R1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: SHORT syndrome, MIM#269880; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIK3C2A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PIK3C2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31034465; Phenotypes: Oculoskeletodental syndrome, 618440; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIGS |
Zornitza Stark gene: PIGS was added gene: PIGS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PIGS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIGS were set to 30269814 Phenotypes for gene: PIGS were set to Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect 18, MIM# 618143 Review for gene: PIGS was set to GREEN gene: PIGS was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families reported. Severe neurological phenotype ranging from fetal akinesia to ID/EE. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIGH | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: PIGH: Added comment: I note this gene is Green on the epilepsy panel, and I agree this family of genes cause similar phenotypes, there is some functional data to support the gene-disease relationship, so we have rated it Green on both panels.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 29573052, 29603516 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIBF1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PIBF1 was added gene: PIBF1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PIBF1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIBF1 were set to 26167768; 30858804; 29695797 Phenotypes for gene: PIBF1 were set to Joubert syndrome 33; OMIM #617767 Review for gene: PIBF1 was set to GREEN gene: PIBF1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 7 families altogether: 3 of these are Hutterite and share the same founder variant. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PGM1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PGM1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24499211; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type It, MIM# 614921; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PET100 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PET100: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24462369, 25293719, 31406627; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, MIM# 220110; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PDP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PDP1 was added gene: PDP1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PDP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PDP1 were set to 19184109; 15855260; 31392110 Phenotypes for gene: PDP1 were set to Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase deficiency, MIM#608782 Review for gene: PDP1 was set to GREEN gene: PDP1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: DD/ID is part of the phenotype of this metabolic condition. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PDHB |
Zornitza Stark gene: PDHB was added gene: PDHB was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PDHB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PDHB were set to 15138885; 26014431 Phenotypes for gene: PDHB were set to Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1-beta deficiency, MIM#614111 Review for gene: PDHB was set to GREEN gene: PDHB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: DD/ID is a feature of this metabolic disorder. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PDE6G | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PDE6G: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Retinitis pigmentosa 57 613582; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PDE10A |
Zornitza Stark gene: PDE10A was added gene: PDE10A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PDE10A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PDE10A were set to 27058446 Phenotypes for gene: PDE10A were set to Dyskinesia, limb and orofacial, infantile-onset, MIM#616921 Review for gene: PDE10A was set to GREEN gene: PDE10A was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two unrelated families and functional data (animal model). Note that allelic disorder, Striatal degeneration, autosomal dominant, MIM#616922, is caused by heterozygous variants and ID is not part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PAX9 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PAX9: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Tooth agenesis, selective, 3 604625; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PAX3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PAX3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Craniofacial-deafness-hand syndrome, MIM#122880, Waardenburg syndrome, type 1, MIM#193500, Waardenburg syndrome, type 3, MIM#148820; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PAPSS2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PAPSS2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Brachyolmia 4 with mild epiphyseal and metaphyseal changes, MIM# 612847; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PAM16 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PAM16 was added gene: PAM16 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: PAM16 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PAM16 were set to 24786642; 27354339 Phenotypes for gene: PAM16 were set to Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia, Megarbane-Dagher-Melike type, MIM#613320 Review for gene: PAM16 was set to GREEN gene: PAM16 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: DD/ID is part of the phenotype of this skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | OXR1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: OXR1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31785787; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, seizures, cerebellar atrophy; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | OTULIN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: OTULIN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Autoinflammation, panniculitis, and dermatosis syndrome, MIM# 617099; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | OTOGL | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: OTOGL: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Deafness, autosomal recessive 84B, MIM# 614944; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ORC6 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: ORC6: Added comment: Intellect is typically normal.; Changed publications: 26381604; Changed phenotypes: Meier Gorlin syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LZTFL1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LZTFL1 was added gene: LZTFL1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: LZTFL1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: LZTFL1 were set to 22510444; 23692385; 27312011 Phenotypes for gene: LZTFL1 were set to Bardet-Biedl syndrome 17, MIM#615994 Review for gene: LZTFL1 was set to GREEN gene: LZTFL1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two unrelated families and functional evidence. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LYRM7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LYRM7 was added gene: LYRM7 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: LYRM7 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: LYRM7 were set to Mitochondrial complex III deficiency, nuclear type 8, MIM#615838 Review for gene: LYRM7 was set to GREEN gene: LYRM7 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Condition is characterised by progressive deterioration but some individuals described as developmentally delayed from birth. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LTBP3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LTBP3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Dental anomalies and short stature 601216, Geleophysic dysplasia 3 617809; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LTBP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LTBP2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Weill-Marchesani syndrome 3, recessive, MIM# 614819, Glaucoma 3, primary congenital, MIM# 613086, Microspherophakia and/or megalocornea, with ectopia lentis and with or without secondary glaucoma, MIM# 251750; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LSS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LSS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30723320; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LRRC6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LRRC6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 19, MIM# 614935; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LRP4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LRP4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cenani-Lenz syndactyly syndrome, MIM# 212780, Sclerosteosis 2, MIM# 614305; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LMX1B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LMX1B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LMNA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LMNA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LMAN2L |
Zornitza Stark gene: LMAN2L was added gene: LMAN2L was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: LMAN2L was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: LMAN2L were set to 31020005; 26566883 Phenotypes for gene: LMAN2L were set to Intellectual disability; epilepsy Review for gene: LMAN2L was set to AMBER Added comment: 1 consanguineous family with 7 individuals with ID and epilepsy, with homozygous LMAN2L missense mutation. Segregated with disease in family, and unaffected family members were heterozygous variant carriers. No functional studies. 1 non-consanguineous family with 4 affected with heterozygous frameshift LMAN2L mutation. Segregates in family. Mutation eliminates LMAN2L's endoplasmic reticulum retention signal and mislocalizes the protein from that compartment to the plasma membrane. Amber or Red. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LIPT1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LIPT1 was added gene: LIPT1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: LIPT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: LIPT1 were set to 24341803; 24256811; 29681092 Phenotypes for gene: LIPT1 were set to Lipoyltransferase 1 deficiency, MIM#616299 Review for gene: LIPT1 was set to GREEN gene: LIPT1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Cognitive development is affected in this metabolic condition. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LIAS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LIAS: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24334290, 22152680; Phenotypes: Hyperglycinemia, lactic acidosis, and seizures, MIM#614462; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LHX4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LHX4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LHX3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LHX3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 3, MIM# 221750; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LGI4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LGI4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, neurogenic, with myelin defect, MIM#617468; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LFNG | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LFNG: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LEMD3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LEMD3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LDB3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LDB3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LAS1L | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LAS1L: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25644381, 25644381; Phenotypes: Wilson-Turner syndrome, MIM# 309585; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | LAMB2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: LAMB2 was added gene: LAMB2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: LAMB2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: LAMB2 were set to Pierson syndrome, MIM#609049 gene: LAMB2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Cognitive impairment described in survivors. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KLHL40 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KLHL40: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Nemaline myopathy 8, autosomal recessive 615348; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KLF7 |
Zornitza Stark gene: KLF7 was added gene: KLF7 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: KLF7 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KLF7 were set to 29251763 Phenotypes for gene: KLF7 were set to Intellectual disability Review for gene: KLF7 was set to GREEN gene: KLF7 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four unrelated individuals with de novo missense variants; animal model data supportive. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KLF1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KLF1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KIT | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KIT: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KIRREL3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KIRREL3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19012874; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KIF22 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KIF22: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, type 2 603546; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KDM6B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KDM6B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31124279; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KDM3B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KDM3B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30929739; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, short stature; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCTD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCTD1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCNQ1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCNQ1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCNN3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: KCNN3 was added gene: KCNN3 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: KCNN3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KCNN3 were set to 31155282 Phenotypes for gene: KCNN3 were set to Zimmermann-Laband syndrome 3; OMIM# 618658 Review for gene: KCNN3 was set to GREEN gene: KCNN3 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated individuals reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCNMA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCNMA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: 27567911, 29545233, 26195193, 31427379; Phenotypes: Cerebellar atrophy, developmental delay, and seizures, MIM# 617643, Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, 3, with or without generalized epilepsy, MIM#609446; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCNK4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCNK4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30290154; Phenotypes: Facial dysmorphism, hypertrichosis, epilepsy, intellectual/developmental delay, and gingival overgrowth syndrome 618381; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCND3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCND3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spinocerebellar ataxia 19, MIM#607346; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KCNC3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KCNC3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spinocerebellar ataxia 13, MIM#605259; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KBTBD13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KBTBD13: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Nemaline myopathy 6, autosomal dominant, MIM# 609273; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KAT8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: KAT8: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31794431; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, seizures, autism, dysmorphic features; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | JAK3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: JAK3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | JAGN1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: JAGN1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neutropenia, severe congenital, 6, autosomal recessive 616022; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | JAG1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: JAG1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Alagille syndrome; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IRF6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IRF6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IREB2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: IREB2 was added gene: IREB2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: IREB2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: IREB2 were set to 30915432; 31243445; 11175792 Phenotypes for gene: IREB2 were set to Neurodegeneration, early-onset, with choreoathetoid movements and microcytic anemia, MIM#618451 Review for gene: IREB2 was set to GREEN gene: IREB2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two affected individuals from unrelated families with functional evidence including highly specific, concordant phenotype in mice. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IQSEC3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: IQSEC3 was added gene: IQSEC3 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: IQSEC3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: IQSEC3 were set to 31130284 Phenotypes for gene: IQSEC3 were set to Intellectual disability Review for gene: IQSEC3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families, no functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IQSEC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IQSEC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31607425; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder with short stature and behavioral abnormalities, MIM# 618687; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SCN4A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SCN4A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, type 2, MIM# 170500, Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, type 2, MIM# 613345, Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 16, MIM# 614198, Myotonia congenita, atypical, acetazolamide-responsive 608390, Paramyotonia congenita 168300; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | INPPL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: INPPL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Opsismodysplasia, MIM# 258480; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IMPAD1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IMPAD1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, GPAPP type, MIM# 614078; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IL11RA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IL11RA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Craniosynostosis and dental anomalies, MIM# 614188; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IHH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IHH: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Acrocapitofemoral dysplasia, MIM# 607778, Brachydactyly, type A1, MIM# 112500; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IGF2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IGF2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31544945, 26154720; Phenotypes: Growth restriction, severe, with distinctive facies, MIM#616489; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IFT80 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IFT80: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IFT27 |
Zornitza Stark gene: IFT27 was added gene: IFT27 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: IFT27 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: IFT27 were set to 24488770; 30761183 Phenotypes for gene: IFT27 were set to Bardet-Biedl syndrome 19, MIM#615996 Review for gene: IFT27 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two families with functional evidence. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IFT122 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IFT122: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | IFITM5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: IFITM5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HYLS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HYLS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hydrolethalus syndrome, MIM#236680; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HYDIN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HYDIN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HYAL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HYAL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HSPG2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HSPG2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, type 1, MIM#255800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HSF4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HSF4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HSD3B7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HSD3B7: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HPSE2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HPSE2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HPS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HPS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HPGD | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HPGD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HOXD13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HOXD13: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HOXC13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HOXC13: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HOXA13 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HOXA13: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HNMT |
Zornitza Stark gene: HNMT was added gene: HNMT was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: HNMT was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HNMT were set to 26206890; 30744146 Phenotypes for gene: HNMT were set to Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 51, MIM#616739 Review for gene: HNMT was set to GREEN Added comment: 7 individuals from two unrelated families, some functional evidence and other circumstantial evidence linking this gene to brain function. Borderline Amber/Green. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HNF4A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HNF4A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HMGCS2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HMGCS2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: HMG-CoA synthase-2 deficiency, MIM# 605911; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HADHB |
Zornitza Stark gene: HADHB was added gene: HADHB was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: HADHB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: HADHB were set to Trifunctional protein deficiency, MIM#609015 Review for gene: HADHB was set to GREEN gene: HADHB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HADH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HADH: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, MIM#231530, Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4, MIM#609975; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GUCY2C | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GUCY2C: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GRM6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GRM6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GRIA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GRIA1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GRHL3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GRHL3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GPSM2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GPSM2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Chudley-McCullough syndrome, MIM#604213; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GPR179 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GPR179: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GPC4 |
Zornitza Stark gene: GPC4 was added gene: GPC4 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: GPC4 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: GPC4 were set to 30982611 Phenotypes for gene: GPC4 were set to Keipert syndrome OMIM# 301026 Review for gene: GPC4 was set to GREEN gene: GPC4 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 10 individuals from 6 families reported, functional studies in mice. Mild to moderate ID part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GOT2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GOT2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31422819; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 82, MIM# 618721; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GNE |
Zornitza Stark gene: GNE was added gene: GNE was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: GNE was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Phenotypes for gene: GNE were set to Sialuria, MIM#269921 Review for gene: GNE was set to GREEN gene: GNE was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Metabolic disorder with varying degrees of ID being a feature. Bi-allelic variants cause Nonaka myopathy, MIM#605820 Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GNAI3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GNAI3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | HDAC4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: HDAC4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24715439, 20691407, 31209962; Phenotypes: Brachydactyly mental retardation syndrome, Brachydactyly without intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GLS |
Zornitza Stark gene: GLS was added gene: GLS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: GLS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GLS were set to 30970188 Phenotypes for gene: GLS were set to Global developmental delay, progressive ataxia, and elevated glutamine, MIM# 618412 Review for gene: GLS was set to GREEN Added comment: Three unrelated individuals described with compound het variants, however, note one of these is a triplet expansion in the 5' UTR. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GLMN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GLMN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GLE1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GLE1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GJB1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GJB1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, X-linked dominant, 1, MIM#302800; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GJA8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GJA8: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GJA3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GJA3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GJA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GJA1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Atrioventricular septal defect 3, MIM#600309, Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, autosomal recessive, MIM#218400, Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva 3, MIM#617525, Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 1, MIM#241550, Oculodentodigital dysplasia, MIM#164200, Oculodentodigital dysplasia, autosomal recessive, MIM#257850, Palmoplantar keratoderma with congenital alopecia, MIM#104100, Syndactyly, type III, MIM# 186100; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GHR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GHR: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Growth hormone insensitivity, partial, MIM#604271, Laron dwarfism, MIM#262500; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GDF6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GDF6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GDF5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GDF5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GBA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GBA2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 46, autosomal recessive, MIM#614409; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GATA6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GATA6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22158542; Phenotypes: Pancreatic agenesis and congenital heart defects, MIM#600001; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GATA4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GATA4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GATA2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GATA2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GAS8 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GAS8: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GALK1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GALK1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GAA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GAA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FZD6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FZD6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FYCO1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FYCO1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FXN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FXN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FTL | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FTL: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 3, MIM#606159, Hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome, MIM#600886, L-ferritin deficiency, dominant and recessive, MIM#615604; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FRY | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FRY: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31487712, 27457812, 21937992; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXN1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXN1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXF1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXF1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXE3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXE3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXE1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXE1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXC2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FOXC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FOXC1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FLVCR1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FLVCR1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ataxia, posterior column, with retinitis pigmentosa, MIM#609033; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FLT4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FLT4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FLNB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FLNB: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FKBP14 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FKBP14: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FHL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FHL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FGFR1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: FGFR1: Added comment: Gene causes several phenotypes but this specific phenotype caused by germline variants is associated with significant ID.; Changed publications: 23812909; Changed phenotypes: Hartsfield syndrome, MIM# 615465 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TKFC |
Zornitza Stark gene: TKFC was added gene: TKFC was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: TKFC was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TKFC were set to 32004446 Phenotypes for gene: TKFC were set to Developmental delay; cataracts; liver dysfunction Review for gene: TKFC was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated individuals reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | RALGAPA1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RALGAPA1 was added gene: RALGAPA1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: RALGAPA1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RALGAPA1 were set to 32004447 Phenotypes for gene: RALGAPA1 were set to Intellectual disability; hypotonia; infantile spasms. Review for gene: RALGAPA1 was set to GREEN gene: RALGAPA1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four unrelated individuals reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FGF3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FGF3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Deafness, congenital with inner ear agenesis, microtia, and microdontia, MIM#610706; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FGF14 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FGF14: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spinocerebellar ataxia 27, MIM# 609307; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FGF10 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FGF10: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FDFT1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FDFT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29909962; Phenotypes: Squalene synthase deficiency, MIM#618156; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FBXW4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FBXW4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FBP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FBP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FBN1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FBN1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FARSB |
Zornitza Stark gene: FARSB was added gene: FARSB was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: FARSB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FARSB were set to 29573043; 1916114; 29979980; 30014610 Phenotypes for gene: FARSB were set to Rajab syndrome, MIM#613658; interstitial lung disease; brain calcifications; microcephaly; intellectual disability Review for gene: FARSB was set to GREEN gene: FARSB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 7 unrelated families reported. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FAR1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FAR1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25439727; Phenotypes: Peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 disorder, MIM#616154; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FAM20A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FAM20A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FAM161A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FAM161A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FAAH2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FAAH2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25885783; Phenotypes: Neuropsychiatric disorder; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | FA2H | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: FA2H: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EYA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EYA1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EXT2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EXT2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Seizures, scoliosis, and macrocephaly syndrome, MIM#616682; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EXOSC8 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EXOSC8 was added gene: EXOSC8 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOSC8 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOSC8 were set to 24989451; 29656927 Phenotypes for gene: EXOSC8 were set to Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 1C, MIM#616081 Review for gene: EXOSC8 was set to GREEN gene: EXOSC8 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Complex neurological phenotype includes ID. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EVC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EVC2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, MIM#225500; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EVC | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EVC: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, MIM#225500; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ERMARD | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ERMARD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24056535, 27087860; Phenotypes: Periventricular nodular heterotopia 6, MIM#615544; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ERF | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ERF: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Chitayat syndrome, MIM#617180, Craniosynostosis 4, MIM#600775; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ERCC4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ERCC4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Xeroderma pigmentosum, group F, MIM#278760, XFE progeroid syndrome, MIM# 610965; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EOGT | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EOGT: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31368252; Phenotypes: Adams-Oliver syndrome 4, MIM#615297; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ENPP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ENPP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ELN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ELN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Supravalvar aortic stenosis; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EIF2A |
Zornitza Stark gene: EIF2A was added gene: EIF2A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: EIF2A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EIF2A were set to 31130284 Phenotypes for gene: EIF2A were set to Intellectual disability; epilepsy Review for gene: EIF2A was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated families reported, no functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATAD3A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATAD3A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32004445; Phenotypes: Harel-Yoon syndrome 617183; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EDNRA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EDNRA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Mandibulofacial dysostosis with alopecia, MIM# 616367; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EDA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EDA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ECEL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ECEL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EARS2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EARS2 was added gene: EARS2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: EARS2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EARS2 were set to 22492562 Phenotypes for gene: EARS2 were set to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 12, MIM#614924 Review for gene: EARS2 was set to GREEN gene: EARS2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ID is part of the phenotype, particularly in those severely affected. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DYNC2H1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DYNC2H1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 3 with or without polydactyly, MIM#613091; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DVL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DVL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Robinow syndrome, autosomal dominant 2 616331; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DSTYK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DSTYK: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DSPP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DSPP: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DPM3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DPM3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 19576565, 28803818, 30931530, 31469168; Phenotypes: Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy (limb-girdle), type C, 15 612937; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DNM1L |
Zornitza Stark gene: DNM1L was added gene: DNM1L was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: DNM1L was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: DNM1L were set to Encephalopathy, lethal, due to defective mitochondrial peroxisomal fission 1, MIM#614388 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: DNM1L was set to Other Review for gene: DNM1L was set to GREEN gene: DNM1L was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Dominant and recessive disease described depending on domain affected; dominant negative effect of heterozygous missense variants. LoF/LoF or LoF/missense for AR variants. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DNAAF4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DNAAF4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DNAAF3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DNAAF3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DMP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DMP1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLL4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DLL4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLL3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DLL3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DLL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31353024; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, autism, seizures, variable brain abnormalities, scoliosis; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DENND5A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DENND5A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27431290, 27866705; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 49 617281; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DDOST | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Single family reported with supportive functional data, Amber at best.; to: Single family reported with supportive functional data, gene is RED on CDG panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DDOST | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DDOST: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22305527; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Ir, MIM# 614507; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DDB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DDB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DCC | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: DCC: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31697046; Phenotypes: Agenesis of the corpus callosum; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CYP7B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CYP7B1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 5A, autosomal recessive, MIM# 270800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CYP2U1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CYP2U1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spastic paraplegia 56, autosomal recessive, MIM#615030; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CYP1B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CYP1B1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTU2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CTU2 was added gene: CTU2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: CTU2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CTU2 were set to 27480277; 26633546 Phenotypes for gene: CTU2 were set to Microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, renal agenesis, and ambiguous genitalia syndrome, MIM#618142 Review for gene: CTU2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Multiple Saudi families reported with same homozygous variant; founder effect. Severe disorder of infancy. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTSK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CTSK: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTSF | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CTSF: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 13, Kufs type, MIM#615362; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTNS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CTNS: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYGD | Zornitza Stark Deleted their comment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYGD | Zornitza Stark commented on gene: CRYGD: ID is not part of the phenotype. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYGD | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYGD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYBB3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYBB3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYBB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYBB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYBB1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYBB1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYBA1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYBA1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRYAA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRYAA: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRX | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CRX: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CRB1 | Zornitza Stark commented on gene: CRB1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COMP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COMP: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL9A3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL9A3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL9A2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL9A2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL9A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL9A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL6A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL6A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL4A4 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL4A4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL4A3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL4A3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL2A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL2A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL1A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL1A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL18A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL18A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Knobloch syndrome, type 1, MIM#267750; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL11A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL11A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Stickler syndrome, type II, MIM# 604841; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | COL10A1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: COL10A1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Schmid type, MIM# 156500; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CNTNAP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CNTNAP1 was added gene: CNTNAP1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: CNTNAP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CNTNAP1 were set to 28374019; 29511323; 27668699 Phenotypes for gene: CNTNAP1 were set to Hypomyelinating neuropathy, congenital, 3, MIM#618186; Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 7, MIM# 616286 Review for gene: CNTNAP1 was set to GREEN gene: CNTNAP1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Multiple affected individuals reported; ID is part of the phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CLDN19 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CLDN19: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hypomagnesemia 5, renal, with ocular involvement, MIM# 248190; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CLCN7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CLCN7: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Osteopetrosis; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CIB2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CIB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Deafness, autosomal recessive 48, MIM# 609439, Usher syndrome; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHUK | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHUK: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cocoon syndrome, MIM# 613630; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHSY1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHSY1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Temtamy preaxial brachydactyly syndrome 605282; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHST3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHST3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with congenital joint dislocations, MIM# 143095; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHRNG | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHRNG: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Escobar syndrome, MIM# 265000, Multiple pterygium syndrome, lethal type, MIM# 253290; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHRDL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHRDL1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Megalocornea 1, X-linked, MIM# 309300; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHM | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CHM: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Choroideremia, MIM# 303100; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CHD1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: CHD1 was added gene: CHD1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: CHD1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CHD1 were set to 28866611 Phenotypes for gene: CHD1 were set to Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome, MIM#617682 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CHD1 was set to Other Review for gene: CHD1 was set to GREEN gene: CHD1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Six unrelated individuals with heterozygous variants reported. Possible dominant negative mechanism: reported variants are missense, and an individual with a deletion did not have a neurological phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CEP104 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CEP104: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26477546; Phenotypes: Joubert syndrome 25, MIM# 616781; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CDH3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDH3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, and macular dystrophy 225280, Hypotrichosis, congenital, with juvenile macular dystrophy 601553; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CDH23 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDH23: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Deafness, Usher syndrome; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CDH2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CDH2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31585109; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, corpus callosum abnormalities, congenital abnormalities; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCT5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCT5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory, with spastic paraplegia, MIM# 256840; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCNO | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCNO: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 29, MIM# 615872; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCDC88A | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: CCDC88A: Added comment: Two unrelated families now plus mouse model.; Changed publications: 26917597, 30392057; Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCDC65 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCDC65: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 27, MIM# 615504; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCDC40 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCDC40: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 15, MIM# 613808; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCDC114 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCDC114: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 20, MIM# 615067; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CCDC103 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CCDC103: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 17, MIM# 614679; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CARS2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CARS2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30139652; Phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 27, MIM#616672; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | EBP | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: EBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Chondrodysplasia punctata, X-linked dominant MIM#302960, Conradi-Hunermann syndrome, MEND syndrome, MIM#300960; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males); Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SCN4A | Andrea Haworth commented on gene: SCN4A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CACNA2D2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CACNA2D2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cerebellar atrophy with seizures and variable developmental delay, MIM#618501; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CA5A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CA5A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26913920; Phenotypes: Hyperammonemia due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency, MIM# 615751; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C8orf37 | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two unrelated individuals reported with BBS; note gene has an association with retinal ciliopathies.; to: Two unrelated individuals reported with BBS; note gene has an association with retinal ciliopathies. Suggested rating Amber. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C8orf37 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: C8orf37: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26854863, 27008867; Phenotypes: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 21, MIM#617406; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C4orf26 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: C4orf26: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Amelogenesis imperfecta, type IIA4, MIM# 614832; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C2orf71 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: C2orf71: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Retinitis pigmentosa 54 613428; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C2CD3 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: C2CD3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30097616, 27094867, 26477546, 24997988,; Phenotypes: Orofaciodigital syndrome XIV, MIM# 615948; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | C19orf12 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: C19orf12: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 4, MIM#614298; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BMPR1B | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BMPR1B: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Acromesomelic dysplasia, Demirhan type MIM#609441, Brachydactyly, type A1, D, MIM#616849, Brachydactyly, type A2, MIM# 112600; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BMPER | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BMPER: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Diaphanospondylodysostosis, MIM# 608022; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BICD2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BICD2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant, 2A, autosomal dominant, MIM#615290; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BHLHA9 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BHLHA9: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Syndactyly, mesoaxial synostotic, with phalangeal reduction, MIM# 609432; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BGN | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BGN: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Meester-Loeys syndrome, MIM# 300989, Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, X-linked, MIM#300106; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BFSP2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BFSP2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cataract 12, multiple types, MIM# 611597; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | BCORL1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BCORL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24123876, 30941876; Phenotypes: Shukla-Vernon syndrome, MIM# 301029; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | B9D2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: B9D2 was added gene: B9D2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: B9D2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: B9D2 were set to 26092869; 21763481 Phenotypes for gene: B9D2 were set to Joubert syndrome 34, MIM#614175; Meckel syndrome 10, MIM#614175 Review for gene: B9D2 was set to GREEN gene: B9D2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two unrelated individuals with Joubert syndrome and bi-allelic variants reported; single family with two affected individuals also reported with homozygous variant in this gene and more severe Meckel phenotype, overall supporting gene-disease association for a ciliopathy with CNS involvement. ID is part of the phenotype of these conditions. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | B9D1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: B9D1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24886560, 21493627; Phenotypes: Joubert syndrome 27, MIM#617120, Meckel syndrome 9, MIM#614209; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATP8B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATP8B1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic, MIM# 243300, Cholestasis, intrahepatic, of pregnancy, 1, MIM#147480, Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 1, MIM# 211600; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATP6V1B1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATP6V1B1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Renal tubular acidosis with deafness 267300; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATP6AP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ATP6AP1 was added gene: ATP6AP1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ATP6AP1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Publications for gene: ATP6AP1 were set to 27231034 Phenotypes for gene: ATP6AP1 were set to Immunodeficiency 47, MIM#300972 Review for gene: ATP6AP1 was set to GREEN gene: ATP6AP1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 11 males from 6 unrelated families with primarily an immunodeficiency disorder; six patients from 3 families who carried the same variant (E346K) had neurologic features, including seizures, mild intellectual disability, and behavioral abnormalities Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATP1A2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATP1A2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Alternating hemiplegia of childhood 1, MIM# 104290; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ATAD1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ATAD1 was added gene: ATAD1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ATAD1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ATAD1 were set to 28180185 Phenotypes for gene: ATAD1 were set to Hyperekplexia 4, MIM#618011 Review for gene: ATAD1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Severe progressive neurological disorder, severe/profound intellectual disability is a feature Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ASTN1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ASTN1 was added gene: ASTN1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ASTN1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ASTN1 were set to 29706646; 27431290; 26539891 Phenotypes for gene: ASTN1 were set to Intellectual disability Review for gene: ASTN1 was set to GREEN gene: ASTN1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three families reported as part of large cohorts albeit proposing multiple novel candidate genes with minimal detail and no functional validation. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ARHGEF6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ARHGEF6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: MENTAL RETARDATION X-LINKED TYPE 46; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ANKH | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ANKH: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, MIM#123000; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALG9 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ALG9: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28932688; Phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Il, MIM#608776; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALG14 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ALG14 was added gene: ALG14 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ALG14 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ALG14 were set to 30221345; 23404334; 28733338 Phenotypes for gene: ALG14 were set to Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 15, without tubular aggregates, MIM#616227; Intellectual disability Review for gene: ALG14 was set to GREEN gene: ALG14 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 5 individuals from unrelated families described in the literature: one with myasthenic syndrome, no report of ID; second with predominantly ID phenotype; and three more with a neurodegenerative phenotype. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALDOB | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Metabolic decompensation on exposure to fructose, including hypoglycaemia, but ID is not an intrinsic feature of this condition.; to: Metabolic decompensation on exposure to fructose, including hypoglycaemia, but ID is not an intrinsic feature of this condition. ID only reported in the absence of treatment. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALDOB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ALDOB: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Fructose intolerance, hereditary, MIM# 229600; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | AHCY | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AHCY: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31957987, 27671891, 30121674, 28779239; Phenotypes: Hypermethioninemia with deficiency of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, MIM#613752; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | AGPS | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AGPS: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, type 3, MIM#600121; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | AGMO |
Zornitza Stark gene: AGMO was added gene: AGMO was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: AGMO was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AGMO were set to 31555905 Phenotypes for gene: AGMO were set to microcephaly; intellectual disability; epilepsy Review for gene: AGMO was set to GREEN gene: AGMO was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Three unrelated families and functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | AGL | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AGL: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Glycogen storage disease IIIa, MIM# 232400; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | AFG3L2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: AFG3L2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Spastic ataxia 5, autosomal recessive, MIM#614487; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADGRG6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ADGRG6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30549416; Phenotypes: Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 9, OMIM #616503; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADD3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ADD3 was added gene: ADD3 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ADD3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ADD3 were set to 29768408; 23836506 Phenotypes for gene: ADD3 were set to Cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegic, 3, MIM#617008 Review for gene: ADD3 was set to GREEN gene: ADD3 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Four families reported in the literature with bi-allelic variants in this gene causing intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADCY5 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ADCY5: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Dyskinesia, familial, with facial myokymia, MIM#606703; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADAMTS10 |
Zornitza Stark gene: ADAMTS10 was added gene: ADAMTS10 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: ADAMTS10 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: ADAMTS10 were set to Weill-Marchesani syndrome 1, recessive, MIM#277600 Review for gene: ADAMTS10 was set to AMBER Added comment: Mild intellectual disability is described in around 10% of affected individuals. Sources: Expert list |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ACADSB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ACADSB: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: 2-methylbutyrylglycinuria, MIM# 610006; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ABCC6 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ABCC6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Arterial calcification, generalized, of infancy, 2, MIM#614473, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, MIM#264800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ABAT | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ABAT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10407778, 20052547, 27596361, 28411234,; Phenotypes: GABA-transaminase deficiency, MIM#613163; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ZSWIM6 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: ZSWIM6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ZSWIM6 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: ZSWIM6. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | UFM1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: UFM1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TRMT1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: TRMT1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TRMT1 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: TRMT1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TRAF7 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: TRAF7. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TRAF7 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: TRAF7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TCF20 | Louise Daugherty edited their review of gene: TCF20: Changed rating: GREEN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TCF20 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: TCF20. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TCF20 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: TCF20: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from TCF20 this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SYNJ1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: SYNJ1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SYNJ1 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: SYNJ1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SLC6A9 | Louise Daugherty edited their review of gene: SLC6A9: Changed rating: GREEN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SLC6A9 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: SLC6A9. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SLC6A9 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: SLC6A9: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from SLC6A9- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SETD1B | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: SETD1B. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SETD1B | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: SETD1B: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from SETD1B- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | RLIM | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: RLIM: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from RLIM- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | RLIM | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: RLIM. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MSL3 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: MSL3: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from MSL3- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MSL3 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: MSL3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MSL3 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: MSL3: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from MSL3- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MED25 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: MED25. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MED25 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: MED25: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from MED25- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KDM1A | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: KDM1A. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KDM1A | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: KDM1A: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from KDM1A- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GRIA2 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: GRIA2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | GRIA2 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: GRIA2: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from GRIA2- this is now a green gene with sufficient evidence/review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLG4 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: DLG4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLG4 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: DLG4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTDP1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: CTDP1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CTDP1 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: CTDP1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CSNK2A1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: CSNK2A1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CSNK2A1 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: CSNK2A1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CLCN4 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: CLCN4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CLCN4 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: CLCN4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALG11 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: ALG11. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ALG11 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: ALG11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | VAMP1 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: VAMP1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | VAMP1 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: VAMP1: As a result of watchlist tag audit the watchlist tag was removed from VAMP1- this is now a green gene. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SUPT16H |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SUPT16H was added gene: SUPT16H was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SUPT16H was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SUPT16H were set to http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106193 Phenotypes for gene: SUPT16H were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the corpus callosum Penetrance for gene: SUPT16H were set to Complete Review for gene: SUPT16H was set to AMBER Added comment: Bina et al (2020 - http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106193) report on 4 unrelated individuals with heterozygous SNVs affecting SUPT16H as well as 1 further with microdeletion spanning this gene. The phenotype consisted of DD with subsequent ID in a subset of them (ages of the cohort: 2y-14y), autistic features in few, abnormalities of the corpus callosum (for 3 with available MRI images), variable gastrointestinal problems in some, and possibly minor dysmorphic features. SUPT16H encodes a subunit of the FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) complex, a chromatin-specific factor required for transcription elongation as well as for DNA replication and repair (OMIM citing Belotserkovskaya et al. 2003 - PMID: 12934006). The 2 subunits of the complex [Spt16 (encoded by SUPT16H) and SSRP1] are essential for histone regulation. As the authors note, Spt16 interacts with the histone dimer H2A-H2B during transcription to allow RNA polymerase access to previously coiled DNA [cited PMIDs : 9489704, 10421373 / A recent study by Liu et al 2019 (PMID: 31775157) appears highly relevant]. SUPT16H has a Z-score of 5.1 in gnomAD and a pLI of 1 (%HI of 22.56 in Decipher). SNVs : 4 de novo missense SNVs were identified following exome sequencing (NM_007192.3:c.484A>G or I162V / L432P / N571S / R734W), all absent from gnomAD and mostly predicted to be deleterious (I162V predicted benign, tolerated, disease-causing by PolyPhen2, SIFT, MutationTaster respectively and had a CADD score of 13.61). Prior work-up for these individuals (incl. CMA in some / MS-MLPA for Angelman s. in 1 / metabolic investigations) had (probably) not revealed an apparent cause, with small CNVs inherited from healthy parents (a 4q13.3 dup / 20q13.2 del - coordinates not provided). There were no studies performed for the identified variants. CNVs : A 5th individual reported by Bina et al was found to harbor a 2.05 Mb 14q11.2 deletion spanning SUPT16H. The specific deletion also spanned CHD8 while the same individual harbored also a 30.17 Mb duplication of 18p11.32q12.1. CNVs spanning SUPT16H reported to date, also span the (very) proximal CHD8. [Genomic coordinates (GRCh38) for SUPT16H and CHD8 as provided by OMIM : 14:21,351,471-21,384,018 / 14:21,385,198-21,456,122]. Haploinsufficiency of CHD8 is associated with a distinctive syndrome with overgrowth and ID (Douzgou et al 2019 - PMID: 31001818). The phenotype of SUPT16H-CHD8 duplications is discussed in other studies/reviews. [Smol et al 2020 - PMID: 31823155 / Smyk et al 2016 - PMID: 26834018]. Animal models were not commented on by Bina et al (possibly not available for mouse : http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1890948 / https://www.mousephenotype.org/data/genes/MGI:1890948 ). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TET3 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TET3 was added gene: TET3 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TET3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TET3 were set to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.007 Phenotypes for gene: TET3 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Macrocephaly; Growth abnormality; Seizures; Autistic behavior; Abnormality of movement; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: TET3 were set to Complete Review for gene: TET3 was set to GREEN Added comment: Beck et al (2020 - DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.007) report on individuals with monoallelic de novo or biallelic pathogenic TET3 variants. For both inheritance modes (AR/AD) DD/ID were among the observed features (mild-severe - individuals from families 2, 4 and 6 for whom presence of ID was not commented, relevance to the current panel is suggested from the developmental milestones in the supplement. One individual presented DD without ID). Other features included hypotonia (in 8), ASD/autistic features (in 5), seizures (2 unrelated subjects for each inheritance mode). Postnatal growth abnormalities were observed in many, in most cases involving head size (with/without abnormal stature) and few presented abnormal prenatal growth. Variable movement disorders were observed in some. Some facial features appeared to be more common (eg. long face, tall forehead, etc). Most were referred for their DD. Extensive prior genetic investigations had (mostly) come out normal (with possible contribution of a 16p11.2 dup in an individual with monoallelic variant or a 16q22 dup in another with biallelic TET3 variants). Monoallelic / biallelic variants in all subjects were identified following exome sequencing. TET3 encodes a methylcytosine dioxygenase (the TET family consisting of 3 enzymes, TET1, TET2, TET3). These enzymes are involved in DNA demethylation through a series of reactions beginning with the conversion of 5-methyl cytosine [5mc] to 5-hydromethylcytosine [5hmC]. 5 individuals from 3 families (1/3 consanguineous) harbored biallelic missense variants. 5 different missense variants were observed. Heterozygous parents appeared to be mildly affected (eg. having learning difficulties, etc). 6 individuals from 5 families harbored monoallelic variants [3 truncating (of which 2 localizing in the last exon), 2 missense SNVs]. In one family the variant was inherited from a similarly affected parent. In all other cases the variant had occured de novo. No additional TET3 variants were identified, with the limitations of WES. All missense mutations, whether observed in individuals with biallelic or monoallelic variants, were located within the catalytic domain or - for a single variant (NM_001287491.1:c.2254C>T / p.Arg752Cys) - adjacent to it. Functional studies were carried out only for (all) missense variants observed in individuals with biallelic variants. Conversion of 5mC to 5hmC is the first step in DNA demethylation. In HEK293 cells overexpressing either wt or variants, production of 5hmc was measured. 4/5 missense variants evaluated demonstrated a defect in converting 5mC to 5hmC, Arg752Cys being an exception (as also predicted by its localization). DD/ID and abnormal growth are also features of disorders of the epigenetic machinery (DNA methylation machinery, histone machinery, chromatin remodelers, other chromatin-associated proteins). Similarly to TET3, both monoallelic and biallelic variants in KDM5B, encoding for another component of the epigenetic machinery, have been identified in individuals with ID. Mouse models discussed by the authors [several Refs provided though not here reviewed] : The gene has been shown to be highly expressed in oocytes, zygotes and neurons and to play a role in demethylation of the paternal genome after fertilization. (From the MGI: 'mice inheriting a null allele from a germ cell conditional null mother display impaired reprogramming of the paternal genome resulting in reduced embryo viability'). Beck et al also note that Tet3 inhibition or depletion in differentiated neurons can impact synaptic function [PMIDs cited: 25915473, 24757058, 26711116]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIGP |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Please consider upgrading this gene to Green. A recent study Vetro et al. (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000387) identified 4 additional affected individuals with severe EIEE, belonging to a large inbred family. Following extensive genetic investigations (all of which were non-diagnostic) these subjects were found to harbor in homozygosity the frameshift variant also reported in the 2 previous studies (NM_153681.2:c.456delA / p.Glu153AsnfsTer34 or NM_153682.2:c.384delA / p.Glu129AsnfsTer34). Reduced expression of the GPI-anchor protein CD16 was demonstrated in granulocytes of affected individuals.; to: Please consider upgrading this gene to Green. In a recent study, Vetro et al. (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000387) identified 4 additional affected individuals with severe EIEE, belonging to a large inbred family. Following extensive genetic investigations (all of which were non-diagnostic) these subjects were found to harbor in homozygosity the frameshift variant also reported in the 2 previous studies (NM_153681.2:c.456delA / p.Glu153AsnfsTer34 or NM_153682.2:c.384delA / p.Glu129AsnfsTer34). Reduced expression of the GPI-anchor protein CD16 was demonstrated in granulocytes of affected individuals. |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PIGP |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: PIGP: Added comment: Please consider upgrading this gene to Green. A recent study Vetro et al. (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000387) identified 4 additional affected individuals with severe EIEE, belonging to a large inbred family. Following extensive genetic investigations (all of which were non-diagnostic) these subjects were found to harbor in homozygosity the frameshift variant also reported in the 2 previous studies (NM_153681.2:c.456delA / p.Glu153AsnfsTer34 or NM_153682.2:c.384delA / p.Glu129AsnfsTer34). Reduced expression of the GPI-anchor protein CD16 was demonstrated in granulocytes of affected individuals.; Changed publications: 28334793, 31139695, https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000387 |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ZNF292 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis commented on gene: ZNF292: Correction to the phrase "Manual review of some relevant LoF variants in gnomAD suggested that they represent false positive calls": Irrespective of the variants identified in their cohort, Mirzaa et al. reviewed many pLoF variants which are listed in gnomAD. The authors suggested that some of these variants may not represent true LoF variants. Eg. NM_015021.3:c.2690C>A ( https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/6-87966037-C-A ) which appears to be a stopgain variant (Ser[TCA]>Ter[TAA]) is probably not a true LoF variant. It always occurred in cis (/the same reads) with NM_015021.3:c.2689T>C (Ser[TCA] to Pro[CCA]). This is visible in the IGV graph of gnomAD (url above). Thus, gnomAD lists 2 single-nucleotide variants affecting the same codon, one next to the other. However, as the 2 SNVs always occurred in cis, this represents a single missense multi-nucleotide variant (Ser[TCA]>Gln[CAA]) [ NM_015021.3(ZNF292_v001):c.2689_2690delinsCA ]. Similar observations were made for other variants seen in gnomAD. |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | NUS1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: NUS1: Added comment: Please consider upgrading this gene (NUS1 is also rated Green in the epilepsy panel). Den et al (2019 - PMID: 31656175) reported on 2 additional unrelated individuals (aged 17 and 59y) both presenting intellectual disability, epilepsy , involuntary movements, ataxia and scoliosis. Both were found to harbor the same splicing variant in NUS1 (NM_138459.4:c.691+1C>A) following exome sequencing. Using lymphoblastoid cell lines from both individuals it was demonstrated that the variant creates a new splice donor site in exon 3 further creating a new reading frame and producing a premature termination codon [c.601_691del or p.(Arg202Glnfs*9)]. Using cyclohexamide, it was further shown that the mutant mRNA is partially subjected to NMD. [Additional variants identified by exome for the 2 subjects were non diagnostic (/VUS). An SPTAN1 nonsense variant identified in one was inherited from an unaffected parent (dominant-negative mechanism listed in G2P for this gene / in ClinVar all pLoF variants are submitted as VUS)]. -----; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 25066056, 29100083, 24824130, 30348779, 31656175 |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | RNF113A | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: RNF113A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25612912, 31880405, 31793730, 29133357, 30506991, 15256591, 24026126, 23555887; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MTHFS |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Biallelic pathogenic MTHFS variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and hypomyelination (# 618367). The gene encodes 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase which catalyzes conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF or folinic acid) to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF). At least 3 unrelated individuals have been reported. The phenotype appears to be relevant to both epilepsy and ID gene panels and the role of variants/the gene supported by enzymatic activity studies, 5-FTHF accumulation, 5,10-MTHF levels (low/low-normal), the role of folate metabolism pathway overall and some supporting (metabolic) evidence from the mouse model. --- Rodan et al (2018 - PMID: 30031689) reported on 2 individuals both presenting with microcephaly, severe global DD, epilepsy, progressive spasticity and cerebral hypomyelination upon MRI imaging. Short stature was also feature in both. The 1st patient was an 8-year-old male who following exome sequencing was found to harbor 2 missense variants each inherited from a carrier parent. (NM_006441.3:c.434G>A / p.R145Q and c.107T>C / p.L36P). A further AFG3L2 indel was not felt to fit with his phenotype (and the onset of the related disorder appears to occur later). Previous investigations included extensive metabolic testing, CMA, Angelman syndrome methylation analysis, GFAP, POLG1, TYMP sequencing, mitochondrial genome analysis and an XL-ID gene panel (further suggesting relevance of this gene to the current panel) were all non-diagnostic. CSF 5-MTHF levels were initially on the low-normal range, subsequently found to be decreased (upon folinic acid supplementation) and later normalized upon use of another regimen. MTHFS activity was measured in control fibroblasts as well as fibroblasts from this individual, with the latter demonstrating no enzyme activity. Accumulation (30x elevation) of 5-FTHF (the substrate of MTHFS) was demonstrated in patient fibroblasts. The 2nd patient was a 11-year-old male with similar features incl. global DD (standing/walking/single words at/after 4 years of age, limited vocabulary and articulation upon last examination). Extensive metabolic work-up as well as genetic testing for an epilepsy panel, vanishing white matter disease gene panel, mitochondrial genome as well as specific gene sequencing (LAMA2, POLR3A, POLR3B) were all non-diagnostic. Trio exome revealed 2 MTHFS variants in trans configuration (c.484C>T / p.Q162X and c.434G>A / p.R145Q). --- Romero et al (2019 - PMID: 31844630) reported on a 4-year-old female with congenital microcephaly, severe global DD (nonverbal/nonambulatory at the age of 4), spasticity, epilepsy and cerebral hypomyelination. Extensive investigations prior to exome sequencing revealed macrocytic anemia, decreased CSF 5-MTHF and elevated neopterin, 2 CNVs of uncertain significance upon CMA with additional long ROH on chr15. Methylation studies were negative. The child was homozygous for c.220C>T / p.R74X (RefSeq is probably NM_006441.3. MTHFS lies on chr15. The parents were unrelated but came from the same town). There were no other candidate variants from the exome analysis. Both articles discuss extensively the role of the folate metabolism pathway overall in nucleic acid synthesis, AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, methylation as well as 5-FTHF / 5,10-MTHF in particular in myelin stabilization and DNA synthesis (eg. according to Romero et al. a defect in MTHFS would impair myelin production and also lead to decreased myelin stability). --- A book chapter cited by Rodan et al (in N. Blau et al. (eds.), Physician’s Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases - DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40337-8_10) included limited details on a patient with 'MTHFS gene mutation'. This individual had early speech delay, seizures beginning in infancy, ID, autistic features, recurrent infections and was found to have very low CSF 5-MTHF levels. [Details in p169 and table 10.6 - p173]. --- In a mouse model reported by Field et al (2011 - PMID: 22303332), Mthfs was disrupted through insertion of a gene trap vector between the first 2 exons. Heterozygous [Mthfs(gt/+)] mice were fertile and viable. Mthfs protein levels were slightly but not statistically significantly reduced in tissues measured. No homozygous embryos were recovered following intercrosses of heterozygous mice, suggesting that Mthfs is an essential gene. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from heterozygous mice [Mthfs (gt/+)] exhibited reduced de novo purine biosynthesis, but did not exhibit altered de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Plasma folate levels were altered in heterozygous mice on a standard (/control) diet. Sources: Literature; to: Biallelic pathogenic MTHFS variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and hypomyelination (# 618367). The gene encodes 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase which catalyzes conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF or folinic acid) to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF). At least 3 unrelated individuals have been reported. The phenotype appears to be relevant to both epilepsy and ID gene panels and the role of variants/the gene supported by enzymatic activity studies, 5-FTHF accumulation, 5,10-MTHF levels (low/low-normal), the role of folate metabolism pathway overall and some supporting (metabolic) evidence from the mouse model. --- Rodan et al (2018 - PMID: 30031689) reported on 2 individuals both presenting with microcephaly, severe global DD, epilepsy, progressive spasticity and cerebral hypomyelination upon MRI imaging. Short stature was also feature in both. The 1st patient was an 8-year-old male who following exome sequencing was found to harbor 2 missense variants each inherited from a carrier parent. (NM_006441.3:c.434G>A / p.R145Q and c.107T>C / p.L36P). A further AFG3L2 indel was not felt to fit with his phenotype (and the onset of the related disorder appears to occur later). Previous investigations included extensive metabolic testing, CMA, Angelman syndrome methylation analysis, GFAP, POLG1, TYMP sequencing, mitochondrial genome analysis and an XL-ID gene panel (further suggesting relevance of this gene to the current panel) were all non-diagnostic. CSF 5-MTHF levels were initially on the low-normal range, subsequently found to be decreased (upon folinic acid supplementation) and later normalized upon use of another regimen. MTHFS activity was measured in control fibroblasts as well as fibroblasts from this individual, with the latter demonstrating no enzyme activity. Accumulation (30x elevation) of 5-FTHF (the substrate of MTHFS) was demonstrated in patient fibroblasts. The 2nd patient was a 11-year-old male with similar features incl. global DD (standing/walking/single words at/after 4 years of age, limited vocabulary and articulation upon last examination). Extensive metabolic work-up as well as genetic testing for an epilepsy panel, vanishing white matter disease gene panel, mitochondrial genome as well as specific gene sequencing (LAMA2, POLR3A, POLR3B) were all non-diagnostic. Trio exome revealed 2 MTHFS variants in trans configuration (c.484C>T / p.Q162X and c.434G>A / p.R145Q). --- Romero et al (2019 - PMID: 31844630) reported on a 4-year-old female with congenital microcephaly, severe global DD (nonverbal/nonambulatory at the age of 4), spasticity, epilepsy and cerebral hypomyelination. Extensive investigations prior to exome sequencing revealed macrocytic anemia, decreased CSF 5-MTHF and elevated neopterin, 2 CNVs of uncertain significance upon CMA with additional long ROH on chr15. Methylation studies were negative. The child was homozygous for c.220C>T / p.R74X (RefSeq is probably NM_006441.3. MTHFS lies on chr15. The parents were unrelated but came from the same town). There were no other candidate variants from the exome analysis. Both articles discuss extensively the role of the folate metabolism pathway overall in nucleic acid synthesis, AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, methylation as well as 5-FTHF / 5,10-MTHF in particular in myelin stabilization and DNA synthesis (eg. according to Romero et al. a defect in MTHFS would impair myelin production and also lead to decreased myelin stability). --- A book chapter cited by Rodan et al (in N. Blau et al. (eds.), Physician’s Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases - DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40337-8_10) included limited details on a patient with 'MTHFS gene mutation'. This individual had early speech delay, seizures beginning in infancy, ID, autistic features, recurrent infections and was found to have very low CSF 5-MTHF levels. [Details in p169 and table 10.6 - p173]. --- In a mouse model reported by Field et al (2011 - PMID: 22303332), Mthfs was disrupted through insertion of a gene trap vector between the first 2 exons. Heterozygous [Mthfs(gt/+)] mice were fertile and viable. Mthfs protein levels were slightly but not statistically significantly reduced in tissues measured. No homozygous embryos were recovered following intercrosses of heterozygous mice, suggesting that Mthfs is an essential gene. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from heterozygous mice [Mthfs (gt/+)] exhibited reduced de novo purine biosynthesis, but did not exhibit altered de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Plasma folate levels were altered in heterozygous mice on a standard (/control) diet. [Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels e.g. for metabolic disorders] Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MTHFS |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: MTHFS was added gene: MTHFS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MTHFS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MTHFS were set to 30031689; 31844630; 22303332; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40337-8_10 Phenotypes for gene: MTHFS were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and hypomyelination, 618367 Penetrance for gene: MTHFS were set to Complete Review for gene: MTHFS was set to GREEN Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic MTHFS variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and hypomyelination (# 618367). The gene encodes 5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase which catalyzes conversion of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF or folinic acid) to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF). At least 3 unrelated individuals have been reported. The phenotype appears to be relevant to both epilepsy and ID gene panels and the role of variants/the gene supported by enzymatic activity studies, 5-FTHF accumulation, 5,10-MTHF levels (low/low-normal), the role of folate metabolism pathway overall and some supporting (metabolic) evidence from the mouse model. --- Rodan et al (2018 - PMID: 30031689) reported on 2 individuals both presenting with microcephaly, severe global DD, epilepsy, progressive spasticity and cerebral hypomyelination upon MRI imaging. Short stature was also feature in both. The 1st patient was an 8-year-old male who following exome sequencing was found to harbor 2 missense variants each inherited from a carrier parent. (NM_006441.3:c.434G>A / p.R145Q and c.107T>C / p.L36P). A further AFG3L2 indel was not felt to fit with his phenotype (and the onset of the related disorder appears to occur later). Previous investigations included extensive metabolic testing, CMA, Angelman syndrome methylation analysis, GFAP, POLG1, TYMP sequencing, mitochondrial genome analysis and an XL-ID gene panel (further suggesting relevance of this gene to the current panel) were all non-diagnostic. CSF 5-MTHF levels were initially on the low-normal range, subsequently found to be decreased (upon folinic acid supplementation) and later normalized upon use of another regimen. MTHFS activity was measured in control fibroblasts as well as fibroblasts from this individual, with the latter demonstrating no enzyme activity. Accumulation (30x elevation) of 5-FTHF (the substrate of MTHFS) was demonstrated in patient fibroblasts. The 2nd patient was a 11-year-old male with similar features incl. global DD (standing/walking/single words at/after 4 years of age, limited vocabulary and articulation upon last examination). Extensive metabolic work-up as well as genetic testing for an epilepsy panel, vanishing white matter disease gene panel, mitochondrial genome as well as specific gene sequencing (LAMA2, POLR3A, POLR3B) were all non-diagnostic. Trio exome revealed 2 MTHFS variants in trans configuration (c.484C>T / p.Q162X and c.434G>A / p.R145Q). --- Romero et al (2019 - PMID: 31844630) reported on a 4-year-old female with congenital microcephaly, severe global DD (nonverbal/nonambulatory at the age of 4), spasticity, epilepsy and cerebral hypomyelination. Extensive investigations prior to exome sequencing revealed macrocytic anemia, decreased CSF 5-MTHF and elevated neopterin, 2 CNVs of uncertain significance upon CMA with additional long ROH on chr15. Methylation studies were negative. The child was homozygous for c.220C>T / p.R74X (RefSeq is probably NM_006441.3. MTHFS lies on chr15. The parents were unrelated but came from the same town). There were no other candidate variants from the exome analysis. Both articles discuss extensively the role of the folate metabolism pathway overall in nucleic acid synthesis, AA metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, methylation as well as 5-FTHF / 5,10-MTHF in particular in myelin stabilization and DNA synthesis (eg. according to Romero et al. a defect in MTHFS would impair myelin production and also lead to decreased myelin stability). --- A book chapter cited by Rodan et al (in N. Blau et al. (eds.), Physician’s Guide to the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Inherited Metabolic Diseases - DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40337-8_10) included limited details on a patient with 'MTHFS gene mutation'. This individual had early speech delay, seizures beginning in infancy, ID, autistic features, recurrent infections and was found to have very low CSF 5-MTHF levels. [Details in p169 and table 10.6 - p173]. --- In a mouse model reported by Field et al (2011 - PMID: 22303332), Mthfs was disrupted through insertion of a gene trap vector between the first 2 exons. Heterozygous [Mthfs(gt/+)] mice were fertile and viable. Mthfs protein levels were slightly but not statistically significantly reduced in tissues measured. No homozygous embryos were recovered following intercrosses of heterozygous mice, suggesting that Mthfs is an essential gene. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from heterozygous mice [Mthfs (gt/+)] exhibited reduced de novo purine biosynthesis, but did not exhibit altered de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. Plasma folate levels were altered in heterozygous mice on a standard (/control) diet. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PUM1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis commented on gene: PUM1: 5 unrelated individuals with de novo pathogenic PUM1 variants have been reported in the literature. DD (5/5), ID (4/5 - relevant severity to the current panel), seizures (4/4 - absence/tonic-clonic, abnormal EEG) and variable other features (incl. facial dysmorphism, ataxia, cryptorchidism) appear to be part of the phenotype. 9 individuals with deletions spanning PUM1 and proximal genes presented similar features. [1] PMID: 29474920 - Gennarino et al (2018) [2] PMID: 30903679 - Bonnemason-Carrere et al (2019) [3] PMID: 31859446 - Voet et al (2019) [with review of the literature] SNVs in relevant individuals were identified by exome sequencing and were in all cases de novo. Arg1147Trp was a recurrent variant reported in 3 unrelated subjects with ID and seizures (Refs 1,2,3 / NM_001020658.1:c.3439C>T). A nonsense variant was reported in an additional one with DD, ID, seizures and additional features (c.2509C>T / p.Arg837* - Ref3). One individual with a de novo missense variant (c.3416G>A / p.Arg1139Trp) with DD and ataxia, though without ID was reported in Ref1. Details on 9 individuals with 0.3 - 5.6 Mb deletions spanning PUM1 and other genes are provided in Ref1. Features also included DD, ID, seizures, ataxia, etc. Extensive initial investigations were reported for individuals in Refs 2 and 3 (various investigations incl. karyotype, SNP-array, targeted sequencing of OPHN1, KANSL1 or of a small panel of ID genes, biopsies and/or metabolic work-up) to rule out alternative causes. These only revealed a likely benign CNV and a GRIA3 SNV of uncertain significance in the case of an individual harboring the recurrent Arg1147Trp variant [Ref2]. Role of the gene (from OMIM): Pumilio proteins, such as PUM1, negatively regulate gene expression by repressing translation of mRNAs to which they bind (Lee et al., 2016). A clinically significant PUM1 target is ataxin (ATXN1; 601556), mutation in which causes spinocerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA1; 601556). Variant studies: - Arg1147Trp was shown to be associated with normal PUM1 mRNA levels, but reduced (to ~43%) PUM1 protein levels in patient fibroblasts. ATXN1 mRNA and protein levels, as well as protein and/or mRNA levels of other PUM1 targets were shown to be increased (Ref1). - In Ref1, in vitro transfection assays with wt or mt PUM1 were performed in HEK293T cells to evaluate repression of ATXN1 and E2F3. While overexpression of wt and Arg1147Trp were able to reduce ATXN1 and E2F3 levels, Arg1139Trp was not able to repress ATXN1 or E2F3. - Upon overexpression in mouse hippocampal neurons, PUM1 missense mutations (among others Arg1139Trp and Arg1147Trp) were shown to alter neuronal morphology. Overall haploinsufficiency is the proposed mechanism for the disorder for which the acronym PADDAS is used (Pumilio1-associated developmental disability, ataxia and seizure). Milder mutations reducing PUM1 levels by 25% are associated with adult-onset ataxia without ID (PRCA or Pumilio1-related cerebellar ataxia) [Ref1]. Mouse models: The role of PUM1 was first suggested in mouse models where Pum1 mutations were shown to lead to a SCA1-like phenotype (PMID cited : 12086639 - Watase et al 2002) further shown to be caused by increased Atxn1 mRNA and protein levels (PMID cited : 25768905 - Gennarino et al 2015). The mouse model seems to recapitulate several of the features observed in affected individuals : Pum1 homozygous ko mice display among others hyperactivity, progressive cerebellar signs, spontaneous seizures as also observed in affected individuals (PMID cited : 25768905 - Gennarino et al 2015). Cryptorchidism was observed in 2 patients similar to testicular hypoplasia reported in Pum1 ko mice (PMID cited : 22342750 - Chen et al 2012). - Heterozygous mice were evaluated in Ref1 with 69% or 75% exhibiting spontaneous seizures by the end of 30 or 35 wks respectively, with abnormal EEG activity already by 16 wks. Additional individuals with PUM1 variants and a relevant phenotype of ID with or without seizures have been reported as part of the DDD study or as external submissions to Decipher and ClinVar : https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/search?q=PUM1#research-variants/results [ DDD4K.01387 participant ] https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/search?q=pum1#consented-patients/results [ external submission(s) ] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/431110/ [ splice-site variant in an individual with ID submitted prior to the 1st publication on the disorder ] |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | PUM1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PUM1 was added gene: PUM1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: PUM1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: PUM1 were set to 29474920; 30903679; 31859446 Phenotypes for gene: PUM1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of the face; Ataxia; Cryptorchidism Penetrance for gene: PUM1 were set to unknown Review for gene: PUM1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Please consider inclusion in both ID and epilepsy panels with probably green rating. Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | DLL1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: DLL1 was added gene: DLL1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DLL1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: DLL1 were set to 31353024 Phenotypes for gene: DLL1 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system; Seizures; Behavioral abnormality; Autism; Scoliosis Penetrance for gene: DLL1 were set to unknown Review for gene: DLL1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Heterozygous DLL1 pathogenic variants cause Neurodevelopmental disorder with nonspecific brain abnormalities and with or without seizures (# 618709). Fischer-Zirnsak et al (2019 - PMID: 31353024) reported on 15 affected individuals from 12 unrelated families. Most common features included DD/ID (12/14), ASD (6/14 - belonging to 6 families) or other behavioral abnormalities, seizures (6/14 - from 6 unrelated families) and various brain MRI abnromalities. As commented by OMIM (based on the same ref) "Cognitive function ranges from severely impaired to the ability to attend schools with special assistance". Among other features, scoliosis was observed in 4. The authors could not identify a distinctive facial gestalt. Variable initial investigations (where discussed/performed - also suggesting relevance to the current panel) included CMA, FMR1, FLNA, mitochondrial DNA analysis and metabolic work-up but had not revealed an alternative cause. The DLL1 variants were identified by WES (with the exception of a 122-kb microdeletion spanning DLL1 and FAM120B detected by CMA). Nonsense, frame-shift, splice-site variants in positions predicted to result to NMD were identified in most. One individual was found to harbor a missense variant (NM_005618.3:c.536G>T / p.Cys179Phe) and another the aforementioned microdeletion. The variant in several individuals had occurred as a de novo event. In 2 families, it was inherited from an also affected parent (an unaffected sib was non-carrier) while in 3 families parental studies were not possible/complete. In frame insertion of 4 residues was demonstrated for a splice site variant, from LCLs of the corresponding individual. For another individual, material was unavailable for mRNA studies. The missense variant affected a cysteine (of the DSL domain) conserved in all Notch ligands while AA changes affecting the same position of JAG1 (another Notch ligand) have been described in patients with Alagille s. Based on the variants identified and reports of deletions spanning DLL1 in the literature, haploinsufficiency is the proposed underlying mechanism. The gene has also a pLI of 1 and %HI of 4.65. DLL1 encodes the Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 1. Notch signaling is an established pathway for brain morphogenesis. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the role of DLL1 in CNS. The gene is highly expressed in neuronal precursor cells during embryogenesis. Expression of Dll1 (and other molecules of the Notch signalling pathway) in an oscillatory/sustained pattern and cell-cell interactions important for this pathway have been demonstrated to play a role in neuronal differentiation. [Most discussed by Fischer-Zirnsak et al with several refs provided / also Gray et al., 1999 - PMID: 10079256 & OMIM]. Animal models as summarized by the authors: [Mouse] Loss of Dll1 in mice has been shown to increase neuronal differentiation, cause CNS hyperplasia and increased number of neurons (PMIDs cited: 9109488, 12397111, 20081190). Reduced Dll1 expression was associated with scoliosis and mild vertebral defects (cited PMIDs: 19562077, 14960495, 22484060 / among others Dll1 haploinsufficiency and dominant negative models studied). Scoliosis and vertebral segmentation defects were features in 4 and 1 individual, respectively in the cohort of 15. [Zebrafish] Homozygous mutations in dlA, the zebrafish ortholog, disrupted the Delta-Notch signaling and led to patterning defects in the hindbrain and overproduction of neurons (cited: 15366005). Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels e.g. for ASD. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | TFE3 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: TFE3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: 30595499, 31833172, https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.aax0926; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Abnormality of skin pigmentation, Coarse facial features, Seizures; Mode of inheritance: Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | MN1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: MN1 was added gene: MN1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MN1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: MN1 were set to 31834374; 31839203; 15870292 Phenotypes for gene: MN1 were set to Central hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Hearing impairment; Abnormality of facial skeleton; Craniosynostosis; Abnormality of the face; Abnormality of the cerebellum; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Polymicrogyria Penetrance for gene: MN1 were set to Complete Review for gene: MN1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Two studies by Mak et al (2019 - PMID: 31834374 / Ref1) and Miyake et al (2019 - PMID: 31839203 / Ref2) provide sufficient evidence for heterozygous MN1 C-terminal truncating variants (predicted to escape NMD - localizing within the last nucleotides of exon 1 or in exon 2) being associated with a distinctive phenotype and DD and ID among the features. Mak et al also discuss on the phenotype of individuals with variants causing N-terminal truncation or with MN1 deletions (discussed at the end of this review). Overlapping features for C-terminal truncating variants included hypotonia, feeding difficulties, global DD and ID, hearing loss, cranial shape defects (/craniosynostosis in few), highly suggestive/distinctive facial features (eg. frontal bossing, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral-fissures, shallow orbits, short upturned nose, low-set/posteriorly rotated/dysplastic ears, etc) and brain MRI abnormalities (eg. rhomboencephalosynapsis or cerebellar dysplasia, polymicrogyria, dysplastic CC). The majority of the affected individuals were investigated by WES/WGS with a single one tested by targeted MN1 Sanger sequencing due to highly suggestive features. Variable previous investigations incl. CMA in several, gene panel testing (Rasopathies, hearing loss, craniofacial panels, FMR1, etc) and metabolic work were normal in most. In a single case a likely pathogenic ACSL4 also explained part of the phenotype (Ref2). In the majority of these individuals, the variant had occured as a de novo event. Two sibs had inherited the truncating variant from a milder affected mosaic parent. A parental sample was not available for an additional individual. p.(Arg1295*) or NM_002430.2:c.3883C>T was a recurrent variant, seen in several individuals and in both studies. Several lines of evidence are provided for the MN1 variants and the role of the gene including: - For few individuals for whom cell lines were available, variants were shown to escape NMD by cDNA/RT-PCR/RNA-seq [Ref1 & 2]. - The gene has a high expression in fetal brain [Ref2 / fig S2] - MN1 (* 156100 - MN1 protooncogene, transcriptional regulator) has been proposed to play a role in cell proliferation and shown to act as transcription cofactor (increasing its transactivation capacity in synergy with coactivators EP300 and RAC3) [Discussion and Refs provided in Ref2]. - In vitro studies suggested increased protein stability (upon transfection of wt/mut constructs in HEK293T cells), enhanced MN1 aggregation in nuclei (when wt/mut GFP-tagged MN1 was expressed in HeLa cells), increased inhibitory effect on cell growth (MG63 cells - role of MN1 in cell proliferation discussed above) and retained transactivation activity (upon transient MN1 overexpression of wt/mt MN1 in HEK293T cells) for the variants. These seem to support a gain-of-function effect for the C-terminal truncating variants [Ref2]. - The truncating variants are proposed to raise the fraction of Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs = regions without fixed tertiary structure) probably contributing to the above effects [Ref2]. - Expression of FLAG-tagged MN1 wt/mut MN1 followed by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis (mCAT-Hela cells), provided evidence that MN1 is involved in transcriptional regulation: a. through binding ZBTB24 and RING1 E3 ubiquitin ligase (with mutant MN1 displaying impaired interaction with ZBTB24 and no binding to RING1) and/or b. through interaction with DNA-binding transcription factors PBX1 and PKNOX1. Proper MN1 degradation is proposed to mediate precise transcriptional regulation. [Ref2] - Transcriptome analysis in LCLs from an affected individual suggested dysregulation of genes relevant to neuronal development (eg. LAMP, ITGA, etc) and GO analysis suggested enrichment for pathways possibly linked to the observed phenotypes [Ref2]. - Discussed in both Refs1/2, homozygous Mn1-ko mice display abnormal skull bone development and die at/shortly after birth as a result of cleft palate. Heterozygous Mn1-ko mice display hypoplastic membranous bones of the cranial skeleton and cleft palate (CP), the latter with incomplete penetrance [Meester-Smoor et al 2005 - PMID: 15870292]. This is thus compatible with the cranial shape defects observed in C-terminal truncations (while CP has been reported in gene deletions, bifid uvula was reported once in C-terminal and N-terminal truncating variants, in the latter case with submucous CP). ----- The phenotype of other MN1 variants is discussed by Mak et al (Ref1) : - 3 individuals with MN1 N-terminal truncating variants (eg. Ser179*, Pro365Thrfs*120, Ser472*) presented speech delay, mild conductive hearing loss and facial features different from C-terminal truncations. None of these individuals had significant ID. - Microdeletions: One individual (#27) with 130 kb deletion harboring only MN1, presented microcephaly, DD and ID and mildly dysmorphic facial features. Deletions spanning MN1 and other genes (eg a 1.17 Mb deletion in ind. #28) and relevant cases from the literature reviewed, with mild DD/ID, variable palatal defects and/or facial dysmorphisms (distinct from the C-terminal truncating variants) among the frequent findings. [Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant gene panels eg. for hearing loss (conductive/sensorineural in 16/20 reported by Mak et al) or craniosynostosis, etc]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | CXorf56 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CXorf56 was added gene: CXorf56 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: CXorf56 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) Publications for gene: CXorf56 were set to 29374277; 31822863 Phenotypes for gene: CXorf56 were set to ?Mental retardation, X-linked 107, 301013 Penetrance for gene: CXorf56 were set to unknown Review for gene: CXorf56 was set to AMBER Added comment: Verkerk et al (2018 - PMID: 29374277) reported on a three-generation family with five males and one female presenting mild non-syndromic ID. Segregation was compatible with X-linked inheritance. Multipoint linkage analysis with XL microsatellite markers demonstrated a linkage peak at Xq23-24 with LOD score of 3.3. Haplotype analysis and utilization of additional STR markers allowed narrowing to a region of 7.6 Mb containing 92 genes. WGS in 3 affected males (spanning 3 generations) and 1 unaffected male and application of relevant filters for rare protein affecting variants within this region - present only in affected but absent in the unaffected individual - suggested a CXorf56 frameshift variant in exon 2 [NM_022101.3:c.159_160insTA / p.(Asp54*)] as the only relevant for this phenotype. Sanger sequencing was performed for 25 family members with all 5 affected males and 1 affected female harboring this insertion and 8 unaffected females (also) shown to be carriers. X-chromosome inactivation studies demonstrated that unaffected females had skewed inactivation (76-93%) of the variant allele, while the single affected female did not have a skewed XCI pattern (54%). In EBV-transformed lymphoblasts grown with/without cycloheximide, mRNA levels were shown to be significantly lower in the affected female compared to unaffected ones (and corrected upon treatment with cycloheximide). mRNA levels were also significantly lower in cell lines from an affected male, with expression showing significant increase after treatment with cycloheximide. These results confirmed that nonsense-mediated decay applies. The variant was absent from ExAC (where CXorf56 has a pLI of 0.93) and 188 healthy Dutch individuals. The function of CXorf56 is not known. The gene appears to be expressed in brain and a (broad) range of other tissues [ https://gtexportal.org/home/gene/CXORF56 ]. Immunostaining in 8-week old murine brain, showed that the protein is present in the nucleus and cell soma of most neurons in brain cortex and cerebellum. Upon transfection of human CXorf56 cDNA in mouse primary hippocampal neurons, the protein localized in the nucleus, dendrites (co-localizing with Map2) and dendritic spines. As the authors note, the latter may suggest a role in synaptic function. Overexpression in HEK293T cells demonstrated predominantly nuclear localization. Mouse : Based on MGI (and an article by Cox et al. - PMID: 20548051 / both cited by the authors) male chimeras hemizygous for a gene trapped allele have abnormal midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphology, decreased forebrain size, while a subset hemizygous for a different gene trapped allele show growth delay [ http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1924894 ]. ----- Rocha et al (2019 - PMID: 31822863) report on 9 affected individuals with mild to severe ID belonging to 3 unrelated families. Additional features in this cohort - observed in some - included abnormal reflexes, fine tremor, seizures (in 3), abnormal gait, etc. In the 1st family, 3 males presented with (severe/severe/moderate) ID and 2 females with mild ID. Following a normal CMA and FMR1 testing, trio plus exome sequencing revealed a CXorf56 in-frame deletion [NM_022101.3:c.498_503del / p.(Glu167_Glu168del)]. Sanger sequencing in 9 members, confirmed presence of the variant in one unaffected mother, all her affected sons (2) and daughers(2) and an affected grandson and absence in 2 remaining unaffected daughters. Skewing of XCI was seen in blood cells from affected females (97 and 83%) while the unaffected mother had complete inactivation of the carrier X-chromosome. The authors commented that even minor reductions in CXorf56 (suggested by XCI in affected females) may be detrimental and/or that inactivation for this gene may be different than that of AR gene (which was studied instead) or in other tissues. In family 2, an affected mother (with learning difficulties) and her 2 sons - the most severely affected presenting moderate ID - harbored a frameshift variant [c.303_304delCTinsACCC / p.(Phe101Leufs*20)]. A male with ID belonging to a 3rd family, for which no further information was available, was found to harbor the c.498_503del variant (also discussed above) as a de novo event. It has been commented that individuals with Xq24 deletions spanning CXorf56 present with ID, although (all) such deletions reported in the literature also span the neighboring UBE2A gene, associated with Mental retardation, X-linked syndromic, Nascimento-type (MIM #300860). ----- In OMIM, the CXorf56-related phenotype is ?Mental retardation, X-linked 107 (# 301013), based only on the report by Verkerk et al. This gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). ----- Overall, CXorf56 can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel either with amber (function of the gene unknown, skewed XCI also in affected females in the 2nd reference) or with green rating (several individuals from 4 families, compatible segregation studies and females presenting a milder phenotype than males or unaffected, LOD score in the 1st report, studies confirming lower mRNA levels and NMD, gene expressed in human brain, expression in mouse brain cortex and cerebellum, evidence from transfection studies in mouse hippocampal neurons). [Note : penetrance was here set to unknown / It was complete for males, incomplete for females]. Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | UGP2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: UGP2 was added gene: UGP2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UGP2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UGP2 were set to 31820119 Phenotypes for gene: UGP2 were set to Seizures; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of vision; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: UGP2 were set to Complete Review for gene: UGP2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Perenthaler et al. (2019 - PMID: 31820119) provide evidence that homozygosity for a variant abolishing the start codon of the UGP2 transcript (NM_001001521.1) encoding the predominant (short) protein isoform in brain, leads to a severe epileptic encephalopathy. This variant (chr2:64083454A>G / NM_001001521.1:c.1A>G - p.?) is also predicted to result in a substitution of a methionine at position 12 by a valine of the longer UGP2 transcript (NM_006759.3:c.34A>G - p.Met12Val). The 2 isoforms differ only by 11 amino acids at the N-terminal and are otherwise expected to be functionally equivalent. The authors provide details on 22 individuals from 15 families (some of which consanguineous). Features included intractable seizures (in all), absence of developmental milestones (in all), progressive microcephaly, visual impairment. The authors reported also presence of somewhat similar facial features. Some of these individuals passed away early. Previous work-up in several of them (incl. SNP-array, gene panel testing and metabolic investigations) had not revealed any abnormality, apart from ROH in some individuals. In all cases, the homozygous UGP2 SNV was the only P/LP variant for the neurodevelopmental phenotype following exome/genome sequencing. Segregation studies in affected/unaffected family members were compatible. Families came from the Netherlands (but mostly from) India, Pakistan and Iran. Presence of a region of homozygosity shared between individuals from different families suggested that the variant might represent a mutation that originated several generations ago (in the area of Balochistan). The variant is present 15x in gnomAD, only in heterozygous state (in Asian mostly, reported once in Ashkenazi Jewish or Europeans) [ https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/2-64083454-A-G ]. UGP2 encodes UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase which is an essential enzyme in sugar metabolism, catalyzing conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose, in turn, serves as precursor for production of glycogen by glycogen synthase. The authors provide several lines of evidence for a the role of the gene in the CNS as well as for the deleterious effect of the specific variant : - In patient fibroblasts total UGP2 levels were not signifficantly different compared to parent / control fibroblasts, the longer isoform being upregulated (and stable) when the shorter is missing. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated similar localization of UGP2 in the case of mutant or wt cells. Enzymatic activity (/capacity to produce UDP-glucose) was similar between homozygous mut, heterozygous and wt fibroblasts. - In H9-derived neural stem cells, Western Blot, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR suggested that the short isoform is the predominant one. (In embryonic stem cells, or fibroblasts the ratio between short and long isoform was lower). - Analysis of RNA-seq data from human fetal tissues suggested that the short isoform is the predominant in brain. - UGP2 was detected upon immunohistochemistry in fetal brain tissues from first to third trimester of pregnancy while Western Blot confirmed preferential expression of the shorter isoform. - Homozygous embryonic (ESC) or neural stem cells (NSC) for the variant (knock-in/KI) or for a frameshift variant (knock-out/KO) were generated. Study of NSCs demonstrated reduced total UGP2 protein expression upon Western Blot in the case of KI cells and depleted in KO ones. Transcriptome analysis did not show major transcriptome alterations in KI/KO ESCs compared to wt. In NSC KI/KO cells transcriptome alterations were observed compared to wt with upregulation among others of genes for synaptic processes and genes implicated in epilepsy. - The absence of UGP2 was shown to result in reduced ability of KO/KI NSCs to produce UDP-glucose, reduced capacity to synthesize glycogen under hypoxia (rescued in the case of KO cells by overexpression of wt or long isoform), defects of protein glycosylation as well as in increased unfolded protein response (/susceptibility to ER stress). These alterations are commented to be possibly implicated in pathogenesis of epilepsy, progressive microcephaly, etc. - A CRISPR-Cas9 zebrafish model leading with loss of ugp2a and hypomorphic ugp2b (the zebrafish homologs of UGP2) demonstrated abnormal behavior, reduced eye movements and increased frequency/duration of movements upon stimulation with a potent convulsant (suggestive of increased seizure susceptibility). - UGP knockout in drosophila is lethal while flies compound heterozygous for hypomorphic alleles are viable but show a movement defects due to altered synaptogenesis secondary to glycosylation defects (cited PMID: 27466186). - The authors make speculations as for the occurrence of a single variant (and not others) eg. absence of UGP2 (in the case of LoF variants affecting both isoforms) would possibly be incompatible with life, Met12Val being tolerable for the long transcript not affecting stability/enzymatic activity (which may not be the case for other substitutions affecting Met12), etc. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADPRHL2 | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: ADPRHL2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | ADPRHL2 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: ADPRHL2: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for ADPRHL2 is ADPRS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v3.0 | KAT8 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: KAT8 was added gene: KAT8 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KAT8 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: KAT8 were set to 31794431 Phenotypes for gene: KAT8 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of vision; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of the cardiovascular system; Autism Penetrance for gene: KAT8 were set to unknown Review for gene: KAT8 was set to GREEN Added comment: Heterozygous pathogenic missense KAT8 variants have been reported in individuals with DD, ID and epilepsy. Variants occurred as de novo events within the chromobarrel or the acetyltransferase domain and were all shown to affect H4K16 acetylation, as would be predicted by the gene's function (lysine acetyltransferase). Evidence from brain specific Kat8 knockout in mouse, supports the role of the gene in brain development. One similarly affected individual compound heterozygous for a nonsense and a missense variant (the former affecting subnuclear localization and the latter H4K16ac) was also reported, with carrier relatives being unaffected. Mutations in genes of the MSL/NSL complexes (with which KAT8 forms multisubunit complexes) or genes in other acetyltransferases of the same subfamily (MYST) as KAT8 cause neurodevelopmental disorders [Details provided below]. ----- Li et al. (2019 - PMID: 31794431) report on 8 unrelated individuals with heterozygous de novo pathogenic KAT8 variants, as well as an additional one compound heterozygous for a nonsense and a missense one. Overlapping phenotype consisted of DD/ID (8/8), seizures/epilepsy (6/8), brain MRI anomalies as well as presence of variable facial dysmorphic features. Less frequent features included abnormal vision (5/8), feeding difficulties (3/8), cardiac anomalies (3/8), autism (in 1). The (9th) individual with biallelic variants had similar phenotype of DD/ID, epilepsy, autism and dysmorphic facial features. Heterozygous parents and sister, the latter carrier for the missense variant, were all unaffected. All individuals had undergone exome sequencing, while extensive other investigations for at least 7/9 had only revealed variants of uncertain significance/contribution to the phenotype or were normal. KAT8 encodes lysine acetyltransferase 8, which acetylates histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16). It belongs to the MYST subfamily of lysine acetyltransferases, the other members of which include KAT6A, KAT6B (both involved in neurodevelopmental disorders) and KAT5. KAT8 forms two stoichiometric multisubunitcomplexes, one with the MSL complex and the other with the NSL. Mutations in genes encoding for subunits of the NSL or MSL complex (eg. KANSL1 and MSL3) are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Overall 6 missense SNVs were reported among the heterozygous patients, p.Tyr90Cys (NM_032188.2:c.269A>G) being a recurrent one seen in 3. The compound heterozygous patient had a missense (c.973C>T / p.Arg325Cys) and a nonsense variant (c.523A>T / p.Lys175*). All missense variants lied either in the chromobarrel domain or the acetyltransferase domain. Variants in the latter domain localized within the KAT8/Mof-specific region or - in the case of the compound heterozygous individual - within the acetyl-CoA binding motif. FLAG-tagged KAT8 (either wt or for all missense SNVs) was transfected in HEK293 cells with vectors for HA-tagged MSL proteins. While the nonsense variant was difficult to express, missense SNVs were expressed to similar levels to wt, promoted expression of MSL proteins but resulted in defective H4K16 acetylation and to a lesser extent H4K5 acetylation. As a result all missense variants impaired acetylation. This was also the case for chromobarrel domain variants, while expression of a KAT8 lacking the chromobarrel domain confirmed its ability to form complex with the MSL proteins and the impairment of H4K16 acetylation. The nonsense variant demonstrated abnormal subnuclear localization. The mouse model provides extensive evidence for the involvement of KAT8 in cerebral development. Cerebrum-specific Kat8 knockout mice presented postnatal growth retardation, hyperactivity/irritability, pre-weaning lethality, and cerebral hypoplasia upon autopsy. Loss of Kat8 reduced the number of neural stem and progenitor cells available for embryonic cerebrocortical development, impaired cell proliferation and stimulated apoptosis. The article also provides additional evidence from mouse model. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | RARS |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: RARS was added gene: RARS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RARS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RARS were set to 31814314; 28905880; 24777941 Phenotypes for gene: RARS were set to Cerebral hypomyelination; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral atrophy; Nystagmus; Ataxia; Feeding difficulties Penetrance for gene: RARS were set to Complete Review for gene: RARS was set to GREEN Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic RARS1 variants cause Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 9 (# 616140). The current review was based primarily on PMID: 31814314 (Mendes et al, 2019) providing details on 20 affected individuals from 15 families. 5 of these patients were included in a previous publication (Wolf et al, 2014 - PMID: 24777941) sharing authors with this study. Clinical presentation and severity can be highly variable. However, among the 15 patients of relevant age (5/20 deceased at an early age), ID was observed in 13 (in 6/13 mild-moderate, in 7/13 severe/profound). Epilepsy was reported in half (10/20) with seizures being refractory to treatment in most and the phenotype corresponding to an infantile epileptic encephalopathy. DD and seizures were the presenting feature in 7 and 5 patients respectively, while in other cases presenting features were less specific (eg. failure to thrive in 1/20, irritabilty in 2/20). As a result the gene appears to be relevant to both DD/ID and epilepsy panels. RARS1 encodes the cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase 1, which is a component of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (OMIM and Wolf et al, 2014 - PMID: 24777941). Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation ('charging') of tRNA by (with) their cognate amino acid. Utilisation of alternative initiation codons, from a single mRNA transcript, results in translation of a long and a short protein isoform (Zheng et al 2006 - PMID: 16430231). The long isoform is needed for the formation of the multi-synthetase complex (MSC), while the short is free in the cytoplasm and does not have any interaction with the MSC. The long isoform appears to be essential for protein synthesis (discussed with several refs provided in PMID: 28905880 - Nafisinia et al, 2017). The role of variants has been supported in several patients by additional studies - among others : [PMID 31814314] Impaired Arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity was demonstrated in fibroblasts from 3 patients. Activity was normal in one additional individual compound heterozygous for a variant affecting initiation codon and a missense one. Western blot however demonstrated presence mainly of the short protein isoform. The authors suggest that this isoform possibly contributed to enzymatic activity. The long isoform which is needed for the MSC complex was only represented by a faint band in the Western Blot of the same individual. [PMID: 28905880] Using fibroblasts from an affected subject homozygous for a missense variant (NM_002887.3:c.5A>G / p.Asp2Gly) and controls, a 75% reduction of the long isoform was shown upon WB. The short isoform was present at similar levels. As the N-terminus (of the long isoform) mediates interaction with the MSC (and AIMP1), assembly of the latter was 99% reduced in patient fibroblasts. Proliferation of patient fibroblasts was significantly reduced when cultured in a medium with limited arginine, a finding which was thought to reflect inefficient protein synthesis. Mutations in other genes encoding for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (eg. AARS1, VARS1) or scaffolding proteins of the multisynthetase complex (eg. AIMP1 and AIMP2) lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with overlapping phenotype [most genes rated green in both the ID and epilepsy panel]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SUZ12 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: ID can be a feature in individuals heterozygous for SUZ12 pathogenic variants. 13 affected individuals (from 12 families) have been reported: [1] PMID 28229514 (Imagawa et al, 2017) : 1 individual [2] PMID 30019515 (Imagawa et al, 2018) : 2 further unrelated subjects [3] PMID 31736240 (Cyrus et al, 2019) : 10 additional subjects (from 9 families) Reviewed by Cyrus et al, features observed in more than half of the (13) affected individuals included prenatal and/or postnatal overgrowth (in some only prenatal, others only postnatal, others did not manifest overgrowth at all), some suggestive facial features (eg. prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, round face, broad/low nasal bridge), DD and ID (the latter in 7/13, in most cases mild), advanced bone age, musculoskeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Less frequent features included brain MRI abnormalities (eg. CC hypoplasia/agenesis, etc.), umbilical hernias, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac anomalies (in one). All were diagnosed with WES/WGS/panel testing, with few having additional findings upon this or prior testing (eg. CNVs/SNVs). SUZ12 encodes one of the 4 core proteins of the PRC2 complex (the 3 other being encoded by EZH1/2, EED and RBBP4/7). The complex has a methyltransferase activity, catalyzing addition of up to 3 methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27), leading to chromatin compaction and further to gene silencing. Mutations in genes encoding 2 other core components of the PRC2 complex - namely EZH2 and EED - cause Weaver and Cohen-Gibson syndrome with overlapping phenotype incl. overgrowth, advanced bone age, craniofacial features and DD/ID. The SET domain of EZH1/2 and EED as well as the VEFS domain of SUZ12 are contributing to the catalytic activity. SUZ12 variants reported to date include missense and pLoF variants (frameshift, nonsense, splice site ones) predicted to disrupt or eliminate the VEFS-box domain [almost all missense within this domain with the exception of one proximal to it (Arg535Gln) / pLoF causing truncation prior or within this domain (Arg654Ter might be an exception)] {NP_056170.2}. Variants either occurred de novo or were inherited (~1/3), on some occasions from a mildly affected parent. Parental mosaicism has also been reported (eg. in ref1, and one or possibly two additional families in ref3). Some preliminary assumptions on possible genotype-phenotype correlations (for overgrowth and ID related to missense/pLoF variants) are discussed in ref3. SUZ12 is also be deleted in some patients with NF1 deletion (and a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1). Deletion of SUZ12 has been proposed to contribute to the phenotype of these individuals (eg. overgrowth, cognitive development, facial features). [Discussed in ref1]. Functional studies have been carried out only in the first report (ref1) and demonstrated decreased trimethylation of H3K27 in the case of a missense variant. Overall a partial loss-of-function mechanism has been proposed for the variants. Mouse models: A study by Pasini et al (PMID: 15385962) did not report phenotypic differences between wt and heterozygous Suz12 knockout mice (gene-trap vector) as for size, morphology and fertility. Total knockout resulted in embryonic lethality, significant growth retardation and several developmental defects. Loss of Suz12 was shown to result in absence of di- and tri-methylated H3K27 in the ko embryos. In another study cited (Miro et al - PMID: 19535498) heterozygous mice (replacement of exons 12-16 with a lacZ gene and neo cassette) displayed variable CNS defects with incomplete penetrance. The role of the PRC2 complex and the phenotypes related to mutations in genes encoding its core components, are discussed in PMID: 31724824 (also by Cyrus et al, 2019). SUZ12 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is included in the DD panel associated with Weaver-like overgrowth syndrome (disease confidence : confirmed). The gene is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). Sources: Literature; to: ID can be a feature in individuals heterozygous for SUZ12 pathogenic variants. 13 affected individuals (from 12 families) have been reported: [1] PMID 28229514 (Imagawa et al, 2017) : 1 individual [2] PMID 30019515 (Imagawa et al, 2018) : 2 further unrelated subjects [3] PMID 31736240 (Cyrus et al, 2019) : 10 additional subjects (from 9 families) Reviewed by Cyrus et al, features observed in more than half of the (13) affected individuals included prenatal and/or postnatal overgrowth (in some only prenatal, others only postnatal, others did not manifest overgrowth at all), some suggestive facial features (eg. prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, round face, broad/low nasal bridge), DD and ID (the latter in 7/13, in most cases mild), advanced bone age, musculoskeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Less frequent features included brain MRI abnormalities (eg. CC hypoplasia/agenesis, etc.), umbilical hernias, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac anomalies (in one). All were diagnosed with WES/WGS/panel testing, with few having additional findings upon this or prior testing (eg. CNVs/SNVs). SUZ12 encodes one of the 4 core proteins of the PRC2 complex (the 3 other being encoded by EZH1/2, EED and RBBP4/7). The complex has a methyltransferase activity, catalyzing addition of up to 3 methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27), leading to chromatin compaction and further to gene silencing. Mutations in genes encoding 2 other core components of the PRC2 complex - namely EZH2 and EED - cause Weaver and Cohen-Gibson syndrome with overlapping phenotype incl. overgrowth, advanced bone age, craniofacial features and DD/ID. The SET domain of EZH1/2 and EED as well as the VEFS domain of SUZ12 are contributing to the catalytic activity. SUZ12 variants reported to date include missense and pLoF variants (frameshift, nonsense, splice site ones) predicted to disrupt or eliminate the VEFS-box domain [almost all missense within this domain with the exception of one proximal to it (Arg535Gln) / pLoF causing truncation prior or within this domain (Arg654Ter might be an exception)] {NP_056170.2}. Variants either occurred de novo or were inherited (~1/3), on some occasions from a mildly affected parent. Parental mosaicism has also been reported (eg. in ref1, and one or possibly two additional families in ref3). Some preliminary assumptions on possible genotype-phenotype correlations (for overgrowth and ID related to missense/pLoF variants) are discussed in ref3. SUZ12 may also be deleted in some patients with NF1 deletion (and a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1). Deletion of SUZ12 has been proposed to contribute to the phenotype of these individuals (eg. overgrowth, cognitive development, facial features). [Discussed in ref1]. Functional studies have been carried out only in the first report (ref1) and demonstrated decreased trimethylation of H3K27 in the case of a missense variant. Overall a partial loss-of-function mechanism has been proposed for the variants. Mouse models: A study by Pasini et al (PMID: 15385962) did not report phenotypic differences between wt and heterozygous Suz12 knockout mice (gene-trap vector) as for size, morphology and fertility. Total knockout resulted in embryonic lethality, significant growth retardation and several developmental defects. Loss of Suz12 was shown to result in absence of di- and tri-methylated H3K27 in the ko embryos. In another study cited (Miro et al - PMID: 19535498) heterozygous mice (replacement of exons 12-16 with a lacZ gene and neo cassette) displayed variable CNS defects with incomplete penetrance. The role of the PRC2 complex and the phenotypes related to mutations in genes encoding its core components, are discussed in PMID: 31724824 (also by Cyrus et al, 2019). SUZ12 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is included in the DD panel associated with Weaver-like overgrowth syndrome (disease confidence : confirmed). The gene is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SUZ12 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: ID can be a feature in individuals heterozygous for SUZ12 pathogenic variants. 13 affected individuals (from 12 families) have been reported: [1] PMID 28229514 (Imagawa et al, 2017) : 1 individual [2] PMID 30019515 (Imagawa et al, 2018) : 2 further unrelated subjects [3] PMID 31736240 (Cyrus et al, 2019) : 10 newly diagnosed subjects (from 9 families) Reviewed by Cyrus et al, features observed in more than half of the (13) affected individuals included prenatal and/or postnatal overgrowth (in some only prenatal, others only postnatal, others did not manifest overgrowth at all), some suggestive facial features (eg. prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, round face, broad/low nasal bridge), DD and ID (the latter in 7/13, in most cases mild), advanced bone age, musculoskeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Less frequent features included brain MRI abnormalities (eg. CC hypoplasia/agenesis, etc.), umbilical hernias, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac anomalies (in one). All were diagnosed with WES/WGS/panel testing, with few having additional findings upon this or prior testing (eg. CNVs/SNVs). SUZ12 encodes one of the 4 core proteins of the PRC2 complex (the 3 other being encoded by EZH1/2, EED and RBBP4/7). The complex has a methyltransferase activity, catalyzing addition of up to 3 methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27), leading to chromatin compaction and further to gene silencing. Mutations in genes encoding 2 other core components of the PRC2 complex - namely EZH2 and EED - cause Weaver and Cohen-Gibson syndrome with overlapping phenotype incl. overgrowth, advanced bone age, craniofacial features and DD/ID. The SET domain of EZH1/2 and EED as well as the VEFS domain of SUZ12 are contributing to the catalytic activity. SUZ12 variants reported to date include missense and pLoF variants (frameshift, nonsense, splice site ones) predicted to disrupt or eliminate the VEFS-box domain [almost all missense within this domain with the exception of one proximal to it (Arg535Gln) / pLoF causing truncation prior or within this domain (Arg654Ter might be an exception)] {NP_056170.2}. Variants either occurred de novo or were inherited (~1/3), on some occasions from a mildly affected parent. Parental mosaicism has also been reported (eg. in ref1, and one or possibly two additional families in ref3). Some preliminary assumptions on possible genotype-phenotype correlations (for overgrowth and ID related to missense/pLoF variants) are discussed in ref3. SUZ12 is also be deleted in some patients with NF1 deletion (and a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1). Deletion of SUZ12 has been proposed to contribute to the phenotype of these individuals (eg. overgrowth, cognitive development, facial features). [Discussed in ref1]. Functional studies have been carried out only in the first report (ref1) and demonstrated decreased trimethylation of H3K27 in the case of a missense variant. Overall a partial loss-of-function mechanism has been proposed for the variants. Mouse models: An study by Pasini et al (PMID: 15385962) did not report phenotypic differences between wt and heterozygous Suz12 knockout mice (gene-trap vector) as for size, morphology and fertility. Total knockout resulted in embryonic lethality, significant growth retardation and several developmental defects. Loss of Suz12 was shown to result in absence of di- and tri-methylated H3K27 in the ko embryos. In another study cited (Miro et al - PMID: 19535498) heterozygous mice (replacement of exons 12-16 with a lacZ gene and neo cassette) displayed variable CNS defects with incomplete penetrance. The role of the PRC2 complex and the phenotypes related to mutations in genes encoding its core components, are discussed in PMID: 31724824 (also by Cyrus et al, 2019). SUZ12 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is included in the DD panel associated with Weaver-like overgrowth syndrome (disease confidence : confirmed). The gene is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). Sources: Literature; to: ID can be a feature in individuals heterozygous for SUZ12 pathogenic variants. 13 affected individuals (from 12 families) have been reported: [1] PMID 28229514 (Imagawa et al, 2017) : 1 individual [2] PMID 30019515 (Imagawa et al, 2018) : 2 further unrelated subjects [3] PMID 31736240 (Cyrus et al, 2019) : 10 additional subjects (from 9 families) Reviewed by Cyrus et al, features observed in more than half of the (13) affected individuals included prenatal and/or postnatal overgrowth (in some only prenatal, others only postnatal, others did not manifest overgrowth at all), some suggestive facial features (eg. prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, round face, broad/low nasal bridge), DD and ID (the latter in 7/13, in most cases mild), advanced bone age, musculoskeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Less frequent features included brain MRI abnormalities (eg. CC hypoplasia/agenesis, etc.), umbilical hernias, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac anomalies (in one). All were diagnosed with WES/WGS/panel testing, with few having additional findings upon this or prior testing (eg. CNVs/SNVs). SUZ12 encodes one of the 4 core proteins of the PRC2 complex (the 3 other being encoded by EZH1/2, EED and RBBP4/7). The complex has a methyltransferase activity, catalyzing addition of up to 3 methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27), leading to chromatin compaction and further to gene silencing. Mutations in genes encoding 2 other core components of the PRC2 complex - namely EZH2 and EED - cause Weaver and Cohen-Gibson syndrome with overlapping phenotype incl. overgrowth, advanced bone age, craniofacial features and DD/ID. The SET domain of EZH1/2 and EED as well as the VEFS domain of SUZ12 are contributing to the catalytic activity. SUZ12 variants reported to date include missense and pLoF variants (frameshift, nonsense, splice site ones) predicted to disrupt or eliminate the VEFS-box domain [almost all missense within this domain with the exception of one proximal to it (Arg535Gln) / pLoF causing truncation prior or within this domain (Arg654Ter might be an exception)] {NP_056170.2}. Variants either occurred de novo or were inherited (~1/3), on some occasions from a mildly affected parent. Parental mosaicism has also been reported (eg. in ref1, and one or possibly two additional families in ref3). Some preliminary assumptions on possible genotype-phenotype correlations (for overgrowth and ID related to missense/pLoF variants) are discussed in ref3. SUZ12 is also be deleted in some patients with NF1 deletion (and a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1). Deletion of SUZ12 has been proposed to contribute to the phenotype of these individuals (eg. overgrowth, cognitive development, facial features). [Discussed in ref1]. Functional studies have been carried out only in the first report (ref1) and demonstrated decreased trimethylation of H3K27 in the case of a missense variant. Overall a partial loss-of-function mechanism has been proposed for the variants. Mouse models: A study by Pasini et al (PMID: 15385962) did not report phenotypic differences between wt and heterozygous Suz12 knockout mice (gene-trap vector) as for size, morphology and fertility. Total knockout resulted in embryonic lethality, significant growth retardation and several developmental defects. Loss of Suz12 was shown to result in absence of di- and tri-methylated H3K27 in the ko embryos. In another study cited (Miro et al - PMID: 19535498) heterozygous mice (replacement of exons 12-16 with a lacZ gene and neo cassette) displayed variable CNS defects with incomplete penetrance. The role of the PRC2 complex and the phenotypes related to mutations in genes encoding its core components, are discussed in PMID: 31724824 (also by Cyrus et al, 2019). SUZ12 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is included in the DD panel associated with Weaver-like overgrowth syndrome (disease confidence : confirmed). The gene is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | SUZ12 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SUZ12 was added gene: SUZ12 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SUZ12 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SUZ12 were set to 28229514; 30019515; 31736240; 15385962; 19535498; 31724824 Phenotypes for gene: SUZ12 were set to Overgrowth; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Accelerated skeletal maturation; Abnormality of the skeletal system; Abnormality of the genitourinary system; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormality of the respiratory system; Abnormality of the abdominal wall Penetrance for gene: SUZ12 were set to unknown Review for gene: SUZ12 was set to GREEN Added comment: ID can be a feature in individuals heterozygous for SUZ12 pathogenic variants. 13 affected individuals (from 12 families) have been reported: [1] PMID 28229514 (Imagawa et al, 2017) : 1 individual [2] PMID 30019515 (Imagawa et al, 2018) : 2 further unrelated subjects [3] PMID 31736240 (Cyrus et al, 2019) : 10 newly diagnosed subjects (from 9 families) Reviewed by Cyrus et al, features observed in more than half of the (13) affected individuals included prenatal and/or postnatal overgrowth (in some only prenatal, others only postnatal, others did not manifest overgrowth at all), some suggestive facial features (eg. prominent forehead, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, round face, broad/low nasal bridge), DD and ID (the latter in 7/13, in most cases mild), advanced bone age, musculoskeletal abnormalities and cryptorchidism. Less frequent features included brain MRI abnormalities (eg. CC hypoplasia/agenesis, etc.), umbilical hernias, respiratory abnormalities, cardiac anomalies (in one). All were diagnosed with WES/WGS/panel testing, with few having additional findings upon this or prior testing (eg. CNVs/SNVs). SUZ12 encodes one of the 4 core proteins of the PRC2 complex (the 3 other being encoded by EZH1/2, EED and RBBP4/7). The complex has a methyltransferase activity, catalyzing addition of up to 3 methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27), leading to chromatin compaction and further to gene silencing. Mutations in genes encoding 2 other core components of the PRC2 complex - namely EZH2 and EED - cause Weaver and Cohen-Gibson syndrome with overlapping phenotype incl. overgrowth, advanced bone age, craniofacial features and DD/ID. The SET domain of EZH1/2 and EED as well as the VEFS domain of SUZ12 are contributing to the catalytic activity. SUZ12 variants reported to date include missense and pLoF variants (frameshift, nonsense, splice site ones) predicted to disrupt or eliminate the VEFS-box domain [almost all missense within this domain with the exception of one proximal to it (Arg535Gln) / pLoF causing truncation prior or within this domain (Arg654Ter might be an exception)] {NP_056170.2}. Variants either occurred de novo or were inherited (~1/3), on some occasions from a mildly affected parent. Parental mosaicism has also been reported (eg. in ref1, and one or possibly two additional families in ref3). Some preliminary assumptions on possible genotype-phenotype correlations (for overgrowth and ID related to missense/pLoF variants) are discussed in ref3. SUZ12 is also be deleted in some patients with NF1 deletion (and a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1). Deletion of SUZ12 has been proposed to contribute to the phenotype of these individuals (eg. overgrowth, cognitive development, facial features). [Discussed in ref1]. Functional studies have been carried out only in the first report (ref1) and demonstrated decreased trimethylation of H3K27 in the case of a missense variant. Overall a partial loss-of-function mechanism has been proposed for the variants. Mouse models: An study by Pasini et al (PMID: 15385962) did not report phenotypic differences between wt and heterozygous Suz12 knockout mice (gene-trap vector) as for size, morphology and fertility. Total knockout resulted in embryonic lethality, significant growth retardation and several developmental defects. Loss of Suz12 was shown to result in absence of di- and tri-methylated H3K27 in the ko embryos. In another study cited (Miro et al - PMID: 19535498) heterozygous mice (replacement of exons 12-16 with a lacZ gene and neo cassette) displayed variable CNS defects with incomplete penetrance. The role of the PRC2 complex and the phenotypes related to mutations in genes encoding its core components, are discussed in PMID: 31724824 (also by Cyrus et al, 2019). SUZ12 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is included in the DD panel associated with Weaver-like overgrowth syndrome (disease confidence : confirmed). The gene is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v3.0 | Rebecca Foulger promoted panel to version 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1143 | AFF3 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Voisin et al. (2019 - https://doi.org/10.1101/693937) report on 10 individuals with de novo missense AFF3 variants affecting a 9-amino-acid sequence (degron) important for the protein's degradation and summarize the phenotype of an additional individual previously described by Steichen-Gersdorf et al. (2008 - PMID: 18616733) with a 500 kb affecting only AFF3 (LAF4) and removing also this sequence. The phenotype of missense variants consisted of kidney anomalies, mesomelic dysplasia, seizures, hypertrichosis, intellectual disability and pulmonary problems and was overlapping with that of the deletion. [10 of 11 subjects exhibited severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy]. 9 probands harbored missense variants affecting the codon 258 while one individual had a variant affecting codon 260 [c.772G>T or p.Ala258Ser (x2), c.772G>A or p.Ala258Thr (x6), c.773C>T or p.Ala258Val (x1) and c.779T>G or p.(Val260Gly) (x1) - NM_001025108.1 / NP_001020279.1]. The deletion removed exons 4-13. AFF1-4 are ALF transcription factor paralogs, components of the transcriptional super elongation complex regulating expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and development. Using HEK293T cells expressing FLAG-tagged AFF3 (and AFF4) wt or mutants, accumulation of mutated forms was shown upon immunoblot. Aff3+/- and/or -/- mice exhibit skeletal defects. These were more pronounced in homozygous mice which demonstrated also some elements in favor of kidney dysfunction and/or metabolic deregulation and possible neurological dysfunction (signs of impaired hearing and diminished grip strength). Homozygous mice had CNS anomalies (enlarged lateral ventricles and decreased corpus callosum size) similar to some affected individuals, although these were not observed in another Aff3-/- model. Knock-in mice modeling the microdeletion and the Ala258Thr variant displayed lower mesomelic limb deformities and early lethality respectively [cited PMIDs : 21677750, 25660031, knock-in model was part of the present study]. Accumulation of the protein in zebrafish (by overexpression of the human wt AFF3 mRNA), led to morphological defects. Reanalysis of transcriptome data from previously generated HEK293T cell lines knocked down for AFF2, AFF3 and AFF4 by shRNAs (study) suggested that these transcription factors are not redundant. Finally, CHOPS syndrome (#616368) due to mutations of AFF4 also leading to increased protein stability presents a partially overlapping phenotype (incl. cognitive impairment) to that of AFF3. ---- Shimizu et al. (8/2019 - PMID: 31388108) describe an additional individual with de novo AFF3 missense variant. The phenotype overlaps with that summarized by Voisin et al. incl. mesomelic dysplasia with additional skeletal anomalies, bilateral kidney hypoplasia and severe DD at the age of 2.5 years. Seizures and pulmonary problems were not observed. Although a different RefSeq is used the variant is among those also reported by Voisin et al. [NM_002285.2:c.697G>A (p.Ala233Thr) corresponding to NM_001025108.1:c.772G>A (p.Ala258Thr)]. ---- In G2P, AFF3 is associated with Skeletal dysplasia with severe neurological disease (disease confidence : probable / ID and seizures among the assigned phenotypes). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM. Some diagnostic laboratories include AFF3 in their ID panel (eg. among the many co-authors' affiliations GeneDx and Victorian Clinical Genetics - which was already listed as source for AFF3 in the current panel). ---- As a result this gene can be considered for upgrade to green (relevant phenotype and severity, sufficient cases, evidence for accumulation similar to AFF4, animal models, etc) or amber (pending publication of the article). [Review modified to add additional reference/case report]; to: Voisin et al. (2019 - https://doi.org/10.1101/693937) report on 10 individuals with de novo missense AFF3 variants affecting a 9-amino-acid sequence (degron) important for the protein's degradation and summarize the phenotype of an additional individual previously described by Steichen-Gersdorf et al. (2008 - PMID: 18616733) with a 500 kb deletion affecting only AFF3 (LAF4) and removing also this sequence. The phenotype of missense variants consisted of kidney anomalies, mesomelic dysplasia, seizures, hypertrichosis, intellectual disability and pulmonary problems and was overlapping with that of the deletion. [10 of 11 subjects exhibited severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy]. 9 probands harbored missense variants affecting the codon 258 while one individual had a variant affecting codon 260 [c.772G>T or p.Ala258Ser (x2), c.772G>A or p.Ala258Thr (x6), c.773C>T or p.Ala258Val (x1) and c.779T>G or p.(Val260Gly) (x1) - NM_001025108.1 / NP_001020279.1]. The deletion removed exons 4-13. AFF1-4 are ALF transcription factor paralogs, components of the transcriptional super elongation complex regulating expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and development. Using HEK293T cells expressing FLAG-tagged AFF3 (and AFF4) wt or mutants, accumulation of mutated forms was shown upon immunoblot. Aff3+/- and/or -/- mice exhibit skeletal defects. These were more pronounced in homozygous mice which demonstrated also some elements in favor of kidney dysfunction and/or metabolic deregulation and possible neurological dysfunction (signs of impaired hearing and diminished grip strength). Homozygous mice had CNS anomalies (enlarged lateral ventricles and decreased corpus callosum size) similar to some affected individuals, although these were not observed in another Aff3-/- model. Knock-in mice modeling the microdeletion and the Ala258Thr variant displayed lower mesomelic limb deformities and early lethality respectively [cited PMIDs : 21677750, 25660031, knock-in model was part of the present study]. Accumulation of the protein in zebrafish (by overexpression of the human wt AFF3 mRNA), led to morphological defects. Reanalysis of transcriptome data from previously generated HEK293T cell lines knocked down for AFF2, AFF3 and AFF4 by shRNAs (study) suggested that these transcription factors are not redundant. Finally, CHOPS syndrome (#616368) due to mutations of AFF4 also leading to increased protein stability presents a partially overlapping phenotype (incl. cognitive impairment) to that of AFF3. ---- Shimizu et al. (8/2019 - PMID: 31388108) describe an additional individual with de novo AFF3 missense variant. The phenotype overlaps with that summarized by Voisin et al. incl. mesomelic dysplasia with additional skeletal anomalies, bilateral kidney hypoplasia and severe DD at the age of 2.5 years. Seizures and pulmonary problems were not observed. Although a different RefSeq is used the variant is among those also reported by Voisin et al. [NM_002285.2:c.697G>A (p.Ala233Thr) corresponding to NM_001025108.1:c.772G>A (p.Ala258Thr)]. ---- In G2P, AFF3 is associated with Skeletal dysplasia with severe neurological disease (disease confidence : probable / ID and seizures among the assigned phenotypes). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM. Some diagnostic laboratories include AFF3 in their ID panel (eg. among the many co-authors' affiliations GeneDx and Victorian Clinical Genetics - which was already listed as source for AFF3 in the current panel). ---- As a result this gene can be considered for upgrade to green (relevant phenotype and severity, sufficient cases, evidence for accumulation similar to AFF4, animal models, etc) or amber (pending publication of the article). [Review modified to add additional reference/case report] |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1143 |
Rebecca Foulger List of related panels changed from Coarse facial features including Coffin-Siris-like disorders; ID; Moderate; severe or profound intellectual disability; Schizophrenia plus additional features; Intellectual disability - microarray; fragile X and sequencing to Coarse facial features including Coffin-Siris-like disorders; ID; Moderate; severe or profound intellectual disability; Schizophrenia plus additional features; Intellectual disability - microarray; fragile X and sequencing; R29 Panel types changed to Rare Disease 100K; GMS Rare Disease Virtual; Component Of Super Panel; GMS signed-off |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1141 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: AKAP17A was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1140 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1140 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger Deleted their comment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1140 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on mode of inheritance: Set MOI to BIALLELIC. Pseudoautosomal region 1. Mode of inheritance has not been thoroughly checked, but assumed to be biallelic.; to: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1140 | CSF2RA | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Changed MOI to BIALLELIC. Pseudoautosomal region 1. Mode of inheritance has been checked. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1140 | CSF2RA | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: CSF2RA was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1139 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Set MOI to BIALLELIC. Pseudoautosomal region 1. Mode of inheritance has not been thoroughly checked, but assumed to be biallelic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1139 | AKAP17A | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: AKAP17A was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1138 | FA2H | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: FA2H were changed from Spastic paraplegia 35, autosomal recessive, 612319 to Spastic paraplegia 35, autosomal recessive, 612319; spastic paraplegia with ID; cognitive defects; Seizures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1137 | FA2H | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: FA2H were set to 24833714; 20104589 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1136 | FA2H | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: FA2H as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1136 | FA2H | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Upgraded from Amber to Green based on Green review by Alistair Pagnamenta: PMID:31135052 analysed a cohort of 19 cases with biallelic FA2H variants. Phenotype includes spastic paraplegia associated with ID: mild cognitive deficits were noted from childhood in 93% of cases, and were considered progressive in all but two cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1136 | FA2H | Rebecca Foulger Gene: fa2h has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | TRAPPC4 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TRAPPC4 was added gene: TRAPPC4 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAPPC4 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TRAPPC4 were set to 31794024 Phenotypes for gene: TRAPPC4 were set to Feeding difficulties; Progressive microcephaly; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spastic tetraparesis; Abnormality of the face; Scoliosis; Cortical visual impairment; Hearing impairment Penetrance for gene: TRAPPC4 were set to Complete Review for gene: TRAPPC4 was set to GREEN Added comment: Van Bergen et al. (2019 - PMID: 31794024) report on 7 affected individuals from 3 famillies (only 1 of which consanguineous), all homozygous for a TRAPPC4 splicing variant. Overlapping features included feeding difficulties, progressive microcephaly, severe to profound developmental disability (7/7 - DD also prior to the onset of seizures / regression also reported in 3), epilepsy (7/7 - onset in the first year), spastic quadriparesis. Other findings in some/few incl. scoliosis, cortical visual and hearing impairment. Some facial features were shared (eg. bitemporal narrowing, long philtrum, open mouth with thin tented upper lip, pointed chin, etc). Brain imaging demonstrated abnormalities in those performed (among others cerebral with/without cerebellar atrophy). Work-up prior to exome sequencing was normal (highly variable incl. metabolic testing, CMA, MECP2, CDKL5, mitochondrial depletion studies, etc). Exome of affected individuals (and parents +/- affected sibs in some families) revealed a homozygous TRAPPC4 splicing variant [NM_016146.5:c.454+3A>G / chr11:g.118890966A>G (hg19)]. Sanger sequencing confirmed variant in affecteds, heterozygosity in parents and compatible genotypes with disease status in sibs/other members. Families were of Caucasian/Turkish and French-Canadian ethnicities. SNP array to compare haplotypes between affecteds in 2 families did not reveal a shared haplotype (/founder effect) and the variant is present in gnomAD (68/281054 - no hmz) in many populations (European/Asian/African/Latino) [https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/11-118890966-A-G]. mRNA studies in fibroblasts from an affected individual confirmed the splicing defect (2 RT-PCR products corresponding to wt and a shorter due to skipping of exon 3, the latter further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The shorter transcript is not present in controls). qPCR revealed that the normal transript in patient fibroblasts was present at 6% of the level observed in control fibroblasts (or 54% in the case of a heterozygote parent compared to controls). Western blot in patient fibroblasts, revealed presence of full-length protein in significantly reduced levels compared to fibroblasts from carrier parents or controls. There was no band using an antibody targeting the N-terminal region of the protein prior to exon 3, suggesting that NMD applies (skipping of ex3 is also predicted to lead to frameshift). TRAPPC4 encodes one of the core proteins of the TRAPP complex. Use of different accessory proteins leads to formation of 2 distinct complexes (TRAPPII / III). The complex has an important role in intracellular trafficking. Both TRAPPII & TRAPPIII have a function in the secretory pathway, while complex III has a role also in autophagy. Core proteins are important for the complex stability. The TRAPP complex serves as a GEF for Ypt/Rab GTPases [several refs in article]. Mutations in genes for other proteins of the complex lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with associated ID ('TRAPPopathies' used by the authors / TRAPPC12, C6B, C9 green in the current panel). Western blot suggested that levels of other TRAPP subunits (TRAPPC2 or C12) under denaturing conditions, although PAGE/size exclusion chromatography suggested that the levels of fully-assembled TRAPP complexes were lower in affected individuals. Studies in patient fibroblasts showed a secretory defect (between ER, Golgi and the plasma membrane) which was restored upon lentiviral transduction with wt TRAPPC4 construct. Basal and starvation-induced autophagy were also impaired in patient fibroblasts (increased LC3 marker and LC3-positive structures / impaired co-localization with lysosomes) partly due to defective autophagosome formation (/sealing). TRAPPC4 is the human orthologue of the yeast Trs23. In a yeast model of reduced Trs23 (due to temperature instability) the authors demonstrated impaired assembly of the TRAPP core. The yeast model recapitulated the autophagy as well as well as the secretory defect observed in patient fibroblasts. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | SNX27 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SNX27 was added gene: SNX27 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SNX27 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SNX27 were set to 25894286; 31721175; 21300787; 23524343 Phenotypes for gene: SNX27 were set to Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures Penetrance for gene: SNX27 were set to Complete Review for gene: SNX27 was set to GREEN gene: SNX27 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Evidence from 2 publications suggests that DD, ID and seizures are part of the phenotype of individuals with biallelic SNX27 pathogenic variants : --------- Damseh, Danson et al (2015 - PMID: 25894286) first reported on a consanguineous family with 4 affected sibs, homozygous for an SNX27 pathogenic variant. Features incl. hypotonia soon after birth, failure to thrive, severely delayed psychomotor development with no milestone acquisition, occurrence of myoclonic seizures with 3 individuals deceased early. Exome sequencing in one revealed a few candidate variants, with an SNX27 frameshift one [NM_030918.6:c.515_516del - p.(His172Argfs*6) / absent from ExAC] being the only retained following Sanger segregation studies. Using fibroblasts from an affected individual, Western blot with an antibody which would also bind prior to the truncation site, was consistent with dramatically reduced/absent SNX27 truncated mutant protein. Protein levels of VPS35, a component of the retromer responsible for direct cargo binding (not mediated by a cargo adaptor as SNX27), were normal. --------- Parente et al (2019 - PMID: 31721175) reported on a 13-year-old male with motor and language delay, ADHD, ID (kindergarten academic level at the age of 13) and seizures with onset at the age of 9 years (GTC, with abnormal EEG and postical SV tachycardia). Variable physical findings were reported. White matter hyperintesities were noted upon initial brain MRI (but were less marked in subsequent ones). Initial genetic testing (Alexander's disease, CMA, FMR1) was normal. Exome revealed compound heterozygosity for 2 SNX27 variants (NM_030918.5/NM_001330723.1 both apply c.510C>G - p.Tyr170* and c.1295G>A - p.Cys432Tyr) each inherited from healthy carrier parents. There were no other potentially causative variants. A parental history of - isolated - late onset seizures was reported (so this individual may not be considered for the seizure phenotype here). The authors also reported on a further 31-year old affected male. This individual had infantile hypotonia, poor eye contact with subsequent significant DD, seizures (febrile/afebrile T-C with onset at the age of 14m) and ID estimated in the severe range. Variable - though somewhat different - physical findings were reported. Initial work-up included basic metabolic testing, standard karyotype, FISH for 15q11 and subtelomeric regions and PHF6 genetic testing - all normal. Exome (and subsequent Sanger confirmation/parental studies) revealed compound heterozygosity for a missense and a frameshift variant (c.989G>A / p.Arg330His and c.782dupT / p.Leu262Profs*6 same in NM_001330723.1, NM_030918.6). --------- SNX27 encodes sorting nexin 27, a cargo adaptor for the retromer. The latter is a multi-protein complex essential for regulating the retrieval and recycling of transmembrane cargos from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network or the plasma membrane [Lucas et al 2016 - PMID: 27889239 / McNally et al 2018 - PMID: 30072228]. As summarized by Parente et al, the encoded protein by regulating composition of the cell surface influences several processes eg. neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, Wnt signaling etc. It has been shown to interact with surface receptors and their ligands including GIRK channels, 5-HT4, ionotropic glutamate receptors (incl. NMDA- and AMPA-type receptors) and mGluR5 [several refs. provided]. Knockout of Snx27 in mice resulted in embryonic lethality (16% hmz of the 25% expected), severe postnatal growth retardation and death within the first 3 weeks. Snx27(+/-) mice have normal neuroanatomy but exhibit cognitive deficits (in learning and memory) and defects in synaptic function/plasticity with reduced amounts of NMDA and AMPA receptors (Cai et al - PMID: 21300787, Wang et al - PMID: 23524343). --------- The gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx) and a current primary ID gene in SysID. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM/G2P. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | FA2H | Alistair Pagnamenta reviewed gene: FA2H: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31135052, 20104589; Phenotypes: HSP, ID, Seizures; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | SLC5A6 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: SLC5A6 encodes the sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), a transporter of biotin, pantothenate and lipoate. The transporter has a major role in vitamin uptake in the digestive system (among others is the sole transporter for intestinal uptake of biotin which is not synthesized and but must be obtained from exogenous sources) as well as transport across the blood-brain barrier (SMVT being responsible for 89% of biotin transport) [several refs provided by Subramanian et al and Byrne et al]. 4 affected individuals from 3 families have been reported. Subramanian et al (2017 - PMID: 27904971) et al reported on a girl with feeding difficulties and failure to thrive (requiring nasogastric tube placement), microcephaly, DD (at 15m developmental age corresponding to 6m with features suggestive of spastic cerebral palsy), occurrence of multiple infections, osteoporosis and pathologic bone fractures. MRIs suggested brain atrophy, thin CC and hypoplasia of the pons. Metabolic (AA, OA) investigations and array-CGH were normal. Whole exome sequencing revealed presence of a missense (Arg123Leu - RefSeq not provided) and a nonsense (Arg94Ter) SLC5A6 variant. Serum biotin was normal although - at the time - the child was on parenteral and G-T nutrition. Following administration of biotin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid the child demonstrated among others improved motor and verbal skills, head growth and normalization of immunoglobulin levels. Transfection of mutants in human derived intestinal HuTu-80 cells and brain U87 cells was carried out and a 3H-biotin assay showed no induction in biotin uptake confirming impaired functionality of the transporter. While wt protein displayed normal expression/membrane localization, Arg94Ter was poorly expressed with ectopic localization (cytoplasm). Arg123Leu was retained predominantly intracellularly, probably in the ER as was further supported by colocalization with DsRed-ER. Evidence from the literature is provided that deficiencies of the specific vitamins explain the clinical features (DD, microcephaly, immunological defect, osteopenia, etc). Schwantje et al (2019 - PMID: 31392107) described a girl with severe feeding problems, vomiting with blood (suspected Mallory-Weiss syndrome), poor weight gain and delayed gross motor development. The child presented an episode of gastroenteritis associated with reduced consciousness, circulatory insufficiency and metabolic derangement (hypoglycemia, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, mild lactate elevation, ketonuria). Investigations some months prior to the admission (?) were suggestive of a metabolic disorder due to elevated plasma C3-carnitine, C5-OH-carnitine and elevated urinary excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid (biotinidase deficiency was considered in the DD but enzymatic activity was only marginally decreased). Biotin supplementation was initiated. Trio-exome sequencing (at 3yrs) demonstrated compound heterozygosity for 2 frameshift variants [NM_021095.2:c.422_423del / p.(Val141Alafs*34) and c.1865_1866del]. Following this result, increase of biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid, GI symptoms (incl. chronic diarrhea) resolved and the child displayed improved appetite and growth, yet a stable motor delay. The authors cite previous studies of conditional ko mice, displaying intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects (similar to the child's problems), prevented by biotin and pantothenic acid supplementation. Byrne et al (2019 - PMID: 31754459) reported on a sibling pair with severe motor/speech developmental regression following a plateau (at 12m and 14m), development of ataxia and dyskinetic movements (both), seizures (one). Feeding difficulties, reflux and failure to thrive required N-G/gastrostomy feeding while both presented GI hemorrhage (in the case of the older sib, lethal). Other features in the youngest sib included brain MRI abnormalities (cerebral/cerebellar atrophy, thin CC, etc) and IgG deficiency. Biochemical, single-gene testing and mtDNA sequencing were not diagnostic. Exome in one, revealed presence of a frameshift [c.422_423del as above] and a missense variant (Arg400Thr). Sanger sequencing confirmed variants in both sibs and heterozygosity in parents. HeLa cells transfected with empty vector, wt or mut expression constructs confirmed significantly decreased 3H-biotin uptake for mut constructs compared to wt (and similar to empty vector). Parenteral triple vitamin replacement at the age of ~7 years resulted in improved overall condition, regain of some milestones, attenuation of vomiting, and resolution of peripheral neuropathy. Seizure were well-controlled (as was the case before treatment) despite persistence of epileptiform discharges. Again the authors cite studies of conditional (intestine-specific) SLC5A6 ko mice, with those viable (~1/3) demonstrating growth retardation, decreased boned density and GI abnormalities (similar to affected individuals). The phenotype could be rescued by oversupplementation of biotin and pantothenic acid (PMIDs cited: 23104561, 29669219). [Please consider inclusion in other relevant panels eg. metabolic disorders] Sources: Literature; to: SLC5A6 encodes the sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), a transporter of biotin, pantothenate and lipoate. The transporter has a major role in vitamin uptake in the digestive system (among others is the sole transporter for intestinal uptake of biotin which is not synthesized but must be obtained from exogenous sources) as well as transport across the blood-brain barrier (SMVT being responsible for 89% of biotin transport) [several refs provided by Subramanian et al and Byrne et al]. 4 affected individuals from 3 families have been reported. Subramanian et al (2017 - PMID: 27904971) et al reported on a girl with feeding difficulties and failure to thrive (requiring nasogastric tube placement), microcephaly, DD (at 15m developmental age corresponding to 6m with features suggestive of spastic cerebral palsy), occurrence of multiple infections, osteoporosis and pathologic bone fractures. MRIs suggested brain atrophy, thin CC and hypoplasia of the pons. Metabolic (AA, OA) investigations and array-CGH were normal. Whole exome sequencing revealed presence of a missense (Arg123Leu - RefSeq not provided) and a nonsense (Arg94Ter) SLC5A6 variant. Serum biotin was normal although - at the time - the child was on parenteral and G-T nutrition. Following administration of biotin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid the child demonstrated among others improved motor and verbal skills, head growth and normalization of immunoglobulin levels. Transfection of mutants in human derived intestinal HuTu-80 cells and brain U87 cells was carried out and a 3H-biotin assay showed no induction in biotin uptake confirming impaired functionality of the transporter. While wt protein displayed normal expression/membrane localization, Arg94Ter was poorly expressed with ectopic localization (cytoplasm). Arg123Leu was retained predominantly intracellularly, probably in the ER as was further supported by colocalization with DsRed-ER. Evidence from the literature is provided that deficiencies of the specific vitamins explain the clinical features (DD, microcephaly, immunological defect, osteopenia, etc). Schwantje et al (2019 - PMID: 31392107) described a girl with severe feeding problems, vomiting with blood (suspected Mallory-Weiss syndrome), poor weight gain and delayed gross motor development. The child presented an episode of gastroenteritis associated with reduced consciousness, circulatory insufficiency and metabolic derangement (hypoglycemia, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, mild lactate elevation, ketonuria). Investigations some months prior to the admission (?) were suggestive of a metabolic disorder due to elevated plasma C3-carnitine, C5-OH-carnitine and elevated urinary excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid (biotinidase deficiency was considered in the DD but enzymatic activity was only marginally decreased). Biotin supplementation was initiated. Trio-exome sequencing (at 3yrs) demonstrated compound heterozygosity for 2 frameshift variants [NM_021095.2:c.422_423del / p.(Val141Alafs*34) and c.1865_1866del]. Following this result, increase of biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid, GI symptoms (incl. chronic diarrhea) resolved and the child displayed improved appetite and growth, yet a stable motor delay. The authors cite previous studies of conditional ko mice, displaying intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects (similar to the child's problems), prevented by biotin and pantothenic acid supplementation. Byrne et al (2019 - PMID: 31754459) reported on a sibling pair with severe motor/speech developmental regression following a plateau (at 12m and 14m), development of ataxia and dyskinetic movements (both), seizures (one). Feeding difficulties, reflux and failure to thrive required N-G/gastrostomy feeding while both presented GI hemorrhage (in the case of the older sib, lethal). Other features in the youngest sib included brain MRI abnormalities (cerebral/cerebellar atrophy, thin CC, etc) and IgG deficiency. Biochemical, single-gene testing and mtDNA sequencing were not diagnostic. Exome in one, revealed presence of a frameshift [c.422_423del as above] and a missense variant (Arg400Thr). Sanger sequencing confirmed variants in both sibs and heterozygosity in parents. HeLa cells transfected with empty vector, wt or mut expression constructs confirmed significantly decreased 3H-biotin uptake for mut constructs compared to wt (and similar to empty vector). Parenteral triple vitamin replacement at the age of ~7 years resulted in improved overall condition, regain of some milestones, attenuation of vomiting, and resolution of peripheral neuropathy. Seizure were well-controlled (as was the case before treatment) despite persistence of epileptiform discharges. Again the authors cite studies of conditional (intestine-specific) SLC5A6 ko mice, with those viable (~1/3) demonstrating growth retardation, decreased boned density and GI abnormalities (similar to affected individuals). The phenotype could be rescued by oversupplementation of biotin and pantothenic acid (PMIDs cited: 23104561, 29669219). [Please consider inclusion in other relevant panels eg. metabolic disorders] Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | SLC5A6 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SLC5A6 was added gene: SLC5A6 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC5A6 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC5A6 were set to 27904971; 31392107; 31754459; 23104561; 29669219 Phenotypes for gene: SLC5A6 were set to Feeding difficulties; Failure to thrive; Global developmental delay; Developmental regression; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Cerebral atrophy; Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Vomiting; Chronic diarrhea; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Abnormal immunoglobulin level; Osteopenia; Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis Penetrance for gene: SLC5A6 were set to Complete Review for gene: SLC5A6 was set to GREEN Added comment: SLC5A6 encodes the sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT), a transporter of biotin, pantothenate and lipoate. The transporter has a major role in vitamin uptake in the digestive system (among others is the sole transporter for intestinal uptake of biotin which is not synthesized and but must be obtained from exogenous sources) as well as transport across the blood-brain barrier (SMVT being responsible for 89% of biotin transport) [several refs provided by Subramanian et al and Byrne et al]. 4 affected individuals from 3 families have been reported. Subramanian et al (2017 - PMID: 27904971) et al reported on a girl with feeding difficulties and failure to thrive (requiring nasogastric tube placement), microcephaly, DD (at 15m developmental age corresponding to 6m with features suggestive of spastic cerebral palsy), occurrence of multiple infections, osteoporosis and pathologic bone fractures. MRIs suggested brain atrophy, thin CC and hypoplasia of the pons. Metabolic (AA, OA) investigations and array-CGH were normal. Whole exome sequencing revealed presence of a missense (Arg123Leu - RefSeq not provided) and a nonsense (Arg94Ter) SLC5A6 variant. Serum biotin was normal although - at the time - the child was on parenteral and G-T nutrition. Following administration of biotin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid the child demonstrated among others improved motor and verbal skills, head growth and normalization of immunoglobulin levels. Transfection of mutants in human derived intestinal HuTu-80 cells and brain U87 cells was carried out and a 3H-biotin assay showed no induction in biotin uptake confirming impaired functionality of the transporter. While wt protein displayed normal expression/membrane localization, Arg94Ter was poorly expressed with ectopic localization (cytoplasm). Arg123Leu was retained predominantly intracellularly, probably in the ER as was further supported by colocalization with DsRed-ER. Evidence from the literature is provided that deficiencies of the specific vitamins explain the clinical features (DD, microcephaly, immunological defect, osteopenia, etc). Schwantje et al (2019 - PMID: 31392107) described a girl with severe feeding problems, vomiting with blood (suspected Mallory-Weiss syndrome), poor weight gain and delayed gross motor development. The child presented an episode of gastroenteritis associated with reduced consciousness, circulatory insufficiency and metabolic derangement (hypoglycemia, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, mild lactate elevation, ketonuria). Investigations some months prior to the admission (?) were suggestive of a metabolic disorder due to elevated plasma C3-carnitine, C5-OH-carnitine and elevated urinary excretion of 3-OH-isovaleric acid (biotinidase deficiency was considered in the DD but enzymatic activity was only marginally decreased). Biotin supplementation was initiated. Trio-exome sequencing (at 3yrs) demonstrated compound heterozygosity for 2 frameshift variants [NM_021095.2:c.422_423del / p.(Val141Alafs*34) and c.1865_1866del]. Following this result, increase of biotin supplementation and introduction of pantothenic acid, GI symptoms (incl. chronic diarrhea) resolved and the child displayed improved appetite and growth, yet a stable motor delay. The authors cite previous studies of conditional ko mice, displaying intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects (similar to the child's problems), prevented by biotin and pantothenic acid supplementation. Byrne et al (2019 - PMID: 31754459) reported on a sibling pair with severe motor/speech developmental regression following a plateau (at 12m and 14m), development of ataxia and dyskinetic movements (both), seizures (one). Feeding difficulties, reflux and failure to thrive required N-G/gastrostomy feeding while both presented GI hemorrhage (in the case of the older sib, lethal). Other features in the youngest sib included brain MRI abnormalities (cerebral/cerebellar atrophy, thin CC, etc) and IgG deficiency. Biochemical, single-gene testing and mtDNA sequencing were not diagnostic. Exome in one, revealed presence of a frameshift [c.422_423del as above] and a missense variant (Arg400Thr). Sanger sequencing confirmed variants in both sibs and heterozygosity in parents. HeLa cells transfected with empty vector, wt or mut expression constructs confirmed significantly decreased 3H-biotin uptake for mut constructs compared to wt (and similar to empty vector). Parenteral triple vitamin replacement at the age of ~7 years resulted in improved overall condition, regain of some milestones, attenuation of vomiting, and resolution of peripheral neuropathy. Seizure were well-controlled (as was the case before treatment) despite persistence of epileptiform discharges. Again the authors cite studies of conditional (intestine-specific) SLC5A6 ko mice, with those viable (~1/3) demonstrating growth retardation, decreased boned density and GI abnormalities (similar to affected individuals). The phenotype could be rescued by oversupplementation of biotin and pantothenic acid (PMIDs cited: 23104561, 29669219). [Please consider inclusion in other relevant panels eg. metabolic disorders] Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | TMX2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: TMX2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | TMX2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Promoted TMX2 from Amber to Green to match Green review by Ivone Leong and new evidence from Konstantinos Varvagiannis. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1135 | TMX2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: tmx2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | TMX2 | Ivone Leong edited their review of gene: TMX2: Added comment: Based on the new evidence submitted from the expert reviewer, there is now enough evidence to promote this gene to Green status.; Changed rating: GREEN | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | CNOT3 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: CNOT3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28135719, 31201375, 24121232; Phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder with speech delay, autism, and dysmorphic facies, MIM 618672; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | OXR1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: OXR1 was added gene: OXR1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: OXR1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: OXR1 were set to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.002 Phenotypes for gene: OXR1 were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Delayed speech and language development; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of the cerebellum Penetrance for gene: OXR1 were set to Complete Review for gene: OXR1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Wang et al (2019 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.002 ) report on 5 individuals (from 3 families) with biallelic OXR1 LoF variants. Common features included hypotonia (4/5), severe global DD (5/5) and speech delay (5/5), ID (5/5), epilepsy (5/5) with cerebellar dysplasia/atrophy (5/5) and in some scoliosis. All were investigated by exome sequencing and were found to harbor biallelic loss-of-function variants (2 splice-site, a stopgain and a frameshift one) either in homozygosity (2 consanguineous families) or in compound heterozygosity. In all cases parental segregation studies were compatible and in one family, an unaffected sib shown to be carrier. Althouhgh OXR1 has been shown to affect several processes (among others DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress in E.coli, neuronal maintenance, mitochondrial morphology and DNA maintenance, etc), its mechanism of action is still not well defined. There are 6 RefSeq transcripts, the longest (NM_018002.3) encoding 3 protein domains (LysM, GRAM, TLDc). The TLDc domain is encoded by all transcripts. Identified variants affected (probably all - fig1D) transcripts expressed in the CNS, namely NM_018002.3, NM_001198532.1, NM_181354.4. The 3 transcripts not expressed in the CNS are NM_001198533.1, NM_001198534.1 and NM_001198535.1. Western blot with 2 different antibodies which would bind upstream of the truncation site failed to detect presence of truncated proteins in 2 affected individuals from 2 families. The Drosophila homolog of OXR is mustard (mtd). The authors provide evidence that loss of mtd is lethal. This was however rescued by expression of an 80kb fly BAC clone covering mtd, or the fly mtd-RH isoform cDNA, or a short human OXR1 cDNA containing only the TLDc domain or a human NCOA7 cDNA. The latter is another human mtd homolog which also contains the TLDc domain. As a result the TLDc domain compensated sufficiently for loss of mtd. Flies that survived displayed bang sensitivity and climbing defects the former assay being suggestive of susceptibility to seizures and the latter of impaired neurological/muscular function. The authors provided evidence that mtd is broadly expressed in the fly CNS. RNAi mediated mtd knockdown specific to neurons (elav/nSyb-GAL4 expression of mtd RNAi) led to lethal eclosion defects for RNAis targeting most (18)/all(23) mtd isoforms. Lifespan was increased upon expression of human OXR1 cDNA. Neuronal loss and vacuolization was demonstrated and additional experiments in R7 photoreceptors showed presence of aberrant lysosomal structures (autolysosomes, autophagosomes and/or endolysosomes). Aberrant lysosomal structures were also observed in fibroblasts from affected individuals (accumulation of lysosomes and/or presence of highly aberrant compartments with content typical of lysosomal dysfunction). Overall the data presented suggest a critical role for OXR1 in lysosomal biology. Although previous reports suggested that OXR1 is involved in oxidative stress resistance, studies performed by the authors suggested that oxidative stress is probably not the driver of the mutant fly defects. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | PDE6D | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: PDE6D as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | PDE6D | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added by external reviewer, and promoted to Amber due to one family and a recent additional case. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1134 | PDE6D | Ellen McDonagh Gene: pde6d has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1133 | PCYT2 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: PCYT2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1133 | PCYT2 | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: This gene was added by an external reviewer and rated Green. This is currently Green on the Hereditary spastic paraplegia gene panel (Version 1.210), and confirmed with Zerin Hyder (Genomics England Clinical Team) that this is appropriate to be Green on the ID panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1133 | PCYT2 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: pcyt2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1132 | SVBP | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: SVBP as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1132 | SVBP | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating to Green to match Green review by Catherine Snow. Phenotypes include global DD and intellectual disability in >3 families. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1132 | SVBP | Rebecca Foulger Gene: svbp has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1131 | PNPT1 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PNPT1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1131 | PNPT1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PNPT1 were changed from Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13, 614932; Deafness, autosomal recessive 70, 614934 to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13, 614932; Deafness, autosomal recessive 70, 614934; developmental delay; intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1131 | PNPT1 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: PNPT1 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1129 | PNPT1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Biallelic PNPT1 pathogenic variants cause Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13 (MIM 614932). Despite phenotypic variability - common to disorders resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction - DD and ID of relevant severity to the current panel have been reported in several individuals published in the literature. Seizures may also be observed. Rius et al (2019 - PMID: 31752325) provide an overview of 24 affected individuals (7 new and 17 from previous studies). Neurodevelopmental features are summarized in fig.1 and additional details are provided in the supplement. Based on this review, seizures were present in 7 individuals (of the 18 for whom this information was available). PNPT1 encodes the mitochondrial polynucleotide phosphorylase, involved in the import of nuclear-encoded RNA to mitochondria. Loss of its activity has been shown to result in combined respiratory chain deficiency. However, as discussed by Rius et al and previous articles as well, OXPHOS studies in affected individuals may be normal or suggestive of only mild impairement due to tissue specificity and different assay methods used (eg. spectrophotometric vs dipstick activity assays). The same applies to lactate which was normal or mildly elevated in some affected individuals. Missense, pLoF function variants as well as a synonymous one leading to aberrant splicing (NM_033109.4:c.1818T>G) have been reported. Overall, this gene might be considered for upgrade to green rating.; to: Biallelic PNPT1 pathogenic variants cause Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 13 (MIM 614932). Despite phenotypic variability - common to disorders resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction - DD and ID of relevant severity to the current panel have been reported in several individuals published in the literature. Seizures may also be observed. Rius et al (2019 - PMID: 31752325) provide an overview of 24 affected individuals (7 new and 17 from previous studies). Neurodevelopmental features are summarized in fig.1 and additional details are provided in the supplement. Based on this review, seizures were present in 7 individuals (of the 18 for whom this information was available). PNPT1 encodes the mitochondrial polynucleotide phosphorylase, involved in the import of nuclear-encoded RNA to mitochondria. Loss of its activity has been shown to result in combined respiratory chain deficiency. However, as discussed by Rius et al and previous articles as well, OXPHOS studies in affected individuals may be normal or suggestive of only mild impairment due to tissue specificity and different assay methods used (eg. spectrophotometric vs dipstick activity assays). The same applies to lactate which was normal or mildly elevated in some affected individuals. Missense, pLoF function variants as well as a synonymous one leading to aberrant splicing (NM_033109.4:c.1818T>G) have been reported. Overall, this gene might be considered for upgrade to green rating. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1129 | PNPT1 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: PNPT1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31752325; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1129 | PIK3C2A | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PIK3C2A as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1129 | PIK3C2A | Catherine Snow Gene: pik3c2a has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1128 | NTNG2 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: NTNG2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1128 | NTNG2 | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added by external reviewer and rated Green. 11 unrelated families reported with homozygous variants in this gene with a neurodevelopmental disorder including global developmental delay, plus functional evidence. Promoted to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1128 | NTNG2 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: ntng2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1128 | PIK3C2A |
Catherine Snow gene: PIK3C2A was added gene: PIK3C2A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: PIK3C2A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIK3C2A were set to 31034465 Phenotypes for gene: PIK3C2A were set to Oculoskeletodental syndrome, 618440 Review for gene: PIK3C2A was set to AMBER Added comment: PIK3C2A is on a number of panels including a Green rating on Skeletal dysplasia (Version 1.244) clinical support advised that as PIK3C2A phenotype includes DD, gene should be rated as Amber on this panel. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | ZNF292 | Catherine Snow Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | ZNF292 | Catherine Snow edited their review of gene: ZNF292: Changed rating: AMBER | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | ZNF292 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: ZNF292: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | FAM160B1 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: FAM160B1 as Red List (low evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | FAM160B1 | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added by external reviewer, and promoted from grey to Red as the function of the protein/gene is still unknown at this stage. One family and another unrelated individual reported with developmental delay/ID and variants in this gene, however this will be kept red until further evidence arises. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1127 | FAM160B1 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: fam160b1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1126 | SCAMP5 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: SCAMP5 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1126 | SCAMP5 | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added by external Reviewer, and promoted to Amber due to review and overall evidence. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1126 | SCAMP5 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: scamp5 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1125 | ZNF292 | Ellen McDonagh Classified gene: ZNF292 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1125 | ZNF292 | Ellen McDonagh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added by external reviewer. Promoted from grey to Amber due to the evidence presented, and reflecting the rating of 'probable' in Gene2Phenotype for ZNF292-related developmental disorder. At this stage, this has not been made Green due to uncertainty regarding the penetrance and the comment from the reviewer regarding manual review of some relevant LoF variants in gnomAD suggested that they represent false positive calls. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1125 | ZNF292 | Ellen McDonagh Gene: znf292 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1124 | AP1B1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: AP1B1 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1124 | AP1B1 | Catherine Snow Gene: ap1b1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1123 | AP1B1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: AP1B1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1123 | FDFT1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: FDFT1 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1123 | FDFT1 | Catherine Snow Gene: fdft1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | FDFT1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: FDFT1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | TMX2 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: TMX2: Changed publications: 31586943, 31270415, 31735293 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | TMX2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: TMX2: Added comment: A recent report by Vandervore, Schot et al. following the previous review (Am J Hum Genet. 2019 Nov 12 - PMID: 31735293), provides further evidence that biallelic TMX2 mutations cause malformations of cortical development, microcephaly, DD and ID and epilepsy. As a result this gene should probably be considered for inclusion in the ID/epilepsy panels with green rating. Overall, 14 affected subjects from 10 unrelated families are reported in the aforementioned study. The majority had severe DD/ID (failure to achieve milestones, absent speech/ambulation and signs of cerebral palsy) with few having a somewhat milder impairment. 12 (of the 14) presented with epilepsy (spasms, myoclonic seizures, focal seizures with/without generalization or generalized tonic-clonic seizures) with onset most often in early infancy. Upon brain MRI (in 12 individuals), 5 presented polymicrogyria, 2 others pachygyria, 4 with brain atrophy, etc. All individuals were found to harbor biallelic TMX2 mutations by exome sequencing while previous investigations in several had ruled out alternative causes (infections, metabolic or chromosomal anomalies). Missense variants, an in-frame deletion as well as pLoF (stopgain/frameshift) variants were reported. [NM_015959.3 used as ref below]. The effect of variants was supported by mRNA studies, eg. RT-qPCR/allele specific RT-qPCR. The latter proved reduced expression for a frameshift variant (c.391dup / p.Leu131Profs*6) most likely due to NMD. Total mRNA levels were also 23% lower in an individual compound htz for a missense variant and a stopgain one localized in the last exon (c.757C>T / p.Arg253*). As for the previously reported c.614G>A (p.Arg205Gln), affecting the last nucleotide of exon 6, total mRNA in skin fibroblasts from a homozygous individual was not significantly decreased. RNA-Seq however demonstrated the presence of 4 different transcripts (roughly 25% each), one representing the regular mRNA, one with intron 6 retention (also present at low levels in healthy individuals), one with loss of 11 nucleotides within exon 6 and a fourth one due to in-frame skipping of exon 6. *To the best of my understanding : Thioredoxin (TRX)-related transmembrane proteins (TMX) belong to the broader family of oxidoreductases of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) having an important role in protein folding. Study of the data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas suggest relevant fetal expression also increasing during postnatal life. As RNA-seq was carried out for 2 individuals, GO analysis suggested that the most deregulated clusters of genes are implicated in post-translational protein modifications (as would be expected for PDIs), membranes and synapse while pathway analysis suggested that relevant categories were inhibited eg. nervous system development/function and cell growth/proliferation/survival. Upon transfection of HEK293T cells, exogenous TMX2 was shown to co-localize with calnexin (CNX) to the (ER) mitochondria-associated-membrane. Mass-spectrometry based analysis of co-immunoprecipitated proteins confirmed interaction with CNX but also other regulators of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial membrane components and respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase. Study of the mitochondrial activity of TMX2-deficient fibroblasts suggested reduced respiratory reserve capacity, compensated by increased glycolytic activity. TMX2 occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form. It also forms (homo)dimers with the ratio of dimers/monomers increasing under conditions of oxidative stress. Variant TMX2 increased propensity to form dimers, thus mimicking increased oxidative state. This was observed under stress but also under native conditions. ---------; Changed rating: GREEN |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | WDFY3 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: WDFY3 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | WDFY3 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene promoted from Red to Amber based on evidence provided by expert reviewer. All affected individuals have mild-moderate ID, therefore the gene has been rated Amber. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1122 | WDFY3 | Ivone Leong Gene: wdfy3 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1121 | WDFY3 | Ivone Leong Publications for gene: WDFY3 were set to 27008544 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1120 | IQSEC1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: IQSEC1 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1120 | IQSEC1 | Catherine Snow Gene: iqsec1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | IQSEC1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: IQSEC1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31607425; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: SVBP were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene: SVBP was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: SVBP were changed from Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569 to Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: SVBP were set to 26350204; 31363758; 30607023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1119 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: SVBP were changed from to Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1118 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: SVBP were set to 26350204 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1118 | SVBP | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene: SVBP was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1117 | SVBP | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: SVBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with ataxia, hypotonia, and microcephaly, 618569; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1117 | NSF | Ivone Leong Classified gene: NSF as Red List (low evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1117 | NSF | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene submitted by expert reviewed. Based on the evidence provided it was decided that there is currently not enough evidence to establish a gene-phenotype association. Therefore, this gene has been given a Red rating. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1117 | NSF | Ivone Leong Gene: nsf has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1116 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: KCNT2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1116 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene submitted by expert reviewer. Based on the evidence provided it was decided that there is enough evidence for this gene to be given Green status. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1116 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Gene: kcnt2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1115 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on mode of pathogenicity: Variants have gain-of-function effect. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1115 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KCNT2 was changed from None to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1114 | KCNT2 | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: KCNT2 were changed from ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile 57, MIM 617771 to ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile 57, 617771 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1113 | TMX2 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: TMX2 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1113 | TMX2 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene submitted by expert reviewer. Based on the submitted evidence the gene has been given an Amber rating until further evidence is available to promote it to Green status. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1113 | TMX2 | Ivone Leong Gene: tmx2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1112 | CNOT2 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: CNOT2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1112 | CNOT2 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by expert reviewer. There is enough evidence to promote this gene to Green status. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1112 | CNOT2 | Ivone Leong Gene: cnot2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1111 | CNOT2 | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: CNOT2 were changed from Intellectual developmental disorder with nasal speech, dysmorphic facies, and variable skeletal anomalies, MIM 618608 to Intellectual developmental disorder with nasal speech, dysmorphic facies, and variable skeletal anomalies, 618608 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1110 | DMXL2 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: DMXL2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1110 | DMXL2 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: Promoted from Red to Green based on expert reviewer's comments/evidence. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1110 | DMXL2 | Ivone Leong Gene: dmxl2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1109 | DMXL2 | Ivone Leong Phenotypes for gene: DMXL2 were changed from Sensorineural Hearing Loss; ORPHA90636; OMIM:612186 to Sensorineural Hearing Loss; ORPHA90636; Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 81, 618663; ?Polyendocrine-polyneuropathy syndrome, 616113 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1108 | DMXL2 | Ivone Leong Publications for gene: DMXL2 were set to 25248098 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1107 | VAMP7 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1107 | VAMP7 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: VAMP7 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1106 | SPRY3 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1106 | SPRY3 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SPRY3 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1105 | SLC25A6 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1105 | SLC25A6 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC25A6 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1104 | P2RY8 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1104 | P2RY8 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: P2RY8 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1103 | PLCXD1 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1103 | PLCXD1 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: PLCXD1 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1102 | DMXL2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: This gene can be considered for upgrade to green rating (ID and epilepsy with >=4 relevant individuals/families/variants and >=2 studies, role of the protein, effect of variants in most cases demonstrated, phenotypic similarities with other disorders affecting autophagy, some evidence from animal models, etc). Rare heterozygous variants disrupting DMXL2 (intragenic losses/gains, SNVs, CNVs affecting also additional genes) have been reported in individuals with variable neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and ID) or psychiatric phenotypes [Costain et al. 2019 - PMID: 30732576 - summarized in Table 1]. (Highly) variable expressivity and possibly incomplete penetrance were proposed in the respective study. As a result evidence for ID/seizures due to monoallelic variants appears to be relatively limited. DD, ID and (probably) epilepsy appear however to be features in several individuals with biallelic pathogenic variants as summarized in the studies below. OMIM recently added a relevant entry with the DMXL2-associated phenotypes being the following: - Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 81; EIEE81 - 618663 (AD) [based on refs 2,3] - ?Deafness, autosomal dominant 71 - 617605 (AD) [DD/ID/seizures are not part of the phenotype] - ?Polyendocrine-polyneuropathy syndrome - 616113 (AR) [based on ref1] DMXL2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. In SysID it is listed as a candidate ID gene based on the report by Tata et al (ref1). This gene is included in some gene panels for ID. [1] Tata el al. (2014 - PMID: 25248098) reported on 3 sibs born to consanguineous Senegalese parents, presenting with a progressive endocrine and neurodevelopmental disorder. Features incl. incomplete puberty, central hypothyroidism, abnormal glucose regulation, moderate ID (3/3) and peripheral polyneuropathy. Seizures were not part of the phenotype. Linkage analysis suggested 2 candidate regions on chromosomes 13 and 15 with a LOD score of 2.5. High throughput sequencing of genes within these regions (~500) in an affected member and parent revealed a 15 bp in-frame deletion of DMXL2 (NM_015263.4:c.5827_5841del / p.Asp1943_Ser1947del). Sanger sequencing of other affected and unaffected members supported AR inheritance. RT-qPCR demonstrated that DMXL2 mRNA levels in blood lymphocytes were significantly lower in homozygous patients compared to heterozygous or wt family members or controls. The authors demonstrated that the encoded protein (rabconnectin-3a) is a synaptic protein (expressed in exocytosis vesicles) at the ends of axons of GnRH producing neurons. Neuron-specific deletion of one allele in mice resulted in delayed puberty and very low fertility. Adult mice had lower number of GnRH neurons in hypothalamus. siRNA-mediated downregulation of Dmxl2 expression in an insulin-secreting cell line resulted in only slight insulin secretion in response to augmenting concentrations of glucose, providing evidence of involvement of the protein in control of regulated insulin secretion. ----------- [2] Maddirevula et al. (2019 - PMID: 30237576) reported briefly on a 36 months old boy, born to consanguineous parents, homozygous for a frameshift DMXL2 variant [individual 17-3220 | NM_001174117.1:c.4349_4350insTTACATGA or p.(Glu1450Aspfs*23)]. Features included focal seizures (onset at the age of 3m) with subsequent global DD, absent eye contact, cerebral atrophy and macrocephaly. This individual was identified following re-evaluation of exome data in a database of ~1550 exomes specifically for homozygous variants that would have been classified earlier as LP/P if the respective gene had sufficient evidence for association with a disorder. The family was not reported to have other affected members. As the authors noted, the boy was not known to have the multi-endocrine abnormalities reported by Tata et al. There are no additional information provided (eg. on confirmation of variants, etc). ----------- [3] Esposito et al. (2019 - PMID: 31688942) report on 3 sibling pairs (all 3 families unrelated) with biallelic DMXL2 mutations and summarize previous evidence on the gene and the DMXL2-related phenotypes. All presented a highly similar phenotype of Ohtahara syndrome (seizures with onset in the first days of life, tonic/myoclonic/occasionaly focal, burst-suppression upon EEG), profound DD/ID, quadriparesis, sensorineural hearing loss and presence of dysmorphic features. Sibs from 2 families presented evidence of peripheral polyneuropathy. Early brain MRIs revealed thin CC and hypomyelination in all, with later scans suggestive of gray and white matter shrinkage with leukoencephalopathy. None achieved developmental skills following birth with 5/6 deceased by the age of 9 years. Exome sequencing revealed biallelic DMXL2 variants in all, with compatible parental segregation studies (NM_015263.3): - Fam1 (2 sibs) : c.5135C>T (p.Ala1712Val) in trans with c.4478C>G (p.Ser1493*) - Fam2 (2 sibs) : homozygosity for c.4478C>A (p.Ser1493*) - Fam3 (2 sibs) : homozygosity for c.7518-1G>A Heterozygous parents (aged 39-59) did not exhibit hearing impairment [report of a single multigenerational family by Chen et al (2017 - PMID: 27657680) where a heterozygous missense variant segregated with hearing loss - respective OMIM entry: ?Deafness, autosomal dominant 71 - 617605]. In patients' fibroblasts, effect of the variants on mRNA/protein expression was demonstrated with mRNA expressed only in a patient from family 1, and degraded/absent for the 2 stopgain SNVs affecting codon 1493. Skipping of ex31 leading to frameshift/introduction of a PTC was shown for the splice variant (p.Trp2508Argfs*4 secondary to c.7518-1G>A). Protein was also absent upon western-blot. DMXL2 encodes a vesicular protein, DmX-Like protein 2 or rabconnectin-3a (cited Tata et al). The gene is expressed in brain ( https://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/DMXL2 ). As Esposito et al comment, it is known to regulate the trafficking and activity of v-ATPase the latter having a role in acidifying intracellular organelles and promoting endosomal maturation (cited PMIDs : 25248098, 19758563, 22875945, 24802872). In line with this, staining of patients' fibroblasts using the acidotropic dye LysoTracker demonstrated increased signal, reversed by re-expression of DMXL2 protein. Overall an acidic shift in pH with impairment of lysosomal structures and function was suggested. The authors provided additional evidence for altered lysosomal function and associated autophagy with accumulation of autophagy receptors (eg p62) and substrates (polyubiquitinated proteins). Vacuolization and accumulation of atypical fusion-like structures was shown upon ultrastractural analysis. shRNA-mediated downregulation/silencing of Dmxl2 in mouse hippocampal neurons resulted also in altered lysosomal structures and defective autophagy. The neurons exhibited impaired neurite elongation and synapse formation. The authors suggest similarities with Vici syndrome, where biallelic EPG5 mutations result in autophagic defects and clinical manifestations of DD/ID/epilepsy. Dmxl2 homozygous ko mice display embryonic lethality with heterozygous mice displaying macrocephaly and corpus callosum dysplasia (cited PMIDs: 25248098, 30735494) .; to: This gene can be considered for upgrade to green rating (ID and epilepsy with >=4 relevant individuals/families/variants and >=2 studies, role of the protein, effect of variants in most cases demonstrated, phenotypic similarities with other disorders affecting autophagy, some evidence from animal models, etc). Rare heterozygous variants disrupting DMXL2 (intragenic losses/gains, SNVs, CNVs affecting also additional genes) have been reported in individuals with variable neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and ID) or psychiatric phenotypes [Costain et al. 2019 - PMID: 30732576 - summarized in Table 1]. (Highly) variable expressivity and possibly incomplete penetrance were proposed in the respective study. As a result evidence for ID/seizures due to monoallelic variants appears to be relatively limited. DD, ID and (probably) epilepsy appear however to be features in several individuals with biallelic pathogenic variants as summarized in the studies below. OMIM recently added a relevant entry with the DMXL2-associated phenotypes being the following: - Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 81; EIEE81 - 618663 (AR) [based on refs 2,3] - ?Deafness, autosomal dominant 71 - 617605 (AD) [DD/ID/seizures are not part of the phenotype] - ?Polyendocrine-polyneuropathy syndrome - 616113 (AR) [based on ref1] DMXL2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. In SysID it is listed as a candidate ID gene based on the report by Tata et al (ref1). This gene is included in some gene panels for ID. [1] Tata el al. (2014 - PMID: 25248098) reported on 3 sibs born to consanguineous Senegalese parents, presenting with a progressive endocrine and neurodevelopmental disorder. Features incl. incomplete puberty, central hypothyroidism, abnormal glucose regulation, moderate ID (3/3) and peripheral polyneuropathy. Seizures were not part of the phenotype. Linkage analysis suggested 2 candidate regions on chromosomes 13 and 15 with a LOD score of 2.5. High throughput sequencing of genes within these regions (~500) in an affected member and parent revealed a 15 bp in-frame deletion of DMXL2 (NM_015263.4:c.5827_5841del / p.Asp1943_Ser1947del). Sanger sequencing of other affected and unaffected members supported AR inheritance. RT-qPCR demonstrated that DMXL2 mRNA levels in blood lymphocytes were significantly lower in homozygous patients compared to heterozygous or wt family members or controls. The authors demonstrated that the encoded protein (rabconnectin-3a) is a synaptic protein (expressed in exocytosis vesicles) at the ends of axons of GnRH producing neurons. Neuron-specific deletion of one allele in mice resulted in delayed puberty and very low fertility. Adult mice had lower number of GnRH neurons in hypothalamus. siRNA-mediated downregulation of Dmxl2 expression in an insulin-secreting cell line resulted in only slight insulin secretion in response to augmenting concentrations of glucose, providing evidence of involvement of the protein in control of regulated insulin secretion. ----------- [2] Maddirevula et al. (2019 - PMID: 30237576) reported briefly on a 36 months old boy, born to consanguineous parents, homozygous for a frameshift DMXL2 variant [individual 17-3220 | NM_001174117.1:c.4349_4350insTTACATGA or p.(Glu1450Aspfs*23)]. Features included focal seizures (onset at the age of 3m) with subsequent global DD, absent eye contact, cerebral atrophy and macrocephaly. This individual was identified following re-evaluation of exome data in a database of ~1550 exomes specifically for homozygous variants that would have been classified earlier as LP/P if the respective gene had sufficient evidence for association with a disorder. The family was not reported to have other affected members. As the authors noted, the boy was not known to have the multi-endocrine abnormalities reported by Tata et al. There are no additional information provided (eg. on confirmation of variants, etc). ----------- [3] Esposito et al. (2019 - PMID: 31688942) report on 3 sibling pairs (all 3 families unrelated) with biallelic DMXL2 mutations and summarize previous evidence on the gene and the DMXL2-related phenotypes. All presented a highly similar phenotype of Ohtahara syndrome (seizures with onset in the first days of life, tonic/myoclonic/occasionaly focal, burst-suppression upon EEG), profound DD/ID, quadriparesis, sensorineural hearing loss and presence of dysmorphic features. Sibs from 2 families presented evidence of peripheral polyneuropathy. Early brain MRIs revealed thin CC and hypomyelination in all, with later scans suggestive of gray and white matter shrinkage with leukoencephalopathy. None achieved developmental skills following birth with 5/6 deceased by the age of 9 years. Exome sequencing revealed biallelic DMXL2 variants in all, with compatible parental segregation studies (NM_015263.3): - Fam1 (2 sibs) : c.5135C>T (p.Ala1712Val) in trans with c.4478C>G (p.Ser1493*) - Fam2 (2 sibs) : homozygosity for c.4478C>A (p.Ser1493*) - Fam3 (2 sibs) : homozygosity for c.7518-1G>A Heterozygous parents (aged 39-59) did not exhibit hearing impairment [report of a single multigenerational family by Chen et al (2017 - PMID: 27657680) where a heterozygous missense variant segregated with hearing loss - respective OMIM entry: ?Deafness, autosomal dominant 71 - 617605]. In patients' fibroblasts, effect of the variants on mRNA/protein expression was demonstrated with mRNA expressed only in a patient from family 1, and degraded/absent for the 2 stopgain SNVs affecting codon 1493. Skipping of ex31 leading to frameshift/introduction of a PTC was shown for the splice variant (p.Trp2508Argfs*4 secondary to c.7518-1G>A). Protein was also absent upon western-blot. DMXL2 encodes a vesicular protein, DmX-Like protein 2 or rabconnectin-3a (cited Tata et al). The gene is expressed in brain ( https://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/DMXL2 ). As Esposito et al comment, it is known to regulate the trafficking and activity of v-ATPase the latter having a role in acidifying intracellular organelles and promoting endosomal maturation (cited PMIDs : 25248098, 19758563, 22875945, 24802872). In line with this, staining of patients' fibroblasts using the acidotropic dye LysoTracker demonstrated increased signal, reversed by re-expression of DMXL2 protein. Overall an acidic shift in pH with impairment of lysosomal structures and function was suggested. The authors provided additional evidence for altered lysosomal function and associated autophagy with accumulation of autophagy receptors (eg p62) and substrates (polyubiquitinated proteins). Vacuolization and accumulation of atypical fusion-like structures was shown upon ultrastractural analysis. shRNA-mediated downregulation/silencing of Dmxl2 in mouse hippocampal neurons resulted also in altered lysosomal structures and defective autophagy. The neurons exhibited impaired neurite elongation and synapse formation. The authors suggest similarities with Vici syndrome, where biallelic EPG5 mutations result in autophagic defects and clinical manifestations of DD/ID/epilepsy. Dmxl2 homozygous ko mice display embryonic lethality with heterozygous mice displaying macrocephaly and corpus callosum dysplasia (cited PMIDs: 25248098, 30735494) . |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1102 | DMXL2 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: DMXL2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25248098, 30237576, 31688942; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 81, MIM 618663, ?Polyendocrine-polyneuropathy syndrome, MIM 616113; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1102 | IL3RA | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1102 | IL3RA | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: IL3RA was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1101 | DHRSX | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1101 | DHRSX | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: DHRSX was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1100 | CRLF2 | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1100 | CRLF2 | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: CRLF2 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1099 | AKAP17A | Eleanor Williams Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: This gene is in the pseudoautosomal region shared between chromosomes X and Y. The mode of inheritance should therefore be set to Biallelic or Monoallelic once more cases establish the inheritance pattern. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1099 | AKAP17A | Eleanor Williams Mode of inheritance for gene: AKAP17A was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to Unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | ZNF292 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: ZNF292 was added gene: ZNF292 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ZNF292 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: ZNF292 were set to 31723249; 29904178 Phenotypes for gene: ZNF292 were set to Intellectual disability; Autism; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Abnormality of the face; Abnormal muscle tone; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Growth abnormality; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of the skeletal system; Abnormality of the cardiovascular system; Microcephaly; Seizures Penetrance for gene: ZNF292 were set to Incomplete Review for gene: ZNF292 was set to GREEN gene: ZNF292 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Mirzaa et al. (2019 - PMID: 31723249) report on 28 individuals (from 27 families) with putatively pathogenic ZNF292 variants. Main features consisted of DD and ID (27/28 - mild in 40%, moderate in 22%, severe in 11%) with or without ASD and ADHD. A single individual had no evidence of ID but had speech delay and ASD at the age of 6. Additional features (by diminishing order of frequency) included presence of non-specific dysmorphic features (~45%), abnormal tone, brain MRI abnormalities, growth failure, feeding difficulties, skeletal and cardiac anomalies, microcephaly and epilepsy (~11%). As the authors comment, ZNF292 encodes a zinc finger protein, acting as a transcription factor. Evidence is provided that gene has high expression in the developing human brain, with its expression being higher in prenatal development and diminishing postnatally. Znf292 is also expressed in adult mouse brain (highest in hippocampus/Purkinje cells). Variants were identified by exome or targeted panel sequencing (targeted capture/molecular inversion probes). Previous investigations (eg. aCGH, analysis of relevant genes) had probably ruled out alternative causes in most with few having VUS or possibly relevant additional variants (eg. a KDM5C stopgain variant in a male). 24 putatively pathogenic variants were observed in this cohort, all predicting LoF (stopgain, frameshift or splice variants). All were de novo with the exception of one family where the variant was inherited from an affected parent. Almost all were absent from gnomAD and had CADD scores > 35. Most variants lied within the last and largest exon that encodes a DNA binding domain. RT-PCR on RNA from 2 individuals harboring such variants confirmed that NMD does not apply. This exon however represents ~88% of the total coding length so the distribution of variants in this (NMD escaping) region was consistent with what would also be expected by chance. ZNF292 has a pLI of 1 in gnomAD. Manual review of some relevant LoF variants in gnomAD suggested that they represent false positive calls. As a result, the effect of variants is not clear although haploinsufficiency is still possible based also on phenotype of (larger) deletions spanning this gene (cited: Engwerda et al - PMID: 29904178 / The study focuses on deletions of the broader 6q. A possible role of ZNF292 is discussed as autism was present in 4/10 individuals with deletions encompassing this gene). Based on the aforementioned cohort with one individual being diagnosed with mild ID only as an adult and/or presence of 5 pLoF variants in gnomAD the authors propose that some variants may be incompletely penetrant or associated with only mild features. Finally, 15 additional individuals (belonging to 12 families) harbored variants for which pathogenicity was suspected (but could not be concluded) due to insufficient phenotypic information, lack of sufficient parental studies or missense variants. In this cohort variants were mostly pLoF, while 3 individuals (incl. 2 sibs) had a de novo missense SNV. ------ Other studies were not here reviewed as some of the individuals reported were published previously in larger cohorts. ------ There is no associated phenotype in OMIM / G2P. SysID includes this gene among the candidate ID ones. ZNF292 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc and GeneDx). ------ Overall ZNF292 could be added to the ID panel probably with green (or amber) rating. [Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels eg. autism, epilepsy] Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | CNOT2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CNOT2 was added gene: CNOT2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: CNOT2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CNOT2 were set to 31512373; 31145527; 28135719; 28159701; 30768759; 21505450; 18076123; 22247066 Phenotypes for gene: CNOT2 were set to Intellectual developmental disorder with nasal speech, dysmorphic facies, and variable skeletal anomalies, MIM 618608 Penetrance for gene: CNOT2 were set to unknown Review for gene: CNOT2 was set to GREEN gene: CNOT2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Heterozygous pathogenic CNOT2 variants cause Intellectual developmental disorder with nasal speech, dysmorphic facies, and variable skeletal anomalies (MIM 618608 - recently added disorder in OMIM). Larger 12q15 deletions, spanning CNOT2 have been reported in patients with similar phenotype. Relevant individuals - most discussed below - include 2 patients with truncating de novo mutation, 1 with de novo intragenic deletion, few with small deletions spanning also 2-3 additional proximal genes and others with larger 12q15 deletions encompassing CNOT2 and several other genes. Overall the phenotype - summarized by Uehara et al. (Ref1 - below) - seems to consist of language delay, mild motor delay (in most), some suggestive facial features (upslanted palpebral fissures, anteverted nares, thin upper lip and micrognathia). Nasal speech has also been reported in some individuals. As commented by Uehara et al. (Ref1), CNOT2 (CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 2) is a member of the carbon catabolite repressor 4 complex (CCR4-NOT), the latter having an important role in deadenylation of mRNA and global mRNA expression. Disruption of the complex - which can be caused by loss of one of its components - results in various human disorders incl. neural diseases. siRNA CNOT2 depletion has been shown to induce CCR4-NOT disruption (cited PMIDs: 16284618, 29438013, 31006510, 21299754). The type of variants (truncating, intragenic deletion, larger deletions) and the highly overlapping phenotypes in the respective patients suggest happloinsufficiency as the underlying mechanism. CNOT2 has also a pLI of 1 in gnomAD (o/e =0.06) and a %HI in Decipher of 4.39. The gene appears to have relevant expression (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000111596-CNOT2/tissue). Animal models have not been discussed (or phenotypes possibly not sufficiently studied - MGI for Cnot2 : http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1919318). CNOT2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. It is listed among the ID candidate genes in SysID. This gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). Overall CNOT2 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel with amber (DD although outcome is not known, presumed dysfunction of the CCR4-NOT complex, variant studies or animal models not available) or green rating (sufficient cases and variants, consistent phenotype). ----- Individuals with CNOT2-only disruption: [1] PMID: 31512373 (Uehara et al., 2019) - A 6 y.o. male investigated for hypotonia, feeding problems, DD (speech and motor), macrocephaly (+3 SD) and some possibly suggestive facial/other features was found to harbor a de novo stopgain variant (NM_001199302.1: c.946A>T, p.Lys316Ter) after trio exome sequencing. The variant and its de novo occurrence were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. NMD was the predicted effect (variant in ex11 of 21 / effect not further studied). Previous metabolic work-up and chromosomal testing had not revealed an alternative diagnosis. [2] PMID: 31145527 (Alesi et al. 2019) - A 13 y.o. boy with hypotonia, failure to thrive, DD and following a specific schooling program for children with learning difficulties is reported. The authors comment on the facial phenotype (incl. upslanted p-f, anteverted nares, etc). Other features included valvular/supravalvular pulm. stenosis, mid aortic insufficiency, renal anomalies/failure, skeletal anomalies. Speech was nasal. CMA revealed an 85-kb 12q15 deletion spanning only CNOT2 (exons 3-15). Real-time PCR in proband and parents confirmed the variant and its de novo occurrence. [3] PMID: 28135719 (DDD study, 2017) - An individual with developmental disorder and a de novo (validated) frameshift variant was identified [DDD4K.00807 - NM_014515.5:c.1158del / p.(L387Sfs*3)]. Phenotype in Decipher incl. abnormality of head/neck, nervous, skeletal system and growth. [https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/ddd/research-variant/16b4f7866652f08e25a194f65535b4c5#overview]. Individuals with disruption of additional proximal genes due to CNVs: [4] PMID: 28159701 (Alesi et al. 2017) - The authors report on a 29 y.o. individual with history of DD, learning difficulties, ID (WAIS-R IQ of 48 at the age of 17 y), some dysmorphic facial features. Additional features incl. recurrent infections, nasal voice as well as skeletal anomalies. CMA revealed a 742 kb microdeletion spanning CNOT2, KCNMB4 and PTPRB. Real-time PCR confirmed deletion and it's de novo occurrence in the proband. [5] PMID: 30768759 (Uehara et al. 2019) - A female investigated among others for global DD (walking/1st words at 24m), mild ID, submucosal cleft palate with some distinctive facial features (upslanted p-f, micrognathia, etc) was found to harbor a 1.32-Mb deletion of 12q15 encompassing CNOT2 and 14 other genes. Given the phenotypic resemblance to patients with 12q15 deletions, the previously defined smallest region of overlap (ref 4,6), the LoF SNV in Decipher the authors suggested that CNOT2 is the critical gene for the phenotype of 12q15 deletion syndrome. Larger deletions defining the smallest region of overlap [6] PMID: 21505450 (Vergult et al. 2011) - 3 patients with de novo microdeletions of ~ 2.5 Mb in size with a 1.34 MB common region of overlap are reported. Learning diability, DD, nasal speech and hypothyroidism were among the common features. [7] PMID: 18076123 (Schluth et al. 2008) - A girl with large (~10 Mb) de novo deletion of 12q15 - q21.2 identified by BAC array was described. The phenotype consisted of hypotonia, DD, moderate ID, growth delay and facial dysmorphic features. [8] PMID: 22247066 (Lopez et al. 2012) - A patient with ID and features of Floating-Harbor syndrome was found to harbor a 4.7 Mb de novo 12q15-q21.1 deletion spanning CNOT2 and 18 additional genes. [..] Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | TMX2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TMX2 was added gene: TMX2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TMX2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TMX2 were set to 31586943; 31270415 Phenotypes for gene: TMX2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Abnormal cortical gyration Penetrance for gene: TMX2 were set to Complete Review for gene: TMX2 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 31586943 - Ghosh et al. 2019 - reported on 8 individuals from 4 consanguineous families from the Middle East and Central Asia, all with a phenotype of DD/ID, seizures and microcephaly with lissencephaly (microlissencephaly is the term applying to the combination of two) upon brain MRI. All patients were investigated by exome sequencing and the variant localized within a region of ROH which was common to all 4 families. All were homozygous for a TMX2 missense variant (NM_001144012.2:c.500G>A or p.Arg167Gln / NM_015959.4:c.614G>A p.Arg205Gln or hg38 - Chr11:g.57739039G>A). The variant was considered to be the best candidate, upon review of all other homozygous ones. Sanger sequencing confirmed homozygosity for the variant in affected subjects, with additional compatible segregation studies including parents in all families as well as unaffected sibs (in two families). Despite presence of the same mutation in all, several proximal to this variant SNPs did not appear to be shared among the families studied, thus suggesting that the variant had arisen within different haplotype blocks. The authors comment that the variant was not previously identified in public databases. (The variant seems to correspond to rs370455806, present in 10 htz individuals in gnomAD, as well as in the GME database [GME Genotype Count 992:0:1 (hmz?) | Allele Count: 2,1984] . GME includes primarily - although not necessarily - healthy individuals). This SNV affecting the last nucleotide of an exon of several transcripts (correct ref. is NM_001144012.2 as appears in the supplement / using NM_001347898.1 as in the fig./text the variant would lie within an intron), an eventual splicing effect was studied. mRNA transcript levels were assessed following RT-PCR using different sets of primers. There was no evidence of novel splice isoforms but mRNA levels were reduced compared to controls (15-50% in affected individuals, to a lesser level in carriers). This led to the hypothesis that NMD of an aberrantly spliced mRNA might apply, although this was not proven. TMX2 encodes a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). PDIs are transmembrane ER proteins which have a critical role in protein folding (PMID cited: 12670024). There were no relevant studies carried out in the article. As for animal models, the authors comment that mice homozygous for null mutations display preweaning lethality with complete penetrance.(http://www.informatics.jax.org/diseasePortal/popup?isPhenotype=true&markerID=MGI:1914208&header=mortality/aging). ------- Previously, Schot el al. (ESHG Conference 2018 Oral Presentation - Mutations in the thioredoxin related gene TMX2 cause primary microcephaly, polymicrogyria and severe neurodegeneration with impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism - available in PMID: 31270415 / https://www.nature.com/articles/s41431-019-0407-4 ) reported on 7 individuals from 5 unrelated families with biallelic TMX2 mutations. A newborn with microcephaly, polymicrogyria who died of refractory epilepsy, was compound heterozygous for 2 TMX2 variants. 6 additional individuals (from 4 unrelated families) with similar phenotype were found to harbor biallelic TMX2 mutations. It was commented that TMX2 is enriched in mitochondria-associated membrane of the ER with a role in ER stress protection and regulation of neuronal apoptosis. In line with this, fibroblasts from 2 unrelated patients showed secondary OXPHOS deficiency and increased glycolytic activity (the latter possibly as a compensatory mechanism). ------- There is no associated phenotype in OMIM/G2P/SysID. ------- Overall this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID/epilepsy panel probably with amber (/red) rating pending further evidence. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | KCNT2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: KCNT2 was added gene: KCNT2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KCNT2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: KCNT2 were set to 29069600; 29740868 Phenotypes for gene: KCNT2 were set to ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile 57, MIM 617771 Penetrance for gene: KCNT2 were set to unknown Review for gene: KCNT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Heterozygous pathogenic KCNT2 variants cause ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 57 (MIM 617771). At least 3 unrelated affected individuals have been reported : - PMID: 29069600 - Gururaj et al. 2017 : a male child with EOEE (hypotonia, profound DD and intractable infantile seizures) due to a de novo KCNT2 missense variant (NM_001287819.1:c.720T>A or p.Phe240Leu) identified by exome sequencing. - PMID: 29740868 - Ambrosino et al. 2018 : A girl with phenotype corresponding to West syndrome later evolving to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. At the age of 9 years the girl displayed severe ID. Trio exome sequencing revealed a de novo missense KCNT2 variant (NM_001287820.2:c.569G>A or p.Arg190His). A 14 y.o. female recruited through the DDD study with phenotype corresponding to epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures. The girl had poor language development and severe learning disability. Infective and metabolic causes were initially ruled out. Trio exome sequencing revealed a de novo missense SNV (c.569G>C or Arg190Pro). Overall KCNT2 has been commented to contribute to a phenotypic spectrum similar and overlapping to that of KCNT1 (Ambrosino et al.). [KCNT1 is rated green in both epilepsy and ID panels]. KCNT2 was recently included in the epilepsy panel as green (functional studies summarized in the respective reviews). The gene was also recently added to G2P, associated with 'Developmental and infantile epileptic encephalopathy'. It is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. As a result, KCNT2 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel with green (or amber) rating. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | NSF |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: NSF was added gene: NSF was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NSF was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: NSF were set to 31675180 Phenotypes for gene: NSF were set to Seizures; EEG with burst suppression; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: NSF were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: NSF was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: NSF was set to AMBER Added comment: Suzuki et al. (2019 - PMID: 31675180) report on 2 unrelated individuals with de novo missense NSF variants. Overall the phenotype corresponded to an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. The first patient developed vomiting and tonic seizures immediately after birth, with burst-suppression pattern upon EEG. Trio exome sequencing, followed by Sanger sequencing of proband and parents, revealed a de novo missense variant (NM_006178.3:c.1375G>A / p.Ala459Thr), absent from public databases and predicted in silico to be deleterious (CADD score of 30). The girl died 36 days after birth due to respiratory failure. Another subject, having necessitated mechanical ventilation due to absence of spontaneous respiration after birth, developed myoclonic seizures. EEG showed a burst-suppression pattern. At the age of 3, she was noted to have persistence of seizures and profound ID. Trio exome sequencing identified a missense NSF variant (c.1688C>T / p.Pro563Leu) also confirmed and shown to be de novo by Sanger sequencing. Again the variant was absent from public datasets and had a CADD score of 34. While expression of wt NSF allele in the developing eye of Drosophila had no effect, expression of mutants severely affected eye development - suggesting a dominant negative effect. NSF encodes a homo-hexameric AAA ATPase, which is recruited by SNAPs (Soluble NSF Attachment Proteins) - and the latter by SNAREs (SNAP REceptors) - thus having a role in vesicular transport and membrane fusion. There is currently no associated phenotype in OMIM/G2P. Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion probably with amber/red rating pending further evidence (eg. additional work-up or alternative causes/explanations not discussed). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | WDFY3 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: WDFY3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27008544, 31327001, 25198012, 28191889; Phenotypes: ?Microcephaly 18, primary, autosomal dominant - MIM 617520; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | SCAMP5 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: SCAMP5 was added gene: SCAMP5 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SCAMP5 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SCAMP5 were set to 31439720; 20071347 Phenotypes for gene: SCAMP5 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Behavioral abnormality Penetrance for gene: SCAMP5 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: SCAMP5 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: SCAMP5 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 31439720 (Hubert et al. 2019) reported on 2 unrelated individuals with severe ID, seizures behavioral and brain MRI abnormalities (white matter hyperintensity and mesial temporal sclorosis), both harboring the same missense SCAMP5 mutation as a de novo event (NM_001178111.1:c.538G>T or p.Gly180Trp). Previously aCGH +/- metabolic workup were non diagnostic. The occurrence of the same de novo variant in both as well as the similar presentation (incl. MRI images) suggested SCAMP5 as the most probable candidate gene, despite presence of few other variants in both. SCAMP5 is highly expressed in brain (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000198794-SCAMP5) and previous studies have suggested a role in synaptic vesicle trafficking (PMIDs cited: 29562188, 25057210, etc). Cultured skin fibroblasts from affected individuals failed to express SCAMP5. Scamp is the Drosophila orthologue, with previous studies having demonstrated that mutants display defects in climbing, olfactory-assisted memory and susceptibility to heat induced seizures (PMIDs cited: 25478561, 19144841). Expression of the Scamp Gly302Trp variant in Drosophila ('equivalent' to the SCAMP5 Gly180Trp) revealed strongly reduced levels for the variant compared with wt upon Western Blot, either due to reduced expression or due to increased turnover. Overall the effect of Gly302Trp expression was similar to Scamp knockdown by RNAi (eg. rough eye phenotype, reduced ability to climb the walls of a graded tube after tapping, less/no flies reaching adult stage) but significantly different compared to wt. As a result, a dominant-negative effect was presumed. ---------- PMID: 20071347 (Castermans et al. 2010) is cited as a previous report of a relevant affected individual. In this study a 40 y.o. male with early DD, mild ID (IQ of 63) and ASD was found to harbor a de novo apparently balanced t(1;15) translocation affecting CLIC4 and PPCDC (both not associated with ID). [1-Mb resolution aCGH revealed no relevant CNVs]. Studies were however focused on SCAMP5 given that the gene is located downstream of / proximal to PPCDC, has brain-enriched expression as well as involvement in synaptic trafficking and demonstrated: - Less than 50% expression upon quantitative RT-PCR in patients leukocytes, compared to control. - Silencing and overexpression of Scamp5 in mouse β-TC3 cells resulted in increased and suppressed respectively secretion of large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs). - Given conservation of some components involved in secretion of dense core granules (DCGs) in platelets and LDCVs in neuronal cells, study of patient platelets - where SCAMP5 was confirmed to be expressed - suggested an altered pattern of DCGs. ---------- SCAMP5 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P/SysID and not commonly included in gene panels for ID. ---------- Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels probably with amber (# of unrelated individuals, 1 recurrent de novo variant and 1 regulatory effect, gene expressed in brain with a role in synaptic vesicle trafficking) or red rating (pending further evidence). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | FAM160B1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: FAM160B1 was added gene: FAM160B1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FAM160B1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FAM160B1 were set to 27431290; 31353455 Phenotypes for gene: FAM160B1 were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: FAM160B1 were set to Complete Review for gene: FAM160B1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Anazi et al. (2017 - PMID: 27431290) in a study of 337 subjects with ID, reported on a consanguineous family (15DG2696) with 3 affected sibs. The proband, a 7 y.o. boy had hypotonia, DD, mild ID (IQ of 69), some facial dysmorphic features as well as increased skin elasticity and joint hypermobility. Initial investigations included metabolic testing for OA and CDGs, FMR1 and aCGH. A 4 y.o. sister and a 3 y.o. brother of the proband had similar presentation of DD. Exome sequencing, autozygosity mapping and segregation studies suggested a FAM160B1 hmz missense SNV as the likely causal variant (NM_001135051.1:c.248T>C or p.Leu83Pro). There were no other candidate variants. As the encoded protein has a yet unknown function, with uncertain in silico 3D modeling, the authors speculated disruption of helices affecting fold/(ligand binding) function as the underlying effect of this variant. Mavioğlu et al. (2019 - PMID: 31353455) reported on a 38 y.o. female with history of motor and language delay, severe ID, ataxia, behavioral abrnormalities as well as some dysmorphic features. This individual was born to consanguineous parents (2nd cousins). There was history of a deceased, similarly affected sib. Initial investigations included metabolic work-up (plasma AA, urinary OA) and karyotyping. SNP genotyping in the family (parents, affected sib, 3 unaffected sibs) and multipoint linkage analysis for AR inheritance, yielded a maximum LOD score of 2.15. Selection of homozygous regions unique to the patient (but not present in unaffected sibs) did not suggest any known ID gene. Exome sequencing of the proband, with analysis of the variants in candidate regions revealed a homozygous stopgain SNV (NM_020940.4:c.115G>T or p.Glu39*) as the best candidate variant (with few others not considered to be relevant). FAM160B1 has a pLI of 1, LoF variants in public databases have MAFs below 0.000034 with no recorded homozygotes. In silico predictions suggested a deleterious effect (CADD score of 40, etc). The previous report by Anazi and fulfilment of the ACMG criteria for its classification of this variant as pathogenic led to its consideration as causal of the patient's phenotype. Study of the expression of the 2 isoforms of the gene (isoform1: NM_020940, 2:NM_001135051) revealed that the first is ubiquitously expressed and the second only in testes. [To my understanding the 2 isoforms seem to differ only in their last exon, the 2 reported variants affecting both isoforms - http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg19&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr10%3A116577123%2D116663023&hgsid=777553295_dPP9DgaheaF82gTRTfZO6XS5lEzA ] The function of this gene remains unknown. Animal models/phenotypes are probably not available. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM/G2P. SysID lists FAM160B1 as a candidate ID gene. FAM160B1 is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion in the current panel probably with amber (2 families/variants, variable ID as a feature) or red rating pending further evidence (given the partial phenotypic overlap, unknown function of the gene, variants not further studied, no animal models). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | PCYT2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PCYT2 was added gene: PCYT2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PCYT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PCYT2 were set to 31637422 Phenotypes for gene: PCYT2 were set to Global developmental delay; Developmental regression; Intellectual disability; Spastic paraparesis; Seizures; Spastic tetraparesis; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar atrophy Penetrance for gene: PCYT2 were set to Complete Review for gene: PCYT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Vaz et al. (2019 - PMID: 31637422 - DDD study among the co-authors) report on 5 individuals - from 4 families - with biallelic PCYT2 mutations. The phenotype corresponded to a complex hererditary paraplegia with global DD, regression (4/5), ID (mild in 3/5, severe in 2/5), spastic para-/tetraparesis, epilepsy (5/5 - variable onset 2-16 yrs - focal or tonic-clonic seizures) and progressive cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Exome sequencing in all revealed biallelic PCYT2 variants, confirmed with Sanger s. in probands and their parents (NM_001184917.2 - corresponding to the canonical transcript used as Ref below): - P1 (Fam1) : 2 missense SNVs in trans configuration, c.730C>T or p.His244Tyr and c.920C>T or p.Pro307Leu - P2 (Fam2 - consanguineous of White British origin), P3 (Fam3 - Consanguineous of Turkish origin), P4,5 (Fam4 - consanguineous, unspecified origin) : homozygosity for c.1129C>T or p.Arg377Ter) affecting the last exon of 8/12 transcripts, including the canonical one. Individuals with the same genotype displayed variable degrees of ID (eg P3 - severe / P2, P4,5 - mild ID). For sibs in Fam4, homozygosity for a missense SACS variant led to consideration of the respective disorder (AR spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay) though the variant was predicted to be tolerated in silico and notably the MRI images not suggestive. All variants were absent from / had extremely low AF in public databases, with no homozygotes. Posphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a membrane lipid, particularly enriched in human brain (45% of phospholypid fraction). PE is synthesized either via the CDP-ethanolamine pathway or by decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine in mitochondria. PCYT2 encodes CTP:phosophoethanolamine cytidyltransferase (ET) which is an ubiquitously expressed rate-limiting enzyme for PE biosynthesis in the former pathway. In silico, the 2 missense variants - localizing in the CTP catalytic domain 2 - were predicted to be damaging, as well as to affect protein stability. Fibroblasts of 3 patients (P1, P2, P3) representing all variants were studied: - Enzymatic activity was shown to be significantly reduced (though not absent) compared to controls. Abnormalities were noted upon Western Blot incl. absence in all 3 patients studied of one of the 2 bands normally found in controls (probably representing the longer isoform), reduced intensity in all 3 of another band probably corresponding to a shorter isoform, and presence of an additional band of intermediate molec. mass in patients with the truncating variant. - RT-PCR on mRNA from patient fibroblasts did not reveal (significant) reduction compared to controls. - Lipidomic profile of patient fibroblasts was compatible with the location of the block in the phospholipid biosynthesis pathway and different from controls. The lipidomic profile had similarities with what has been reported for EPT1 deficiency, the enzyme directly downstream of ET. The SELENO1-related phenotype (/EPT1 deficiency) is also highly overlapping. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to generate pcyt2 partial or complete knockout (ko) zebrafish, targeting either the final (ex13) or another exon (ex3) respectively. mRNA expression was shown to be moderately reduced in the first case and severely reduced/absent in the second, compared to wt. Similarly, complete-ko (ex3) led to significantly lower survival, with impaired though somewhat better survival of partial-ko (ex13) zebrafish. Complete knockout of Pcyt2 in mice is embryonically lethal (PMID cited: 17325045) while heterozygous mice develop features of metabolic syndrome (PMID cited: 22764088). Given lethality in knockout zebrafish / mice and the residual activity (15-20%) in patient fibroblasts, the variants reported were thought to be hypomorphic and complete loss of function possibly incompatible with life. PCYT2 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P/SysID and not commonly included in gene panels for ID. As a result this gene could included in the ID / epilepsy panels with green (~/>3 indiv/fam/variants with the nonsense found in different populations, consistent phenotype, lipidomics, in silico/in vitro/in vivo evidence) or amber rating. [Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels eg. for metabolic disorders, etc]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | PDE6D |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PDE6D was added gene: PDE6D was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PDE6D was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PDE6D were set to 24166846; 30423442 Phenotypes for gene: PDE6D were set to ?Joubert syndrome 22 - MIM 615665 Penetrance for gene: PDE6D were set to Complete Review for gene: PDE6D was set to AMBER gene: PDE6D was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Thomas et al. (2014 - PMID: 24166846) reported on a consanguineous Pakistani family with 3 members presenting variable polydactyly, brain anomalies (incl. molar tooth sign), microphthalmia/coloboma with retinal disease, renal hypoplasia suggestive of Joubert syndrome. Genotyping with a SNP array identified a unique 17-Mb region of homozygosity on chr2 with LOD score of 2.6. The region contained 208 genes, of which 15 present in ciliary gene databases. A homozygous splicing variant appeared to be the only relevant, PDE6D being a ciliary gene within this region [NM_002601.4:c.140-1G>A]. Status of all affected members, parents and 2 unaffected sibs was verified with Sanger sequencing. PDE6D encodes a phosphodiesterase that binds to prenyl groups and has a critical role in ciliogenesis (Humbert et al. - PMID: 23150559 and OMIM). Several lines of evidence provided support a role for PDE6D and the reported variants : - Study of PDE6D expression during human embryogenesis suggests ubiquitous localization and highest levels in organs affected in ciliopathies (CNS, kidney tubules, respiratory tract epitherlial cells). - RT-PCR of mRNA from control/patient fibroblasts and sequencing confirmed the splicing defect leading to an in-frame deletion of exon 3. - Wt and mutant protein both localized in the basal body of primary cilia (patient/control fibroblasts). Cilia in both cases had normal morphology. - Experiments in RPE cells confirmed that INPP5E (involved in Joubert/MORM syndrome) interacts (/is probably a cargo of) PDE6D, a process dependent on prenylation. - Exon 3 deletion was confirmed to disrupt PDE6D binding to INPP5E. - Analysis by immunofluoresence of INPP5E localization using control/patient fibroblasts and renal tissue showed absence of INPP5E from primary cilia in the case of patient cells (but not controls) suggesting that PDE6D is important for trafficking INPP5E to the cilium. - Previous study in mice suggested altered photoreceptor physiology in Pde6d (-/-) animals, resulting in a slowly progressing rod/cone dystrophy. The effect was however limited to the eye. (PMID cited : 17496142 - Zhang et al., 2007). - Morpholino knockdown of pde6d resulted in pericardial edema, eye abnormalities (microphthalmia and disorganized retinal cell layers) and kidney morphogenesis defects (distended, blocked pronephric openings and proximal tubule cysts). Edema was rescued upon coinjection of morpholino with wt (but not mutant) mRNA. Similarly coinjection led to complete or partial rescue of eye development in the case of wt and mutant mRNA respectively supporting pathogenicity and (partial) loss-of-function effect for the variant. --------- Mégarbané et al. (2019 - PMID: 30423442) reported on an affected 6 month-old boy born to Lebanese first-cousin parents. Features included hypotonia, developmental delay, microcephaly, oculomotor apraxia, postaxial polydactyly of hands and feet and presence of a molar tooth sign upon brain MRI. Renal and retinal anomalies were absent (also given his age). Exome sequencing revealed homozygosity for a frameshift PDE6D variant [NM_002601.3:c.367_368insG or p.(Leu123Cysfs*13)]. Sanger sequencing confirmed presence of the variant in the proband and carrier status of the parents. The variant affected the penultimate exon (note : present in only this longest transcript) and was not predicted to trigger NMD but rather lead to elimination of a highly conserved PDZ-interaction domain. --------- The phenotype associated with biallelic PDE6D variants in OMIM is ?Joubert syndrome 22 - MIM 615665 based only on the 1st report ('delayed psychomotor development' among the features). There is no relevant entry in G2P. PDE6D is listed as a Current primary (/confirmed) ID gene in SysID (the aforementioned PMIDs cited). This gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). --------- Overall PDE6D could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably with amber rating (2 families/variants, DD but outcome otherwise unknown - evidence for the the gene causing JS seems however sufficient). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | NTNG2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: NTNG2 was added gene: NTNG2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NTNG2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NTNG2 were set to 31372774; 31668703 Phenotypes for gene: NTNG2 were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Behavioral abnormality; Microcephaly; Seizures Penetrance for gene: NTNG2 were set to Complete Review for gene: NTNG2 was set to GREEN Added comment: [1] Abu-Libdeh et al. (2019 - PMID: 31372774) reported 8 individuals from 4 unrelated consanguineous families of Arab Muslim origin, all homozygous for NM_032536.3:c.376dup - p.(Ser126PhefsTer241). Common features included hypotonia, failure to achieve milestones and developmental stagnation without regression during the first year (~9m) of life and severe ID. Minimal purposeful hand use (grasping and bringing objects to mouth), hand stereotypies and bruxism were also observed. Microcephaly and impaired growth were almost universal (with the exception of 2 having an OFC at ~10% percentile). Relevant previous investigations were normal in all and included MECP2, SMN1, aCGH, metabolic testing, etc. The variant was identified by exome in all, and Sanger confirmed with compatible segregation studies in parents and sibs. The variant was found within a shared haplotype of ~4.35 Mb, probably due to a founder effect. [2] Dias et al. (2019 - PMID: 31668703) described 16 individuals from 7 unrelated families from Iran, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt and Bangladesh. Parents were known to be consanguineous or shown to be distantly related. All patients were homozygous for missense variants private to each family (7 variants) identified following exome sequencing. Shared features incl. hypotonia, GDD, severe to profound ID and behavioral anomalies incl. autistic features/stereotypies (most), screaming/laughing spells (most), bruxism. Microcephaly (5/14), growth below average/FTT and GI problems were also observed. Epilepsy was reported in 5 individuals belonging to 4 different families in these 2 studies (5/24 overall / 4 variants). Netrin-G2, the encoded protein, is bound to the plasma membrane by GPI-anchors. Netrins-G2 and G1 (another member of the Netrin-G subfamily) are enriched in presynaptic terminals. Interaction with their cognate Netrin-G ligand trans-synaptic partners / receptors (NGL2, NGL1 respectively) has been shown to promote axon outgrowth, induce and maintain excitatory synapse formation. Complementary and non-overlapping expression in the developping and mature CNS has been shown for Netrin-G2/1 in mice (several references provided by Abu-Libdeh / Dias). Variant effect : The frameshift variant was not studied by Abu-Libdeh et al. Variants in the 2nd ref. were all missense, displayed no-specific localization and were suggested to affect protein stability and/or expression at the cell surface as 4/7 involved loss or addition of cystein residues (possibly creating unpaired cysteins) and 2 of the remaining 3 were predicted to affect the hydrophobic core. In line with this, overexpression of wt/variant constructs in HeLa cells demonstrated substantially decreased cell surface expression for all variants. Mouse models/phenotypes : Dias et al. showed that siRNA-mediated Ntng2 knockdown in N2a cells led to significant reduction in neurite number and length. Studied previously, Ntng2 knockout mice display impaired learning, memory, visual and motor functioning (PMID cited : 26746425). NTNG2 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. SysID lists it among the candidate ID genes, citing PMID: 29302074 (not here reviewed & NTNG2 not in the main text). Overall this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as green (>3 individuals/families/variants, consistent phenotype in both reports, role of the gene, in silico and in vitro studies, animal model, etc) or amber. [Please consider inclusion in other panels if relevant eg. ASD panel (many individuals having autistic / Rett-like features or epilepsy) or epilepsy (>3 individuals/families/variants although most families were also consanguineous)] Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | AP1B1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: AP1B1 was added gene: AP1B1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AP1B1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AP1B1 were set to 31630788; 31630791 Phenotypes for gene: AP1B1 were set to Failure to thrive; Abnormality of the skin; Hearing abnormality; Abnormality of copper homeostasis; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: AP1B1 were set to Complete Review for gene: AP1B1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Boyden et al. (2019 - PMID: 31630788) and Alsaif et al (2019 - PMID: 31630791) report on the phenotype related to biallelic AP1B1 mutations. Common features included failure to thrive, ichthyosis (with variable palmoplantar keratoderma/erythroderma/abnormal hair) and hearing loss. Each study focused on different additional features eg. thrombocytopenia or photophobia in all individuals reported by Boyden et al, while Alsaif et al. focused on abnormal copper metabolism (low plasma copper and ceruloplasmin) observed in all 3 affected individuals and enteropathy/hepatopathy observed in 2 sibs. DD was observed in all 3 individuals (2 families) reported by Alsaif et al. and patient 424 reported by Boyden et al. ID was noted in all individuals of relevant age (2 from 2 families) in the study by Alsaif. Boyden commented that ID is not part of the phenotype. The adult (424) - despite his early DD - was noted to have normal intellect and had graduated college. The other patient (1325) was last followed up at 11 months (still DD was not reported). AP1B1 encodes one of the large subunits (β1) of the adaptor protein complex 1. Each of the AP complexes is a heterotetramer composed of two large (one of γ, α, δ, ε and β1-β4 for AP-1 to AP-4 respectively), one medium (μ1-μ4) and one small (σ1-σ4) adaptin subunit. The complex is involved in vesicle-mediated transport. Variants were confirmed in probands and carrier parents (NM_001127.3): Boyden Pat424 (33y) : c.430T>C (p.Cys144Arg) in trans with c.2335delC (p.Leu779Serfs*26) Boyden Pat1325 (11m) [consanguineous Ashkenazi Jewish family] : homozygosity for c.2374G>T (p.Glu792*) Alsaif sibs P1,P2 (4y4m, 1y5m) [consanguineous - Pakistani origin] : homozygous for a chr22 75 kb deletion spanning only the promoter and ex1-2 of AP1B1 Alsaif P3 (4y6m) [consanguineous - Saudi origin] : homozygous for a c.38-1G>A Variant / additional studies : 22q 75-kb deletion: PCR deletion mapping and Sanger delineated the breakpoints of the 22q12.2 del to chr22:29758984-29815476 (hg?). Complete absence of transcript upon RT-PCR (mRNA from fibrolasts). Splicing variant (c.38-1G>A): RT-PCR confirmed replacement of the normal transcript by an aberrant harboring a 1 bp deletion (r.40del). Stopgain variant (c.2374G>T): Western blot demonstrated loss of AP1B1 (and marked reduction also for AP1G1) in cultured keratinocytes of the homozygous patient. Loss-of-function is the effect predicted by variants. Vesicular defects were observed in keratinocytes of an affected individual (homozygous for the nonsense variant). Rescue of these vesicular defects upon transduction with wt AP1B1 lentiviral construct confirmed the LoF effect. [Boyden et al.] ATP7A and ATP7B, two copper transporters, have been shown to depend on AP-1 for their trafficking. Similar to MEDNIK syndrome, caused by mutations in AP1S1 and having an overlapping phenotype with AP1B1 (also including hypocupremia and hypoceruloplasminemia), fibroblasts from 2 affected individuals (from different families) demonstrated abnormal ATP7A trafficking. [Alsaif et al.] Proteomic analysis of clathrin coated vesicles (2 ind from 2 fam) demonstrated that AP1B1 was the only AP1/AP2 CCV component consistently reduced in 2 individuals (from 2 families). [Alsaif et al.] Boyden et al. provided evidence for abnormal differentiation and proliferation in skin from an affected individual. In addition E-cadherin and β-catenin were shown to be mislocalized in keratinocytes from this affected individual. Loss of ap1b1 in zebrafish is not lethal but lead to auditory defects (/vestibular deficits). The inner ears appear to develop normally, although there is progressive degeneration of ear epithelia. There are no behavioral/neurological phenotypes listed for mouse models. [ http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1096368 ]. AP1B1 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P/SysID. Overall this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably with amber rating. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | FDFT1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: FDFT1 was added gene: FDFT1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FDFT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FDFT1 were set to 29909962 Phenotypes for gene: FDFT1 were set to Profound global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Cortical visual impairment; Abnormality of the skin; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: FDFT1 were set to Complete Review for gene: FDFT1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic FDFT1 variants cause Squalene synthase deficiency (MIM 618156). 3 individuals from 2 families (and 3 variants) have been reported. DD, ID and seizures are part of the phenotype (3/3). The metabolic profile observed is specific and highly suggestive of disruption of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway (at the specific level) while the clinical presentation is similar to other disorders of the pathway (SLO). The effect of 2 variants has been studied in detail (in one case mis-splicing demonstrated and in the other regulatory effect). Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID/epilepsy panel with amber rating. As the gene is currently present only in the DDG2P panel, please consider adding it to relevant ones (eg. IEMs, undiagnosed metabolic disorders, etc). [Details provided below]. ---- Coman et al. (2018 - PMID: 29909962) reported on 3 relevant individuals from 2 unrelated families. The phenotype consisted of seizures (3/3 - neonatal onset - generalized), profound DD (ID can be inferred from the description in the supplement), variable brain MRI abnormalities (white matter loss, hypoplastic CC), cortical visual impairment, dry skin with photosensitivity as well facial dysmorphic features. Male subjects presented genital anomalies (cryptorchidism/hypospadias). FDFT1 encodes squalene synthase, the enzyme which catalyzes conversion of farnesyl-pyrophosphate to squalene - the first specific step in cholesterol biosynthesis. A specific pattern of metabolites was observed in all, similar to a pattern previously observed in animal models/humans treated with squalene synthase inhibitor or upon loading with farnesol (in animals). Overall the pattern was suggestive of a cholesterol biosynthesis defect at the level of squalene synthase as suggested by increased total farnesol levels (farnesyl-pyrophosphate + free farnesol), reduced/normal squalene, low plasma cholesterol as well as other metabolites. Clinical features also resembled those observed in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (another disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis). WES was carried out in affected individuals and their parents and revealed for sibs of the first family, compound heterozygosity for a maternally inherited 120-kb deletion spanning exons 6-10 of FDFT1 and CTSB and a paternally inherited FDFT1 variant in intron 8 (TC deletion/AG insertion). Variant studies for the latter included: - Minigene splice assay demonstrating retention of 22 bp in intron 8. - Partial splicing defect with both nl and mis-spliced cDNA (patient fibroblasts) - Reduced protein levels in lymphoblasts/fibroblasts from both sibs upon Western blot. Contribution of the CTSB deletion was considered unlikely (carrier mother was unaffected). As for the 2nd family, WES data allowed identification of a homozygous deep-intronic (although this is transcript-specific) 16-bp deletion in the proband. Parents were carriers. For the specific variant : - cDNA studies failed to detect 3 (of 10) isoforms which are normally present in control fibroblasts. Eventual NMD (which would be predicted if the deletion resulted in splicing defect) was eliminated given the absent effect of cyclohexamide addition, thus suggesting a regulatory effect. - Given a predicted promoter/enhancer effect of the deleted region, a luciferase assay performed, suggested that the sequence had promoter capacity, with the construct containing the 16-bp deletion showing reduced promoter activity. Fdft1 knockout mice demonstrate embryonic lethality around mid-gestation while they exhibit severe growth retardation and defective neural tube closure. In G2P FDFT1 is associated with 'Defect in Cholesterol Biosynthesis' (confidence:possible/biallelic/LoF). The gene belongs to the Current primary ID gene group of SysID. It is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | IQSEC1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: IQSEC1 was added gene: IQSEC1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: IQSEC1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: IQSEC1 were set to 31607425 Phenotypes for gene: IQSEC1 were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Behavioral abnormality; Short stature Penetrance for gene: IQSEC1 were set to Complete Review for gene: IQSEC1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Ansar et al. (2019 - PMID: 31607425) reported on 5 individuals with biallelic IQSEC1 variants. Common features included hypotonia, DD, speech impairment, severe ID, behavioral problems as well as short stature. Early-onset seizures were observed in 3 sibs (for whom there was also a paternal family history of seizures). These subjects belonging to 2 consanguineous families from Pakistan and S. Arabia were found to harbor homozygous missense variants private to each family (Fam1: NM_001134382.2:c.1028C>T or p.Thr354Met following SNP genotyping of several members and exome of the proband | Fam2: c.962G>A or p.Arg321Gln following exome in 2 affected members). Sanger confirmation and study of parents (+/- sibs) were compatible. The homozygous variant was the only candidate in the 1st family (also following exclusion of other causes of ID/short stature), and most likely/compatible with the patient's phenotype in the 2nd. As the authors note, IQSEC1-3 encode guanine exchange factors (GEFs) for the ARF family of GTPases. IQSEC2 is a known XLID gene, while biallelic IQSEC3 mutations in ID have been recently reported (PMID: 31130284), all presenting phenotypic similarities (ID, short stature, speech defect). Previous studies cited had shown that IQSEC1 & 2 are concentrated at the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic synapses in mammalian brain, playing a role in actin-dependent processes incl. AMPA receptor trafficing at synapses (all refs in article). Drosophila model: The ortholog of IQSEC1, 2 and 3 is schizo and the phenotype associated with its loss is a growth cone guidance defect through dysregulation of the Slit-Robo pathway (all refs in article). The authors studied overexpression of either reference IQSEC1 cDNA or variant cDNAs in wt flies, the former only being toxic/lethal. Loss of schizo was also embryonically lethal but was partially rescued by expression of reference IQSEC1 cDNA. Expression of cDNA for the 2 variants did not rescue lethality. As a result LoF appears to be the underlying effect of both variants. The authors provided evidence that schizo is localized in glia and neurons at various stages of development and is important for proper axon guidance in both CNS and PNS. In Drosophila, schizo is also localized in photoreceptors and RNAi-mediated knockdown resulted in severely impaired sight (also observed in 1 patient). Mouse model: Through generation of Iqsec1-floxed mice, it was demonstrated that targeted depletion of Iqsec1 in the cortex resulted in increased density/immature morphology of dendritic spines. IQSEC1 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM / G2P / SysID and not commonly included in gene panels for ID. As a result, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel as probably as amber (2 families/variants). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1098 | TAOK1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: TAOK1 were changed from to INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY; developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1097 | TAOK1 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: TAOK1 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1096 | TAOK1 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Set MOI to MONOALLELIC, to match Gene2Phenotype and PMID:31230721. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1096 | TAOK1 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: TAOK1 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen McDonagh reviewed gene: TAOK1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31230721; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Classified gene: TAOK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Added comment: Comment on list classification: Recently reported DD gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Gene: taok1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Classified gene: TAOK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Added comment: Comment on list classification: Recently reported DD gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Gene: taok1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Classified gene: TAOK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Added comment: Comment on list classification: Recently reported DD gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1095 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Gene: taok1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Classified gene: TAOK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Added comment: Comment on list classification: Recently reported DD gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Gene: taok1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Classified gene: TAOK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Added comment: Comment on list classification: Recently reported DD gene | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1094 | TAOK1 | Ellen Thomas Gene: taok1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1093 | SIX3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: SIX3 were changed from Holoprosencephaly-2, 157170Schizensephaly, 269160; HOLOPROSENCEPHALY to Holoprosencephaly-2, 157170; Schizensephaly, 269160; HOLOPROSENCEPHALY | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1092 | SVBP | Alistair Pagnamenta reviewed gene: SVBP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31363758, 30607023; Phenotypes: brain abnormalities, microcephaly, intellectual disability, delayed gross motor development, spasticity, delayed speech development; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1092 | NKAP | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: NKAP were changed from to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1091 | NKAP | Catherine Snow Classified gene: NKAP as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1091 | NKAP |
Catherine Snow Added comment: Comment on list classification: NKAP reviewed by Konstantinos Varvagiannis following publication by Fiordaliso et al. (PMID:31587868) who identified 10 males from 8 unrelated families with missense mutations in NKAP (on Xq24) Hypotonia and tall stature with Marfanoid habitus was predominant phenotype. One variant (NM_024528:c.988G>A / p.Arg333Gln) was seen in 4 families and although origin was not provided for all families this variant was seen in brothers with parents from Slovakia and an individual with parents from Japan. NKAP is not currently in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Rating NKAP as Green as consistent phenotype observed, >3 unrelated individuals and some functional work in Zebrafish. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1091 | NKAP | Catherine Snow Gene: nkap has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1090 | NKAP | Catherine Snow Tag missense tag was added to gene: NKAP. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1090 | METTL5 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: METTL5 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1090 | METTL5 |
Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: METTL5 was added to the panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. There are just sufficient (3) cases from the literature (siblings in PMID:29302074 plus 2 families in PMID:31564433), and animal models (mice and zebrafish) exhibit microcephaly similar to the human phenotype. However, the Gly61Asp variant found in the PMID:29302074 siblings is currently classed as VUS and PMID:31564433 failed to demonstrate a functional impact for this variant on the encoded protein. METTL5 has been recently added (October 2019) to DD-G2P with a probable rating for 'Autosomal-Recessive Intellectual Disability and Microcephaly'. METTL5 is not yet associated with a disorder in OMIM. Given the uncertainty of the functional significance of the Gly61Asp variant, on balance an Amber rating is appropriate at this time, pending further cases or functional evidence. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1090 | METTL5 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: mettl5 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1089 | METTL5 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: METTL5 were set to 29302074; http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.007; https://imgc2019.sciencesconf.org/data/abstract_book_complete.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1088 | METTL5 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: METTL5 were changed from Delayed speech and language development; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Behavioral abnormality to Autosomal-Recessive Intellectual Disability and Microcephaly; Delayed speech and language development; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Behavioral abnormality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1088 | NKAP | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: NKAP were set to 26358559; 26350204 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1087 | TRAPPC6B | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: TRAPPC6B as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1087 | TRAPPC6B | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green based on Aug 2019 review by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Konstantinos notes an additional 2019 paper (Nair et al) who report a Lebanese patient with global DD and ID, who is homozygous for a nonsense variant in TRAPPC6B (p.Leu8*). The unaffected mother was a heterozygous carrier. In contrast to previous cases, the patient did not show any seizures, but the authors note he was only 3.5 years old at the time of writing, and will be monitored for seizure events. ID/DD is a consistent phenotype across cases. This takes the number of cases to 3 (with the 3 families in Marin-Valencia forming 1 case), with 3 separate variants. Therefore Green rating is appropriate. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1087 | TRAPPC6B | Rebecca Foulger Gene: trappc6b has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1086 | CSDE1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: CSDE1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1086 | CSDE1 | Catherine Snow Added comment: Comment on list classification: CSDE1 identified by Konstantinos Varvagiannis based on a publication by Guo et al. (PMID: 31579823) This is the first time CSDE1 has been associated with any diseases therefore it not currently in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. However consistent phenotype of DD/ID and autism seen among all individuals with variants. With functional work on both mice and Drosophila. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1086 | CSDE1 | Catherine Snow Gene: csde1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1085 | CSDE1 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: CSDE1 were set to http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2166 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1084 | SMG9 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: SMG9 were set to 27018474; 30914295 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1083 | SMG9 | Catherine Snow edited their review of gene: SMG9: Added comment: Maintaining Amber rating as although another individual with a variant has been identified in PMID: 31390136 there are still only full details of serve developmental delays for 2 unrelated families due to the young age of death of one reported individual in 27018474; Changed publications: 31390136 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1083 | PMPCB |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: PMPCB identified by Konstantinos Varvagiannis following publication by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218) who reported on by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218) who identified 5 individuals from 4 unrelated families (in one case consanguineous) who have biallelic pathogenic PMPCB variants. PMPCB is in OMIM and Gene2Phenotype with relevant phenotype. Individuals reported have stagnation in their development before onset of symptoms. PMPCB is Green on relevant Mitochondrial disorders panel (Version 2.1). As phenotype of DD is relevant to ID panel PMPCB is classified as Green.; to: PMPCB identified by Konstantinos Varvagiannis following publication by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218) who identified 5 individuals from 4 unrelated families (in one case consanguineous) who have biallelic pathogenic PMPCB variants. PMPCB is in OMIM and Gene2Phenotype with relevant phenotype. Individuals reported have stagnation in their development before onset of symptoms including, delayed psychomotor development and ID. PMPCB is Green on relevant Mitochondrial disorders panel (Version 2.1). As phenotype of DD is relevant to ID panel PMPCB is classified as Green. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1083 | PMPCB | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: PMPCB were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1083 | PMPCB | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PMPCB as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1083 | PMPCB | Catherine Snow Gene: pmpcb has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1082 | PMPCB | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: PMPCB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29576218; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1082 | PCDH12 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: PCDH12 were changed from intellectual disability; microcephaly; epilepsy; perithalamic hyperechogenicity; periventricular hyperechogenicity; midbrain abnormalities; hypothalamic abnormalities to intellectual disability; microcephaly; epilepsy; perithalamic hyperechogenicity; periventricular hyperechogenicity; midbrain abnormalities; hypothalamic abnormalities; Microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, and brain calcification, 251280 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1081 | PCDH12 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PCDH12 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1081 | PCDH12 | Catherine Snow Added comment: Comment on list classification: Following review by Konstantinos Varvagiannis on PCDH12, highlighted that here is now a sufficient number of published variants from unrelated families to classify PCDH12 as Green with ID reported in all. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1081 | PCDH12 | Catherine Snow Gene: pcdh12 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1081 | PCDH12 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: PCDH12 were set to 27164683 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1080 | CDH2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: CDH2 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1080 | CDH2 | Catherine Snow Gene: cdh2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1079 | CDH2 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: CDH2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1079 | APC2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: APC2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1079 | APC2 | Catherine Snow Gene: apc2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1078 | APC2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: APC2 as No list | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1078 | APC2 | Catherine Snow Added comment: Comment on list classification: APC2 is in OMIM with a relevant clinical features but not in Gene2Phenotype. APC2 was identified by Konstantinos Varvagiannis who reviewed all variants. Sufficient number of individuals from unrelated families reported upon in the literature and three different variants identified. Therefore APC2 can be classified as Green | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1078 | APC2 | Catherine Snow Gene: apc2 has been removed from the panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1077 | TDP2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: TDP2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1077 | TDP2 | Catherine Snow Gene: tdp2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TDP2 | Catherine Snow commented on gene: TDP2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger edited their review of gene: TANC2: Changed rating: AMBER | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Red to Amber based on PMID:31616000 2019 article suggested by Andrea Haworth. Sufficient unrelated cases (19/20) with an ID/DD phenotype but the pathogenicity of the variants has not yet been verified. Therefore Amber with 'watchlist' tag is appropriate pending functional studies.; to: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Red to Amber based on PMID:31616000 2019 article suggested by Andrea Haworth. Sufficient unrelated cases (19/20) with an ID/DD phenotype but the pathogenicity of the variants has not yet been verified. Not yet associated with a disorder in Gene2Phenotype or OMIM. Currently only 1 paper, therefore Amber with 'watchlist' tag is appropriate pending functional studies. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: TANC2 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Red to Amber based on PMID:31616000 2019 article suggested by Andrea Haworth. Sufficient unrelated cases (19/20) with an ID/DD phenotype but the pathogenicity of the variants has not yet been verified. Therefore Amber with 'watchlist' tag is appropriate pending functional studies. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1076 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: tanc2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1075 | TANC2 |
Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TANC2: Summary of PMID:31616000 (PMC:6794285) suggested by Andrea Haworth reviewer: Guo et al assembled phenotypic data for 19 probands and 1 affected sibling with TANC2 variants. Variants include 16 LGD (likely gene-disruptive) variants and three intragenic microdeletions. Phenotypes included ASD, ID, speech-language delay and childhood motor delay: - 15/20 individuals had ASD/autism features (7 with a formal diagnosis). - 19/20 individuals had some form of ID (17 with a formal diagnosis of borderline to severe ID, and 2 with learning difficulties without a formal diagnosis). - 18/20 showed speech-language delay. - 13/19 individuals had childhood motor delay. - 11/20 individuals had a formal diagnosis of epilepsy (9) or suffered recurrent seizures (2). |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1075 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: TANC2 were changed from to NDD syndrome; Neurodevelopmental Disorder; Intellectual disability; Childhood speech delay; Childhood motor delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1074 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: Set MOI as MONOALLELIC based on PMID:31616000 (Figure 2). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1074 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: TANC2 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1073 | TDP2 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene: TDP2 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1072 | TANC2 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: TANC2 were set to 26350204 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1071 | PIGP | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: PIGP as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1071 | PIGP | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: PIGP was added to the panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Upgraded rating from Grey to Amber, and added watchlist tag, following review of literature and Amber rating on the Genetic epilepsy syndromes panel. Not yet associated with a disorder in Gene2Phenotype. 2 unrelated cases from the literature plus a third case from LOVD. Therefore Amber rating is appropriate. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1071 | PIGP | Rebecca Foulger Gene: pigp has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1070 | PMPCA | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: PMPCA as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1070 | PMPCA | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Amber. PMPCA was added and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Although there are sufficient (3) literature cases overall, the phenotype is variable across cases: 3 families with a possible Founder variant in PMID:25808372, no ID reported in PMID:26657514, 1 family in PMID:27148589 and 1 individual in PMID:30617178. Therefore rated Amber awaiting further cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1070 | PMPCA | Rebecca Foulger Gene: pmpca has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1069 | PMPCA | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PMPCA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1069 | CA5A | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CA5A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1069 | CA5A | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: CA5A was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1068 | CA5A | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: CA5A were changed from to Hyperammonemia due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency, 615751 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1067 | CA5A | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: CA5A were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1066 | TANC2 | Andrea Haworth commented on gene: TANC2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1066 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: MED25 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1066 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green based on the recent Lebanese cases reported by Nair et al (DOI:10.1159/000501114 and PMID:30800049). Advice and a Green review by Helen Brittain supports the upgrade to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1066 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: med25 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1065 | FBXW11 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: FBXW11 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1065 | FBXW11 | Catherine Snow Gene: fbxw11 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1064 | FBXW11 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: FBXW11: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31402090, 16865294; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1064 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Classified gene: SMPD4 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1064 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on list classification: Changed from Amber to Green. Appropriate phenotypes, sufficient cases, support gene-disease association. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1064 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Gene: smpd4 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1063 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Tag watchlist was removed from gene: SMPD4. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1063 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on publications: Magini P et al. (October 2019) Loss of SMPD4 Causes a Developmental Disorder Characterized by Microcephaly and Congenital Arthrogryposis. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1063 | SMPD4 | Louise Daugherty Publications for gene: SMPD4 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | TDP2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TDP2 was added gene: TDP2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: TDP2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TDP2 were set to 24658003; 30109272; 31410782 Phenotypes for gene: TDP2 were set to Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23, 616949) Penetrance for gene: TDP2 were set to unknown Review for gene: TDP2 was set to GREEN gene: TDP2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic TGP2 variants cause Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23 (MIM 616949). At least 6 affected individuals from 4 families have been reported, in all cases homozygous for LoF variants (3 different). ID, epilepsy and ataxia are consistent features of the disorder. TDP2 encodes a phosphodiesterase that is required for efficient repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) produced by abortive topoisomerase II (TOP2) activity. The gene is expressed in fetal and adult human brain. Evidence at the variant level (mRNA, protein levels) and additional studies for impairment of TOP2-induced DSB repair support a role. Animal models (primarily mice) reproduce the DSB repair defect, provide some histopathological evidence, show transcriptional dysregulation of genes (in line with the role of TOP2 in transcription). They have however failed to reproduce relevant neurological phenotypes. Published studies are summarized below. TDP2 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc and GeneDx). There is no associated phenotype in G2P. TDP2 is listed among the current primary ID genes in SysID. Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels probably as green (>=3 patients/families/variants, relevant ID and seizures in all, expression in brain, mRNA/protein levels tested, impaired activity) or amber (absence of neurological phenotypes in mouse model). ------------ [1] - PMID: 24658003 (Gómez-Herreros et al. 2014): Reports 3 individuals from a consanguineous Irish family. Features included seizures (onset by 2m, 6m and 12y), ID (3/3) and ataxia (3/3). A splicing variant (NM_016614.3:c.425+1G>A) was found in a 9.08-Mb region of homozygosity shared by all. A further ZNF193 missense variant localizing in the same region was thought unlikely to contribute to the phenotype (evidence also provided in subsequent study). The effect of the specific variant was proven by abnormal mRNA size, lower mRNA levels due to NMD (corrected upon cyclohexamide treatment), loss of TDP2 protein upon WB, loss of protein activity in lymphoblastoid cells from affected individuals, decreased repair of DSBs and increased cell death upon addition of etoposide (which promotes TOP2 abortive activity). The authors report very briefly on a further patient (from Egypt), with ID, 'reports of fits' and ataxia. This individual, with also affected sibs, was homozygous LoF (c.413_414delinsAA / p.Ser138*). Again, the authors were not able to detect TDP2 activity in blood from this subject. As also commented: - TDP2 has relevant expression in human (particularly adult) brain. - Mouse model : Tdp2 is expressed in relevant tissues, absence of Tdp2 activity was observed in neural tissue of mice homoyzgous for an ex1-3 del, with impairment of DSB repair. The authors were unable to detect a neurological phenotype with behavioral analyses, preliminary assesment of seizure propensity. Mice did not show developmental defects. Histopathology however, revealed ~25% reduction in the density of interneurons in cerebellum (a 'hallmark of DSB repair' and associated with seizures and ataxia). Transcription of several genes was shown to be disregulated. - Knockdown in zebrafish appears to affect left-right axis detremination (cited PMID: 18039968). [2] - PMID: 30109272 (Zagnoli-Vieira et al. 2018): A 6 y.o. male with seizures (onset by 5m), hypotonia, DD and ID, microcephaly and some additional clinical features and testing (ETC studies on muscle biopsy, +lactate, +(lactate/pyruvate) ratio) which could be suggestive of mitochondrial disorder. This individual from the US was homozygous for the c.425+1G>A variant but lacked the ZNF193 one (despite a shared haplotype with the Irish patients). Again absence of the protein was shown upon WB in patient fibroblasts, also supported by its activity. Complementation studies restored the DSB repair defect. The defect was specific to TOP2-induced DSBs as suggested by hypersensitivity to etoposide but not to ionizing radiation. CRISPR/Cas9 generated mutant human A549 cells demonstrated abnormal DSB repair. Fibroblasts / edited A549 cells failed to show mitochondrial defects (which were noted in muscle). [3] - PMID: 31410782 (Ciaccio et al. 2019): A girl born to consanguineous Italian parents, presented with moderate/severe ID, seizures (onset at 12y) and - among others - gait ataxia, tremor and dysmetria. MRI at the age of 12, demonstrated cerebellar atrophy (although previous exams were N). WES revealed a homozygous nonsense variant (c.400C>T / p.Arg134Ter) for which each parent was found to be carrier. Previous investigations included aCGH, NGS testing for epilepsy and metabolic testing. Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | PCDH12 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: PCDH12: Rating: ; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27164683, 28804758, 29556033, 30178464, 30459466, 18477666; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, seizures, spasticity, and brain calcification, 251280; Mode of inheritance: None; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | NKAP | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: NKAP: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.009; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Tall stature, Scoliosis, Pectus excavatum, Pectus carinatum, Arachnodactyly, Camptodactyly, Abnormality of the cardiovascular system, Abnormality of the genitourinary system, Abnormality of the face, Obesity; Mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | APC2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: APC2 was added gene: APC2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: APC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: APC2 were set to 31585108; 25753423; 19759310; 22573669 Phenotypes for gene: APC2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system Penetrance for gene: APC2 were set to Complete Review for gene: APC2 was set to GREEN gene: APC2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Probably 14 individuals from 9 families (8 consanguineous) with biallelic APC2 LoF variants have been reported. ID and brain abnormalities were features in all, although the presentation was quite different between sibs in the first report (PMID: 25753423 - mild/mod ID, ventriculomegaly and CC anomalies, macrocephaly with variable height, Sotos-like facial features) and 12 subsequently described patients (PMID: 31585108 - severe ID, P>A lissencephaly/CC anomalies/ventriculomegaly/paucity of white matter in (almost) all, gT-C/myoclonic seizures in 8/12 with onset 3m-6y, OFC in the low percentiles). In all cases relevant alternative diagnoses (eg. macrocephaly/overgrowth syndromes - 1st report, mutations in other lissencephaly genes, metabolic disorders - 2nd) were ruled out. APC2 encodes Adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2, expressed in the CNS. All variants reported to date were LoF (stopgain/frameshift/splicing) and were supported by parental-only studies. Mutations in the 1st report as well as 4/8 variants from the 2nd report localized within the last exon (NM_005883.2 / longest of >=3 isoforms), although the 2nd report did not observe obvious genotype-phenotype correlations. Despite a pLI of 1 in gnomAD, Lee et al. comment that heterozygous carriers did not have any noticeable phenotype. They further note that carriers were not examined by brain MRI, though. 27 heterozygous high-confidence variants appear in individuals in gnomAD. Finally as commented on, APC2 is not mutated in colon cancer. Animal models: Apc -/- mice displayed disrupted neuronal migration, with defects of lamination of cerebral cortex and cerebellum supporting the observed brain abnormalities. In addition Apc2-deficient mice also presented impaired learning and memory abilities. Extensive additional studies have shown Apc2 co-localization with microtubules affecting their stabilization, distribution along actin fibers (all supporting a role in cytoskeletal organization) and regulation of Rac1 (a Rho GTPase). Generation of Neuro2a cells demonstrated abnormal localization mainly in cell bodies of mutant hAPC2 proteins (due to frameshift in the last exon / deletion of the C-terminal part) - different from wt (neurites, growth cones, cell bodies). The first patient report also provided evidence for Apc2 being a downstream effector of Nsd1, with Nsd1 knockdown brains displaying impaired migration / laminar positioning of cortical neurons (similar to Apc2-/- model) and rescued by forced expression of Apc2. Relevant articles: PMIDs: 19759310 and 22573669 (Shintani et al. 2009 & 2012) [mouse model] PMID: 25753423 (Almuriekhi et al. 2015) [2 individuals + mouse model] PMID: 31585108 (Lee et al. 2019) [12 individuals from 8 families] ----- In OMIM, the APC2-related phenotype is ?Sotos syndrome 3 (MIM 617169 - AR). G2P does not have any associated phenotype for this gene. In SysID, APC2 belongs to the Current primary ID genes. APC2 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. Radboudumc, GeneDx). ----- Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as green (>3 individuals/families/variants, highly specific pattern of lissencephaly in 12/14, mouse model supporting migration defects and impaired learning/memory) rather than amber (differences between the 1st and the other families reported as for the OFC and presence of lissencephaly). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | CDH2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Accogli et al. (2019 - PMID: 31585109) report on 9 individuals with de novo pathogenic CDH2 variants. Overlapping features included axon pathfinding defects (corpus callosum agenesis/hypoplasia, mirror movements, Duane anomaly), cardiac, ocular and genital anomalies. Neurodevelopmental phenotypes included DD (8/9), ID (2/8 mild and 2/8 moderate, the remaining had either low-average/borderline int. functioning (2), did not present ID (2) or did not have relevant age for evaluation) and ASD (in 2). CDH2 encodes cadherin-2 (N-cadherin) with high expression in neural tissue. As the authors note, the gene has important role in neural development, incl. proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, neural tube formation, synaptogenesis, neuronal migration and axon elongation. N-cadherin, similar to other classical cadherins has an extracellular domain with 5 extracellular cadherin (EC) domain repeats that mediate cell adhesion either in cis or in trans (between molecules of the same / different cells). Mutations in other cadherins have been associated among others with neurodevelopmental disorders (eg. PCDH19, PCDH12, etc). Variants in all cases were de novo, identified following trio-WES. 7 missense variants (6 of which clustering within the EC4-EC5 linker region or the EC5 domain - calculated p=1.37x10-4) and 2 frameshift ones predicted not to lead to NMD were identified. One individual had an additional DNM1 variant, formally fulfilling ACMG criteria for pathogenic. The authors however felt that presentation of the specific subject (low-average/borderline int. functioning, absence of seizures and microcephaly) was not compatible with the phenotype of DNM1-encephalopathy . Missense SNVs within the EC4-EC5 region, were shown to impair cell-cell adhesion by affecting both self-binding and trans adhesion to wt N-cadherin (in L cells studied). This supported a possible dominant-negative effect. A single variant in the EC2 domain - previously shown to be critical for adhesion - was thought to have a similar effect. The authors speculated that truncating variants may also act in a dominant-negative manner (as has been demonstrated for other cadherins) although LoF remains possible. Cdh2 knockout in mice is embryonically lethal. Mouse with conditional inactivation of Cdh2 in the cerebral cortex leads to cortical disorganization and CCA similar to the human phenotypes (PMIDs cited: 9015265, 17222817). Other animal studies (mouse, zebrafish, chicken, dog, etc) are also cited to link with specific defects. Heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the ectodomain have been associated with ARVC (2 variants, one of which segregated with the disorder in a 3-generation family, the other identified in two unrelated families with several affecteds - refs. provided in the article). Cardiac abnormalities were noted in several subjects (incl. electrical activity in 2). [Amber rating of this gene in Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy panel]. ------ The gene is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM / G2P / SysID and not commonly included in panels for ID. ------ As a result CDH2 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as amber (mild/moderate ID in 4/8, uncertainty regarding the underlying effect of some variants or additional phenotypes (ARVC)) or green (>3 individuals/variants/families, ID is a feature and in some cases of moderate degree). Sources: Literature; to: Accogli et al. (2019 - PMID: 31585109) report on 9 individuals with de novo pathogenic CDH2 variants. Overlapping features included axon pathfinding defects (corpus callosum agenesis/hypoplasia, mirror movements, Duane anomaly), cardiac, ocular and genital anomalies. Neurodevelopmental phenotypes included DD (8/9), ID (2/8 mild and 2/8 moderate, the remaining had either low-average/borderline int. functioning (2), did not present ID (2) or did not have relevant age for evaluation) and ASD (in 2). CDH2 encodes cadherin-2 (N-cadherin) with high expression in neural tissue. As the authors note, the gene has important role in neural development, incl. proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, neural tube formation, synaptogenesis, neuronal migration and axon elongation. N-cadherin, similar to other classical cadherins has an extracellular domain with 5 extracellular cadherin (EC) domain repeats that mediate cell adhesion either in cis or in trans (between molecules of the same / different cells). Mutations in other cadherins have been associated among others with neurodevelopmental disorders (eg. PCDH19, PCDH12, etc). Variants in all cases were de novo, identified following trio-WES. 7 missense variants (6 of which clustering within the EC4-EC5 linker region or the EC5 domain - calculated p=1.37x10-4) and 2 frameshift ones predicted not to lead to NMD were identified. One individual had an additional DNM1 variant, formally fulfilling ACMG criteria for pathogenic. The authors however felt that presentation of the specific subject (low-average/borderline int. functioning, absence of seizures and microcephaly) was not compatible with the phenotype of DNM1-encephalopathy . Missense SNVs within the EC4-EC5 region, were shown to impair cell-cell adhesion by affecting both self-binding and trans adhesion to wt N-cadherin (in L cells studied). This supported a possible dominant-negative effect. A single variant in the EC2 domain - previously shown to be critical for adhesion - was thought to have a similar effect. The authors speculated that truncating variants may also act in a dominant-negative manner (as has been demonstrated for other cadherins) although LoF remains possible. Cdh2 knockout in mice is embryonically lethal. Conditional inactivation of Cdh2 in the cerebral cortex leads to cortical disorganization and CCA similar to the human phenotypes (PMIDs cited: 9015265, 17222817). Other animal studies (mouse, zebrafish, chicken, dog, etc) are also cited to link with specific defects. Heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the ectodomain have been associated with ARVC (2 variants, one of which segregated with the disorder in a 3-generation family, the other identified in two unrelated families with several affecteds - refs. provided in the article). Cardiac abnormalities were noted in several subjects (incl. electrical activity in 2). [Amber rating of this gene in Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy panel]. ------ The gene is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM / G2P / SysID and not commonly included in panels for ID. ------ As a result CDH2 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as amber (mild/moderate ID in 4/8, uncertainty regarding the underlying effect of some variants or additional phenotypes (ARVC)) or green (>3 individuals/variants/families, ID is a feature and in some cases of moderate degree). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | CDH2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CDH2 was added gene: CDH2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CDH2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CDH2 were set to 31585109; 9015265; 17222817 Phenotypes for gene: CDH2 were set to Abnormality of the corpus callosum; Abnormality of neuronal migration; Bimanual synkinesia; Duane anomaly; Abnormality of cardiovascular system; Abnormality of the eye; Abnormality of the genital system; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: CDH2 were set to unknown Review for gene: CDH2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Accogli et al. (2019 - PMID: 31585109) report on 9 individuals with de novo pathogenic CDH2 variants. Overlapping features included axon pathfinding defects (corpus callosum agenesis/hypoplasia, mirror movements, Duane anomaly), cardiac, ocular and genital anomalies. Neurodevelopmental phenotypes included DD (8/9), ID (2/8 mild and 2/8 moderate, the remaining had either low-average/borderline int. functioning (2), did not present ID (2) or did not have relevant age for evaluation) and ASD (in 2). CDH2 encodes cadherin-2 (N-cadherin) with high expression in neural tissue. As the authors note, the gene has important role in neural development, incl. proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, neural tube formation, synaptogenesis, neuronal migration and axon elongation. N-cadherin, similar to other classical cadherins has an extracellular domain with 5 extracellular cadherin (EC) domain repeats that mediate cell adhesion either in cis or in trans (between molecules of the same / different cells). Mutations in other cadherins have been associated among others with neurodevelopmental disorders (eg. PCDH19, PCDH12, etc). Variants in all cases were de novo, identified following trio-WES. 7 missense variants (6 of which clustering within the EC4-EC5 linker region or the EC5 domain - calculated p=1.37x10-4) and 2 frameshift ones predicted not to lead to NMD were identified. One individual had an additional DNM1 variant, formally fulfilling ACMG criteria for pathogenic. The authors however felt that presentation of the specific subject (low-average/borderline int. functioning, absence of seizures and microcephaly) was not compatible with the phenotype of DNM1-encephalopathy . Missense SNVs within the EC4-EC5 region, were shown to impair cell-cell adhesion by affecting both self-binding and trans adhesion to wt N-cadherin (in L cells studied). This supported a possible dominant-negative effect. A single variant in the EC2 domain - previously shown to be critical for adhesion - was thought to have a similar effect. The authors speculated that truncating variants may also act in a dominant-negative manner (as has been demonstrated for other cadherins) although LoF remains possible. Cdh2 knockout in mice is embryonically lethal. Mouse with conditional inactivation of Cdh2 in the cerebral cortex leads to cortical disorganization and CCA similar to the human phenotypes (PMIDs cited: 9015265, 17222817). Other animal studies (mouse, zebrafish, chicken, dog, etc) are also cited to link with specific defects. Heterozygous CDH2 variants affecting the ectodomain have been associated with ARVC (2 variants, one of which segregated with the disorder in a 3-generation family, the other identified in two unrelated families with several affecteds - refs. provided in the article). Cardiac abnormalities were noted in several subjects (incl. electrical activity in 2). [Amber rating of this gene in Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy panel]. ------ The gene is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM / G2P / SysID and not commonly included in panels for ID. ------ As a result CDH2 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as amber (mild/moderate ID in 4/8, uncertainty regarding the underlying effect of some variants or additional phenotypes (ARVC)) or green (>3 individuals/variants/families, ID is a feature and in some cases of moderate degree). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | MED25 | Helen Brittain edited their review of gene: MED25: Added comment: There are now different variants (potentially each founders) in three populations, and several families, that have been reported in association with ID. Therefore the evidence for a green rating in terms of a gene:disease association now seems sufficient. To determine the extent of the phenotype, in terms of associated features, further cases would be beneficial. Therefore I would currently recommend a green rating for the ID panel.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed phenotypes: Basel-Vanagait-Smirin-Yosef syndrome 616449; Changed mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1062 | INTS1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: INTS1 were changed from Hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Cataract; Abnormality of the skeletal system to Neurodevelopmental disorder with cataracts, poor growth, and dysmorphic facies, 618571; Hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Cataract; Abnormality of the skeletal system | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1061 | AP2M1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: AP2M1 were changed from Seizures; Ataxia; Generalized hypotonia; Intellectual disability; Global developmental delay; Autistic behavior to Intellectual developmental disorder 60 with seizures, 618587; Seizures; Ataxia; Generalized hypotonia; Intellectual disability; Global developmental delay; Autistic behavior | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1060 | RAC3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: RAC3 were changed from Abnormality of brain morphology, Abnormal muscle tone, Neurodevelopmental delay, Intellectual disability; Abnormality of brain morphology; Abnormal muscle tone; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability to Neurodevelopmental disorder with structural brain anomalies and dysmorphic facies, 618577; Abnormality of brain morphology, Abnormal muscle tone, Neurodevelopmental delay, Intellectual disability; Abnormality of brain morphology; Abnormal muscle tone; Neurodevelopmental delay; Intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1059 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PIGU were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar hypoplasia; Scoliosis to Glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis defect 2, 618590; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar hypoplasia; Scoliosis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1058 | PIGQ | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PIGQ were changed from SEVERE EARLY-ONSET EPILEPSY to SEVERE EARLY-ONSET EPILEPSY; Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 77, 618548 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1057 | PIGB | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PIGB were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Hearing abnormality; Abnormality of vision; Elevated alkaline phosphatase; Abnormality of the head; Abnormality of the hand; Abnormality of the foot to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 80, 618580; Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Hearing abnormality; Abnormality of vision; Elevated alkaline phosphatase; Abnormality of the head; Abnormality of the hand; Abnormality of the foot | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1056 | HNRNPR | Catherine Snow Classified gene: HNRNPR as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1056 | HNRNPR | Catherine Snow Gene: hnrnpr has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1055 | HNRNPR | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: HNRNPR: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31079900, 26795593; Phenotypes: Intellectual Disability; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1055 | DDX6 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: DDX6 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1055 | DDX6 | Catherine Snow Gene: ddx6 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1054 | DDX6 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: DDX6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31422817; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1054 | TIMM50 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: TIMM50 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1054 | TIMM50 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: TIMM50 was added to the ID panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Not yet associated with a disorder in Gene2Phenotype but upgraded rating from Grey to Green following review of literature evidence. PMID:27573165 and PMID:31058414 report 5 patients from 3 families with a consistent ID and epilepsy phenotype accompanied by 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. In addition, PMID:30190335 report pyschomotor regression in their patient, and a conference abstract (Serajee et al. 2015) adds an additional case of developmental delay. Therefore ID appears a consistent phenotype of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria and with sufficient reported cases, a Green rating is appropriate. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1054 | TIMM50 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: timm50 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1053 | TIMM50 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: TIMM50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1053 | TIMM50 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: TIMM50 were changed from 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type IX (MIM 617698) to 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type IX, 617698 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1052 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: GABRA5 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1052 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Upgraded from Amber to Green following advice from Genomics England clinical team. The case reported in PMID:29961870 (Butler et al 2018) had delayed milestones and is reported to be non-verbal, which is a relevant phenotype for this panel. Overall 3 unrelated cases from 2 papers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1052 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: gabra5 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1051 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: KCNMA1 were changed from GENERALIZED EPILEPSY AND PAROXYSMAL DYSKINESIA to Cerebellar atrophy, developmental delay, and seizures, 617643; Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, 3, with or without generalized epilepsy, 609446 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1050 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KCNMA1 were set to 15937479 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1049 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene: KCNMA1 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1048 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: KCNMA1 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1048 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow Gene: kcnma1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | KCNMA1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: KCNMA1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31427379, 31152168; Phenotypes: Cerebellar atrophy, developmental delay, and seizures, 617643; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | SMG9 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: SMG9: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27018474, 31390136; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | METTL5 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: METTL5: Set current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | METTL5 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: METTL5 was added gene: METTL5 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: METTL5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: METTL5 were set to 29302074; http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.007; https://imgc2019.sciencesconf.org/data/abstract_book_complete.pdf Phenotypes for gene: METTL5 were set to Delayed speech and language development; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Behavioral abnormality Penetrance for gene: METTL5 were set to Complete Review for gene: METTL5 was set to GREEN Added comment: [1] - PMID: 29302074 : In a WES/WGS study of 404 consanguineous families with two or more offspring affected by ID, Hu et al. identified two sibs homozygous for a METTL5 missense variant [NM_014168:c.182G>A / p.Gly61Asp]. These 2 subjects, born to first cousin parents from Iran, presented with early learning impairment, aggressive behaviour, severe microcephaly (-7SD and -8SD) and ID formally evaluated to be in the severe range. Sanger confirmation of variants and segregation studies were performed for all available and informative members in families participating in the study. In silico predictions were all in favour of a deleterious effect (PolyPhen2, MutationTaster, SIFT, CADD) and the variant was absent from ExAC. The effect of the specific variant was studied in ref. 2 (below). [2] - DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.007 : Richard et al. (2019) reported on 5 additional individuals from 2 consanguineous families. Common phenotype consisted of speech delay, moderate/severe ID (4/4), microcephaly (4/4 - though milder than in the first report), behavioral problems (ADHD, aggressiveness, autistic feat.) and possibly some overlapping facial features (nose and ear abnormalities). 3 sibs from the 1st family, from Pakistan, were homozygous for a frameshift variant (NM_014167.2:c.344_345delGA / p.Arg115Asnfs*19) while sibs from the 2nd family, from Yemen, were homozygous for p.Lys191Valfs*1 (c.571_572delAA). Confirmation and segregation studies supported a role for the variants. The authors performed additional studies for METTL5 and all 3 variants reported to date, notably: - Based on RNA-seq data from the Allen Brain Atlas, METTL5 is expressed in the developing and adult human brain (incl. cerebellar cortex, hippocampus and striatum). - Immunostaining in mouse brain demonstrated ubiquitous expression (postnatal day 30). - In rat hippocampal neurons, enrichment of METTL5 was found in the soma, the nucleus and pre- and post- synaptic regions. - Myc-/GFP-tagged METTL5 wt or mutants were transiently expressed in COS7 cells, and were found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Levels of the 2 frameshift variants were significantly reduced compared with wt, although this was not the case for Gly61Asp. - Upon transfection of rat hippocampal neurons, METTL5-GFP tagged wt and mt proteins showed similar localicalization in nucleus and dendrites. - Western blot on HEK293T cells transfected with Myc-METTL5 wt or mt constructs demonstrated decreased amounts for the frameshift (but not the missense) variants while comparison after addition of a proteasome inhibitor or cyclohexamide suggested that this is not probably due to decreased mutant protein - rather than mRNA (NMD) - stability. - In zebrafish, morpholino knockdown of mettl5 led to reduced head size and head/body ratio (reproducing the microcephaly phenotype) and curved tails. Forebrain and midbrain sizes were also significantly reduced. Based on the ACMG criteria, Gly61Asp is classified as VUS (PM2, PP1, PP3) and the frameshift ones as pathogenic (PS3, PM2, PM4, PP1, PP3). The authors comment that METTL5 is an uncharacterized member of the methyltransferase superfamily (of 33 METTL proteins). Variants in other methyltransferase-like genes (mainly METTL23) have been associated with ID, while various histone-/DNA-/tRNA-/rRNA- methyltransferases such as EHMT1, DNMT3A, NSUN2, FTSJ1, etc have been implicated in ID. Given the role of methyltransferases in neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, homology comparisons suggesting presence of relevant domain in METTL5 and accumulation of the protein in the nucleus, a role as epigenetic regulator is proposed (see also ref. 3). [3] - Conference abstract by Helmut et al. ["A novel m6A RNA methyltransferase in mammals - characterization of Mettl5 mutant mice in the German Mouse Clinic" - Oral presentation in the 33rd International Mammalian Genome Conference Sept. 2019 - available at : https://imgc2019.sciencesconf.org/data/abstract_book_complete.pdf ] The group using an in vitro methyltransferase assay, identified METTL5 as a m6A RNA methyltransferase. Generation of Mettl5-knockout mice using the CRISPR/Cas technology, suggested that homozygous mice are subviable, with lower body mass and abnormal growth of nasal bones in half. Homozygous mice were hypoactive and hypoexploratory during an open field test at the age of 8 weeks, while further alterations were observed in neurological functions. Phenotypic deviations were absent or very mild in heterozygous animals. As a result, the mouse model appeared to recapitulate relevant human phenotypes (microcephaly, ID and growth retardation). ---- There is no associated entry in OMIM (neither for the gene nor for a related disorder). G2P does not list any phenotype for this gene, either. METTL5 is included in the SysID database as a current primary ID gene (cited: 27457812, 28097321 / Given the shared co-authors with the study by Richard et al. as well as the overlapping variants, these articles probably report on the same individuals recently described in more detail). The gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). ---- Overall, METTL5 could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as green (3 families, 3 variants, segregation, suggested role of the gene, relevant expression patterns, some evidence at the variant-level, zebrafish and mouse models) or amber (underlying effect of Gly61Asp unknown and variant classified as VUS). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | CSDE1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CSDE1 was added gene: CSDE1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CSDE1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CSDE1 were set to http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2166 Phenotypes for gene: CSDE1 were set to Autism; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability Penetrance for gene: CSDE1 were set to unknown Review for gene: CSDE1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Guo et al. (2019 - DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2166) report on 18 individuals from 18 unrelated families, with heterozygous likely gene disrupting (stopgain/frameshift/spice-site) CSDE1 variants. Initial sequencing with MIPs found in 3 individuals from an autism cohort (4045 probands), while subsequent targeted sequencing of a larger cohort (autism spectrum/ID network) led to identification of 5 additional relevant individuals and Genematcher/collaborations a further 10 (the latter by WES). Consistent phenotypes included ASD (10 of 15 formally evaluated), DD (motor: 15/17 - speech: 17/17) and ID (mild to severe in 14 of 16 assessed, in further 2 in the below-average range). Recurrent seizures or epilepsy were reported for 7 of 16 patients. Other variable features were anxiety or ADHD, increased OFC, ocular, hand and MRI anomalies. The study was mainly focused on LGD variants with p.R123* (NM_001242891.1:c.367C>T) being a reccurrent one, found in 3 families. 8 of these variants were de novo, 8 further inherited (often from a less severely affected parent, although parental neuropsychiatric status was not available for individuals from all 3 groups). In 2 cases inheritance was unknown (only 1 parental sample available). 3 individuals with de novo missense variants were also identified. Features in those individuals also included ASD and/or DD and ID (2/3) [Table S1]. Arguments to support involvement of the CSDE1 variants included the: - role of the gene encoding an RNA binding protein implicated in neuronal migration/differentiation (cited : 24012837, 29129916), - statistically significant burden of the variants in the cohorts examined, - relevant CSDE1 intolerance scores (pLI of 1 and %RVIS of 6.18), - relevant human (mRNA) / mouse (protein) spatial and temporal expression patterns, - exclusion of apparent alternative diagnoses to the extent possible in many subjects with CNVs/SNVs/ROH of uncertain significance in very few, - cosegregation with rather similar neuropsychiatric phenotypes in case of carrier parents, - enrichment of ASD-related genes (and FMRP targets) among CSDE1-binding targets, - suppression of Ctnnb1 expression (at the protein level) affecting Wnt/β-catenin signalling, - effect of knockdown and/or mutants in mouse (shRNA) and Drosophila (mt and siRNA) models affecting synapse formation and synaptic transmission, - rescue of many of the previous phenotypes by expression of human CSDE1 (mice), expression of stabilized β-Catenin (mice) or RNAi-stable-dUNR (Drosophila) [also supporting LoF as the underlying effect of variants]. CSDE1 is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM/G2P. Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as green (or amber). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1047 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: MED25 were set to 25792360; 25527630 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: 10.1159/000501114 (Nair et al., 2019b) report an additional Lebanese family with 2 affected siblings with delayed psychomotor and language development, with craniofacial anomalies. A homozyogus p.Ile173Thr change in MED25 was found, which may be a Founder variant.; to: DOI:10.1159/000501114 (Nair et al., 2019b) report an additional Lebanese family with 2 affected siblings with delayed psychomotor and language development, with craniofacial anomalies. A homozyogus p.Ile173Thr change in MED25 was found, which may be a Founder variant. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: MED25: 10.1159/000501114 (Nair et al., 2019b) report an additional Lebanese family with 2 affected siblings with delayed psychomotor and language development, with craniofacial anomalies. A homozyogus p.Ile173Thr change in MED25 was found, which may be a Founder variant. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | MED25 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: MED25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | PMPCB |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Biallelic pathogenic PMPCB variants cause, Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 6 (MIM 617954). 5 relevant individuals from 4 unrelated families (in one case consanguineous) have been reported by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218). Onset of symptoms (eg. hypotonia) often preceded a period of developmental regression/stagnation which was common in all individuals and occurred within the first 2 years of life, usually following febrile illness. In all cases neurological features were severe (lack of ambulation/speech). Seizures were observed in 4 individuals from 3 families, with onset at the age of 11-24m. MRI images demonstrated T2 signal hyperintensities of the basal ganglia with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy in some. Deterioration with early death was reported on three occasions, though some years after symptom onset. Following exclusion of other diagnoses in some cases (eg. aCGH, epilepsy panel), WES identified biallelic PMPCB missense variants, supported by Sanger confirmation and segregation studies. The following variants were reported (NM_004279.2): - c.523C>T (p.Arg175Cys) in trans with c.601G>C (p.Ala201Pro) [Fam A and B] - c.524G>A (p.Arg175His) in trans with c.530T>G (p.Val177Gly) [Fam C] - c.1265T>C (p.Ile422Thr) in homozygous state [Fam D with 2 affected sibs] The gene encodes the catalytic (beta) subunit of the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) which is responsible for the cleavage/maturation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins after their import in mitochondria. The alpha subunit is encoded by PMPCA (green rating proposed for this panel). Extensive studies demonstrated (perhaps a better summary provided by OMIM): - Reduced PMPCB protein levels in mitochondria isolated from patient fibroblasts or patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. - Frataxin maturation was impaired with accumulation of the intermediate form and lower amounts of mature FXN, indicating decrease in MPP activity. - Analysis of the homologous Mas1 S. cerevisiae mutants was carried out, with the exception of Ile422Thr (corresponding to Mas1 - Ile398Thr), the introduction of which did not yield viable yiest strains. Homologous mutations led to a temperature-sensitive phenotype with accumulation of immature/unprocessed precursor proteins and decrease of mature/processed forms both in vivo or in organello (following isolation of mitochondria). Under conditions of heat stress, Mas1 mutations decreased biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. - Respiratory chain complexes I-III contain Fe-S clusters. In muscle biopsy from an affected individual, complex II activity was significantly reduced (although this was not the case in fibroblasts or liver biopsy). Dysfunction of mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe-S cluster-dependent enzymes (eg. aconitase) was also shown in muscle tissue. Regression/stagnation with seizures/non-achievement of milestones may justify testing for an ID / epilepsy gene panel. In addition, metabolic studies or mitochondrial respiratory chain complex studies were sometimes non-informative (lactate elevated in 3/5 subjects) or not carried out at all / in relevant tissues (muscle biopsy in 2 individuals, fibroblasts/liver biopsy did not demonstrate reduced complex activity when tested). PMPCB is included in the ID gene panel of Radboudumc, as well as the SysID database. The gene is included in the DD panel of G2P associated with "Neurodegeneration in Early Childhood" (disease confidence : probable). As a result, PMPCB can be considered for inclusion in both epilepsy and ID panels as green (or amber). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; to: Biallelic pathogenic PMPCB variants cause, Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 6 (MIM 617954). 5 relevant individuals from 4 unrelated families (in one case consanguineous) have been reported by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218). Onset of symptoms (eg. hypotonia) often preceded a period of developmental regression/stagnation which was common in all individuals and occurred within the first 2 years of life, usually following febrile illness. In all cases neurological features were severe (lack of ambulation/speech). Seizures were observed in 4 individuals from 3 families, with onset at the age of 11-24m. MRI images demonstrated T2 signal hyperintensities of the basal ganglia with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy in some. Deterioration with early death was reported on three occasions, though some years after symptom onset. Following exclusion of other diagnoses in some cases (eg. aCGH, epilepsy panel), WES identified biallelic PMPCB missense variants, supported by Sanger confirmation and segregation studies. The following variants were reported (NM_004279.2): - c.523C>T (p.Arg175Cys) in trans with c.601G>C (p.Ala201Pro) [Fam A and B] - c.524G>A (p.Arg175His) in trans with c.530T>G (p.Val177Gly) [Fam C] - c.1265T>C (p.Ile422Thr) in homozygous state [Fam D with 2 affected sibs] The gene encodes the catalytic (beta) subunit of the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) which is responsible for the cleavage/maturation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins after their import in mitochondria. The alpha subunit is encoded by PMPCA (green rating proposed for this panel). Extensive studies demonstrated (perhaps a better summary provided by OMIM): - Reduced PMPCB protein levels in mitochondria isolated from patient fibroblasts or patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. - Frataxin maturation was impaired with accumulation of the intermediate form and lower amounts of mature FXN, indicating decrease in MPP activity. - Analysis of the homologous Mas1 S. cerevisiae mutants was carried out, with the exception of Ile422Thr (corresponding to Mas1 - Ile398Thr), the introduction of which did not yield viable yeast strains. Homologous mutations led to a temperature-sensitive phenotype with accumulation of immature/unprocessed precursor proteins and decrease of mature/processed forms both in vivo or in organello (following isolation of mitochondria). Under conditions of heat stress, Mas1 mutations decreased biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. - Respiratory chain complexes I-III contain Fe-S clusters. In muscle biopsy from an affected individual, complex II activity was significantly reduced (although this was not the case in fibroblasts or liver biopsy). Dysfunction of mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe-S cluster-dependent enzymes (eg. aconitase) was also shown in muscle tissue. Regression/stagnation with seizures/non-achievement of milestones may justify testing for an ID / epilepsy gene panel. In addition, metabolic studies or mitochondrial respiratory chain complex studies were sometimes non-informative (lactate elevated in 3/5 subjects) or not carried out at all / in relevant tissues (muscle biopsy in 2 individuals, fibroblasts/liver biopsy did not demonstrate reduced complex activity when tested). PMPCB is included in the ID gene panel of Radboudumc, as well as the SysID database. The gene is included in the DD panel of G2P associated with "Neurodegeneration in Early Childhood" (disease confidence : probable). As a result, PMPCB can be considered for inclusion in both epilepsy and ID panels as green (or amber). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | INTS6 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: INTS6: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | PMPCB | Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: PMPCB: Changed publications: 29576218 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | PMPCB |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PMPCB was added gene: PMPCB was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: PMPCB was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: PMPCB were set to Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 6, 617954 Penetrance for gene: PMPCB were set to Complete Review for gene: PMPCB was set to GREEN gene: PMPCB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic PMPCB variants cause, Multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions syndrome 6 (MIM 617954). 5 relevant individuals from 4 unrelated families (in one case consanguineous) have been reported by Vögtle et al. (2018 - PMID: 29576218). Onset of symptoms (eg. hypotonia) often preceded a period of developmental regression/stagnation which was common in all individuals and occurred within the first 2 years of life, usually following febrile illness. In all cases neurological features were severe (lack of ambulation/speech). Seizures were observed in 4 individuals from 3 families, with onset at the age of 11-24m. MRI images demonstrated T2 signal hyperintensities of the basal ganglia with cerebellar and cerebral atrophy in some. Deterioration with early death was reported on three occasions, though some years after symptom onset. Following exclusion of other diagnoses in some cases (eg. aCGH, epilepsy panel), WES identified biallelic PMPCB missense variants, supported by Sanger confirmation and segregation studies. The following variants were reported (NM_004279.2): - c.523C>T (p.Arg175Cys) in trans with c.601G>C (p.Ala201Pro) [Fam A and B] - c.524G>A (p.Arg175His) in trans with c.530T>G (p.Val177Gly) [Fam C] - c.1265T>C (p.Ile422Thr) in homozygous state [Fam D with 2 affected sibs] The gene encodes the catalytic (beta) subunit of the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) which is responsible for the cleavage/maturation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins after their import in mitochondria. The alpha subunit is encoded by PMPCA (green rating proposed for this panel). Extensive studies demonstrated (perhaps a better summary provided by OMIM): - Reduced PMPCB protein levels in mitochondria isolated from patient fibroblasts or patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. - Frataxin maturation was impaired with accumulation of the intermediate form and lower amounts of mature FXN, indicating decrease in MPP activity. - Analysis of the homologous Mas1 S. cerevisiae mutants was carried out, with the exception of Ile422Thr (corresponding to Mas1 - Ile398Thr), the introduction of which did not yield viable yiest strains. Homologous mutations led to a temperature-sensitive phenotype with accumulation of immature/unprocessed precursor proteins and decrease of mature/processed forms both in vivo or in organello (following isolation of mitochondria). Under conditions of heat stress, Mas1 mutations decreased biogenesis of Fe-S clusters. - Respiratory chain complexes I-III contain Fe-S clusters. In muscle biopsy from an affected individual, complex II activity was significantly reduced (although this was not the case in fibroblasts or liver biopsy). Dysfunction of mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe-S cluster-dependent enzymes (eg. aconitase) was also shown in muscle tissue. Regression/stagnation with seizures/non-achievement of milestones may justify testing for an ID / epilepsy gene panel. In addition, metabolic studies or mitochondrial respiratory chain complex studies were sometimes non-informative (lactate elevated in 3/5 subjects) or not carried out at all / in relevant tissues (muscle biopsy in 2 individuals, fibroblasts/liver biopsy did not demonstrate reduced complex activity when tested). PMPCB is included in the ID gene panel of Radboudumc, as well as the SysID database. The gene is included in the DD panel of G2P associated with "Neurodegeneration in Early Childhood" (disease confidence : probable). As a result, PMPCB can be considered for inclusion in both epilepsy and ID panels as green (or amber). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | NUP188 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: NUP188: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | CPD |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: The gene was present in the current panel with red rating, though with no reviews. In Pubmed there are no publications concerning eventual CPD-related phenotypes. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM or G2P, either. The gene is not included in the SysID and SFARI databases. The denovo-db lists 1 individual with autism and de novo LoF variant (NM_001304.4:c.2478C>G - p.Tyr826* - Iossifov et al. - PMID: 25363768) and 2 further with congenital heart disease. Still the gene encodes an enzyme (carboxyptidase D), so AR inheritance would seem more likely (?). [The gene has also a pLI of 0 in gnomAD and Z-score of 2.59]. CPD is not included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories (including also the current ID panel of VCGS which was listed as a source). As a result, red rating (or removal from the current panel) seems appropriate.; to: The gene was present in the current panel with red rating, though with no reviews. In Pubmed there are no publications concerning eventual CPD-related phenotypes. There is no associated phenotype in OMIM or G2P, either. The gene is not included in the SysID and SFARI databases. The denovo-db lists 1 individual with autism and de novo LoF variant (NM_001304.4:c.2478C>G - p.Tyr826* - Iossifov et al. - PMID: 25363768) and 2 further with congenital heart disease. Still the gene encodes an enzyme (carboxyptidase D), so AR inheritance would seem more likely (?). [The gene has also a pLI of 0 in gnomAD and Z-score of 2.59. In Decipher %HI is 31.31]. CPD is not included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories (including also the current ID panel of VCGS which was listed as a source). As a result, red rating (or removal from the current panel) seems appropriate. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | CPD | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: CPD: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | CA5A | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: CA5A: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26913920, 25834911, 24530203; Phenotypes: Hyperammonemia due to carbonic anhydrase VA deficiency (MIM 615751); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | PMPCA |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PMPCA was added gene: PMPCA was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: PMPCA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PMPCA were set to 25808372; 26657514; 27148589; 30617178 Phenotypes for gene: PMPCA were set to Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 2 (MIM 213200) Penetrance for gene: PMPCA were set to Complete Review for gene: PMPCA was set to GREEN gene: PMPCA was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic PMPCA variants cause Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 2 (SCAR2 - MIM 213200). More than 20 individuals from several unrelated families have been reported. At least 6 different pathogenic variants have been identified. Loss of PMPCA function is the suggested mechanism. ID is a feature of the disorder. PMPCA encodes the α-subunit of mitochondrial processing peptidase (αMPP), a heterodimeric enzyme responsible for the cleavage of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial precursor proteins after import in the mitochondria (summary by Jobling et al and OMIM). Arguments for involvement of the gene include the highly similar phenotype, segregation studies, expression of the gene in fetal and relevant adult tissues (in brain/cerebellum/cerebellar vermis), lower protein levels demonstrated for some variants, abnormal processing of frataxin (in line with the role of αMPP) demonstrated in most cases, rescue of the maturation defect upon transduction of wt PMPCA cDNA, disruption of REDOX balance in patient cells, etc. Relevant studies are summarized below. PMPCA is included in gene panels for ID offered by several diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboud UMC, GeneDx, etc) and listed as a confirmed ID gene in SysID. It is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the current panel probably as green (or amber). ---- [1] - Jobling et al. (2015 - PMID: 25808372) described the phenotype of 17 individuals from 4 families, all presenting with non-progressive cerebellar ataxia and the majority with ID of variable severity (15/17 - relevant to the current panel). Individuals from 3 of the families - all of Lebanese origin - were homozygous for NM_015160.3:c.1129G>A (p.Ala377Thr). A further similarly affected subject was compound heterozygous for c.287C>T (p.Ser96Leu) and c.1543G>A (p.Gly515Arg). The homozygous variant in the first family was found within a 2.85 Mb linkage region on chr 9q34. An additional variant within this region (in CAMSAP1) was discarded following results in other families of the same origin. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated fetal expression of the PMPCA as well as relatively higher expression in adult brain, cerebellum and cerebellar vermis. As for Ala377Thr, protein levels were shown to be lowest in affected individuals (LCLs, fibroblasts) and low - though somewhat higher - in carrier parents (LCL) compared to controls. RT-PCR on total RNA from LCLs did not show evidence of abnormal transcripts/additional splicing defect. Localization of mutant protein and morphology of mitochondrial reticulum was similar to controls. Maturation of frataxin - the protein depleted in Friedreich ataxia - was shown to be abnormal in patient lymphoblasts, compatible with the role of αMPP. In line with abnormal mitochondrial function, REDOX balance was increased in patient cells. [2] - Choquet et al. (2016 - PMID: 26657514) reported on 2 sibs - born to distantly related parents. The authors noted a phenotype corresponding to SCAR2 although the presentation was somewhat milder, intellectual disability was not a feature (despite some learning difficulties in one) and ataxia was progressive. WES demonstrated homozygosity for NM_015160:c.766G>A (p.Val256Met). Western blot in patient lymphoblasts showed αMPP levels similar to carriers and controls. Abnormal maturation (accumulation of specific isoforms) was shown for frataxin. [3] - Joshi et al. (2016 - PMID: 27148589) described the phenotype of 2 cousins belonging to a large Lebanese pedigree. Presentation in both was compatible with multisystem involvement incl. profound global DD, severe hypotonia, weakness, respiratory insufficiency, blindness suggestive of mitochondrial disorder. mtDNA, analyses of mitochondrial focused nuclear gene panel and aCGH were non-diagnostic. Both subjects were compound heterozygous for NM_015160.3:c.1066G>A (p.Gly356Ser) and c.1129G>A (p.Ala377Thr) following WES, with compatible segregation studies within the family. Western blot revealed PMPCA levels similar to control. Reduction of PMPCA staining and abnormally enlarged mitochondria were observed upon immunofluorescence in patient fibroblasts. Frataxin processing was abnormal. Lentiviral transduction of patient fibroblasts with wt PMPCA cDNA, led to increased PMPCA levels and correction of frataxin processing. [4] - Rubegni et al. (2019 - PMID: 30617178) report on a 7-y.o. boy with global DD, spastic-ataxic gait and 'low IQ'. MRI images were suggestive of cerebellar atrophy with hyperintensity in the striatum. The child was homozygous for c.553C>T / p.Arg185Trp (reference not specified, although the variant would be compatible with NM_015160.3). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | TIMM50 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: TIMM50 was added gene: TIMM50 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: TIMM50 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TIMM50 were set to 27573165; 30190335; 31058414; Serajee et al. (ASHG conference 2015 - abstract Nr. 2299T) Phenotypes for gene: TIMM50 were set to 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type IX (MIM 617698) Penetrance for gene: TIMM50 were set to Complete Review for gene: TIMM50 was set to GREEN gene: TIMM50 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic TIMM50 variants cause 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type IX (MIM 617698). At least 9 affected individuals from 5 unrelated (but often consanguineous) families of variable origin have been reported (based on a conference abstract and PMIDs : 27573165, 30190335, 31058414). TIMM50 encodes encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial presequence import machinery called the TIM23 complex. TIMM50 serves as a major receptor in the intermembrane space that binds to proteins on their way to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane (summary by Shahrour et al., 2017 and OMIM). The highly overlapping patient clinical features [seizures, DD and ID - the latter in all age-appropriate individuals (5 from 3 families - refs 2,4)], metabolic investigations (lactate elevations in many, elevated urinary 3MGA in almost all, variable mitochondrial complex deficiencies in some), additional extensive functional evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction or the similar phenotypes in other types of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria all support a role for the gene. [AUH- / CLPB- / DNAJC19- / HTRA2- / OPA3- / SERAC1-related methylglutaconic acidurias are all included as relevant disorders in the ID panel, with the respective genes rated green.] TIMM50 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc and GeneDx). The gene is not associated with any phenotype in G2P As a result this gene could be considered for inclusion/upgrade as green in both ID and epilepsy panels respectively. --------- [1] - Serajee et al. (ASHG conference 2015 - abstract Nr. 2299T) reported on a patient born to consanguineous parents of South Asian ancestry with intractable epilepsy, microcephaly, DD and spastic quadriplegia. Metabolic investigations revealed increased urinary 3MGA. Two similarly affected sisters with demonstrated increase of 3MGA, were deceased following an infection. WES in the affected child, 2 unaffected sibs and the parents suggested a homozygous missense variant as the likely cause of the disorder in the proband (c.1114G>A / p.G372S - Reference not specified though the variant probably corresponds to ENST00000314349.4 and ClinVar's entry VCV000208697.1 - www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/208697/). [2] - Shahroor et al. (2017, PMID: 27573165) reported on 2 consanguineous families, each with 2 affected individuals. Two sibs from the 1st family (of Bedouin origin) presented with seizures (onset at 3m and 4m respectively), DD and ID with slightly elevated plasma lactate and increased urinary 3MGA upon metabolic investigations. Enzymatic activities of mitochondrial complex I-V were carried out for 1 sib and were normal also after normalization for citrate synthase. Following a SNP array, WES was carried out in affected children and their parents. Both sibs were homozygous for a missense SNV [NM_001001563.1:c.755C>T / p.Thr252Met]. Segregation studies - also in 3 unaffected sibs - supported a role for the variant. Two sibs from the 2nd family (of Muslim origin) presented with seizures (myoclonic jerks at 3m, generalized tonic movements at 2m - respectively) with DD and ID. Urinary 3MGA was elevated for both, with CSF lactate also elevated in one. WES revealed homozygosity for p.Arg217Trp (NM_001001563.1:c.649C>T) and segregation studies in parents and an unaffected sib were again compatible. The authors could not demonstrate pathogenicity of the variants in a yeast based system although - as also commented on in Ref 4 - the human TIMM50 could not rescue the yeast ΔΤim50 growth defect and global conservation between the two proteins is poor. [3] - Reyes et al. (2018, PMID: 30190335) reported on one individual with onset of infantile spasms at the age of 2m with hypsarrythmia upon EEG and psychomotor regression. Leigh-like features were noted upon brain MRI. Lactate was elevated in both plasma and CSF. Urinary 3MGA was normal. WES, Sanger confirmation and segregation studies demonstrated compound htz for 2 variants (NM_001001563:c.335C>A or p.S112* and c.569G>C or p.G190A). Functional studies demonstrated among others decrease in all components of the TIM23 complex and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Patient fibroblasts grown in glucose had lower levels of all complex II and IV subunits and one complex I subunit (due to the impairment in import system) with decreased mitochondrial respiration and increase in ROS production. Growth in galactose - shifting energy production toward OxPhos - caused massive cell death. The phenotype was rescued/substantially improved following complementation of patient fibroblasts with wt TIMM50. [4] - Tort et al. (2019, PMID: 31058414) reported on a boy with seizures and ID (diagnosis of West syndrome), Leigh-like MRI anomalies, cardiomyopathy with elevated plasma and CSF lactate and persistent urinary elevation of 3MGA. The proband was found to be compound heterozygous for 2 TIMM50 variants [NM_001001563.5:c.341 G>A (p.Arg114Gln) in trans with c.805 G>A (p.Gly269Ser)] following WES and Sanger confirmation/segregation studies. In patient fibroblasts TIMM50 protein levels were severely reduced upon WB although mRNA levels were similar to control. Muscle biopsy revealed decreased activity of the complexes I-IV, when normalized to the citrate synthase activity. Accumulation of lipidic material in muscle fibers was shown to be associated with mitochondria upon EM. Expression and sublocalization of mitochondria-targeted proteins were not found to be affected in patient fibroblasts. In extracts from muscle biopsy reduced protein levels of SDHA, COX4L and MTCO1 were demonstrated, in line with the disruptions in the activities of the MRC. Mitochondrial morphology and network were shown to be altered in patient fibroblasts. Patient fibroblasts showed marked reduction of max respiratory capacity. Similar reduction was noted in CRISPR/Cas9 generated TIMM50-ko HEK293T cells, but rescued upon transient transfection with a plasmid encoding for wt TIMM50. (Functional studies better summarized in the respective articles). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | KATNB1 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: KATNB1 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | KATNB1 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Amber. Gene was added to the ID panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Although there are 3 publications reporting biallelic variants, the ID phenotype is variable with only mild cognitive delay in some cases (PMID:25521378), and psychomotor delay in another (PMID:26640080). KATNB1 is Green on the 'malformations of cortical development' panel. Therefore have rated Amber on the ID panel awaiting further cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1046 | KATNB1 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: katnb1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1045 | KATNB1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: KATNB1 were changed from Lissencephaly 6, with microcephaly (MIM 616212) to Lissencephaly 6, with microcephaly, MIM 616212 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1044 | KATNB1 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: KATNB1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1044 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: MED13 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1044 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: med13 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1043 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Amber. Gene was added to panel and rated Amber by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Probable rating in Gene2Phenotype for 'Neurodevelopment disorder' based on PMID:29740699 (Snijders Blok et al., 2018) who report on 13 patients. 11 variants were de novo and 1 (patient B) was inherited from an affected mother (patient C). All patients had developmental delay to some extent (speech delay in most cases, with motor development delayed in 7/13). ID is mild/borderline in at least 9 cases. There is not a clear genotype-phenotype correlation between variants, and it's unclear how some variants are deleterious, and therefore Amber rating is appropriate until further studies are published.; to: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Amber. Gene was added to panel and rated Amber by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Not yet associated with a disorder in OMIM. Probable rating in Gene2Phenotype for 'Neurodevelopment disorder' based on PMID:29740699 (Snijders Blok et al., 2018) who report on 13 patients. 11 variants were de novo and 1 (patient B) was inherited from an affected mother (patient C). All patients had developmental delay to some extent (speech delay in most cases, with motor development delayed in 7/13). ID is mild/borderline in at least 9 cases. There is not a clear genotype-phenotype correlation between variants, and it's unclear how some variants are deleterious, and therefore Amber rating is appropriate until further studies are published. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1043 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: MED13 as No list | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1043 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Amber. Gene was added to panel and rated Amber by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Probable rating in Gene2Phenotype for 'Neurodevelopment disorder' based on PMID:29740699 (Snijders Blok et al., 2018) who report on 13 patients. 11 variants were de novo and 1 (patient B) was inherited from an affected mother (patient C). All patients had developmental delay to some extent (speech delay in most cases, with motor development delayed in 7/13). ID is mild/borderline in at least 9 cases. There is not a clear genotype-phenotype correlation between variants, and it's unclear how some variants are deleterious, and therefore Amber rating is appropriate until further studies are published. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1043 | MED13 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: med13 has been removed from the panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1042 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PAK1: Added missense tag: all variants published to-date are missense (PMID:30290153, PMID:31504246). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1042 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: PAK1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1042 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PAK1 were changed from Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay (MIM 618158) to Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay, 618158 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1041 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: PAK1 were set to 30290153 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1040 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: PAK1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1040 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green based on the additional 2019 paper reviewed by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. PMID:31504246 (Horn et al. 2019) report 4 unrelated individuals (2 Caucasian, 1 Moroccon, 1 Sephardi Jew). All 4 had developmental delay and moderate-profound ID amongst their phenotypes. All had novo missense PAK1 pathogenic variants: Leu470Arg, Ser133Pro, Pro121Ser, Ser110Thr. None of the variants were reported in gnomAD and all were predicted to be pathogenic. Two cases were previously reported in PMID:30290153 (Harms et al., 2018) and therefore this takes the total number over the threshold for a diagnostic-grade rating. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1040 | PAK1 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: pak1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1039 | SMARCD1 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: SMARCD1: The Green review by Cristina Dias supports the current Green rating of SMARCD1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1039 | CACNA2D2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: CACNA2D2 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1039 | CACNA2D2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene was added to panel and rated Amber by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Updated rating from Grey to Amber: phenotype is relevant to panel (MIM:618501) but developmental delay is variable amongst patients, and therefore Amber rating most appropriate. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1039 | CACNA2D2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: cacna2d2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1038 | CACNA2D2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: CACNA2D2 were changed from Cerebellar atrophy with seizures and variable developmental delay (MIM 618501) to Cerebellar atrophy with seizures and variable developmental delay, 618501 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1037 | SLC25A12 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: SLC25A12 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1037 | SLC25A12 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green based on additional publications reviewed by Konstantinos Varvagiannis and mouse model which includes developmental delay. PMID:31403263 (Kavanaugh et al., 2019) report a 12 year old patient with novel compound het SLC25A12 variants (p.A432V missense, and probable splice variant c.1447‐2_1447‐1delAG), each variant inherited from one parent. Clinical presentation included severe intellectual disability, and profound global developmental delay. Profound global DD was previously reported by PMID:24515575 (Falk et al, 2014), and pyschomotor delay previously reported by PMID:19641205 (Wilbom et al., 2009). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1037 | SLC25A12 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: slc25a12 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1036 | SLC25A12 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: SLC25A12 were set to 27290639; 25655951; 24515575; 19641205 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1035 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty changed review comment from: Comment on list classification: removed from panel, this gene is not relevant for this panel; to: Comment on list classification: downgraded to Red again, this gene is not pertinent. I have left the gene on the panel as the gene is on the ID panel from the Victorian Clinical Genetics Services | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1035 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Classified gene: PAX7 as Red List (low evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1035 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Gene: pax7 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1034 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Classified gene: PAX7 as No list | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1034 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on list classification: removed from panel, this gene is not relevant for this panel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1034 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Gene: pax7 has been removed from the panel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty edited their review of gene: PAX7: Added comment: changed rating agree with external reviewer (Konstantinos Varvagiannis this gene is RED for ID but GREEN for Neuromuscular disorders; Changed rating: RED | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: All affected individuals reported to date had normal cognitive development. (From Feichtinger et al - PMID: 31092906 : "Cognitive development, socialization, and behavior are normal in all patients").; to: From Feichtinger et al - PMID: 31092906 : "Cognitive development, socialization, and behavior are normal in all patients". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: PAX7: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31092906; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: PAX7: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1033 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: PAX7 were changed from to Hypotonia; Axial hypotonia; Ptosis; Scoliosis; Delayed motor milestones; Myopathy, congenital, progressive, with scoliosis, 618578 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1032 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on publications: Added publication to support gene-disease association | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1032 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Publications for gene: PAX7 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1031 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Classified gene: PAX7 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1031 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on list classification: New gene added by external expert (Cristina Dias (The Francis Crick Institute) ) on Neuromuscular disorders panel v1.6 and reviewed by curation team: appropriate phenotype, sufficient cases and external expert review all support gene-disease association and relevance to this panel to rate gene to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1031 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Gene: pax7 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1030 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Mode of inheritance for gene: PAX7 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1030 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty edited their review of gene: PAX7: Changed publications: 31092906 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1030 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Mode of inheritance for gene: PAX7 was changed from BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1030 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty Mode of inheritance for gene: PAX7 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1029 | PAX7 | Louise Daugherty reviewed gene: PAX7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Hypotonia, Axial hypotonia, Ptosis, Scoliosis, Delayed motor milestones, Myopathy, congenital, progressive, with scoliosis, 618578; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1029 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: GABRA5 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1029 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Red to Amber following external review by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Not yet associated with a disorder in Gene2Phenotype but linked to EIEE-70 in OMIM. There are three cases from 2 publications (PMIDs 29961870 and 31056671) of GABRA5 variants associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and ID. However in Butler et al., development slowed at the time of seizure onset. Therefore rating Amber awaiting further clinical input. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1029 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: gabra5 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1028 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: GABRA5 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1027 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: GABRA5 were changed from to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 79, 618559; developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1026 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: GABRA5 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1025 | GABRA5 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GABRA5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1025 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: GABRA2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1025 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Grey to Green: GABRA2 was added to the panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Not yet associated with a disorder in Gene2Phenotype but there are sufficient cases from from the literature (PMIDs:29422393, 29961870, 31032849, https://doi.org/10.1101/678219) of GABRA2 variants associated with developmental delay/intellectual disability. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1025 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: gabra2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1024 | GABRA2 |
Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GABRA2: Summary of evidence (refer to Konstantinos Varvagiannis' review for further details): PMID:29422393, Orenstein et al., 2018 report a male of unrelated Ashkenazi Jewish parents with EIEE-78 and a de novo heterozygous variant in GABRA2 (N335H). Development was severely delayed. Functional studies were not performed but the variant was absent in ExAC and gnomAD controls. PMID:29961870, Butler et al. 2018 report an 11 year old girl with EIEE-78 and a de novo heterozygous variant in GABRA2 (T292K). Development was delayed, the patient was nonverbal and had profound intellectual disability plus microcephaly. PMID:31032849, Maljevic et al., 2019 decribe 5 patients (3 sporadic cases and 2 siblings) with four novel de novo GABRA2 missense variants (Val284Ala, Leu291Val, Met263Thr, Phe325Leu). All patients showed some degree of ID (mild to profound). https://doi.org/10.1101/678219: Sanchis-Juan et al., 2019 identified a de novo missense variant in GABRA2 gene (Pro280Leu) in a 10 year old girl with EIEE and developmental delay. At age-10, she had severe impairment of language, hand stereotypies, disruptive behavior and repetitive movements. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1024 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GABRA2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1024 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: GABRA2 were changed from Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78, 618557) to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78, 618557; intellectual disability; developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1024 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: GABRA2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1024 | GABRA2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: GABRA2 were changed from Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557) to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78, 618557) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1023 | PIGP | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PIGP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1023 | PIGP | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PIGP were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Cortical visual impairment to ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 55, 617599; Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Cortical visual impairment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | SMARCD1 | Cristina Dias reviewed gene: SMARCD1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 30879640; Phenotypes: developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, small hands, small feet; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | CACNA2D2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CACNA2D2 was added gene: CACNA2D2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CACNA2D2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CACNA2D2 were set to 23339110; 24358150; 30410802; 29997391; 31402629; 11487633; 11756448; 4177347; 14660671; 15331424 Phenotypes for gene: CACNA2D2 were set to Cerebellar atrophy with seizures and variable developmental delay (MIM 618501) Penetrance for gene: CACNA2D2 were set to Complete Review for gene: CACNA2D2 was set to AMBER gene: CACNA2D2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Gene reviewed for the epilepsy panel. Due to the phenotype of EE, with variable GDD (severe in many cases) and/or ID (either specifically commented on or inferred in some cases, although not universal) this gene might also be relevant for the current panel. CACNA2D2 is also included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx) as well as the SysID database. There is no associated phenotype in G2P. Copied from the epilepsy panel: Biallelic pathogenic CACNA2D2 variants cause Cerebellar atrophy with seizures and variable developmental delay (MIM 618501). A recent OMIM update, a subsequent relevant publication by Punatha et al. as well as several additional LP/P variants in ClinVar for the phenotype of epileptic encephalopathy, support possible upgrade to green. The following affected individuals appear to be relevant [NM_006030.3 used as RefSeq unless otherwise specified]: [1] Edvardson et al. (PMID: 23339110) - 3 sibs born to consanguineous parents with EIEE, severe GDD / ID (inferred from the descritpion, at least for the oldest one), cerebellar atrophy and movement abnormalities. A CACNA2D2 variant (c.3137T>C / p.Leu1046Pro) was found in affected individuals by SNP-arrays and WES in one of them. Functional studies (reduction in current density of calcium channels in Xenopus laevis oocytes) supported the deleterious effect of the variant. A role of a rare hmz CESLR3 variant could not be ruled out. [2] Pippucci et al. (PMID: 24358150) - 1 individual born to consanguineous parents, presenting with EE (onset at 1-2 m), severe GDD, cerebellar atrophy and choreiform movements. Homozygosity for a LoF variant (c.1294delA - p.Asn432fs) was found by WES. The role of the variant was further supported by expression studies (80% reduced mRNA levels, protein levels estimated at 3% of control / milder effect in htz parents). The proband was also hmz for a CESLR3 variant. Previous studies incl. 'high-resolution karyotype' and metabolic investigations. [3] Butler et al. (PMID: 30410802) - A 5 y.o. male, with EE (seizure onset at 7m / GDD) and cerebellar atrophy. Compound heterozygosity for c.782C>T (p.Pro261Leu) and c.3137T>C (p.Leu1046Pro) was demonstrated by WES and supported by segregation studies. [4] Valence et al. (PMID: 29997391) - Reported on a 20 y.o. male belonging to a cohort of 20 individuals with congenital ataxia, all from consaguineous families. This individual, who had cerebellar atrophy, ataxia, a single episode of febrile seizures and normal cognitive impairment was homozygosity for c.2971G>A (p.Asp991Asn). RT-PCR revealed presence of a normal length transcript as well as an additional, longer one, due to a concurrent splicing effect (activation of a cryptic donor splice site and retention of 4 bases of intronic sequence). Presence of both nl/abn length transcripts was presumed to explain the mild phenotype (variability also commented in OMIM). [5] Punatha et al. (PMID: 31402629) - 3 affected individuals from 2 consanguineous families presenting with early onset EE (onset 1-7m), GDD/ID, cerebelar atrophy and ataxia. Sibs from the first family were homozygous for c.1778G>C (p.Arg593Pro). An affected 5 y.o. child from the 2nd family was homozygous for c.485_486delAT (p.Tyr162Ter). Mutations were found by WES in regions of AOH. The following variants - not reported in the literature - have been submitted in ClinVar as LP / P for EE: [VCV000645106.1] NM_006030.4:c.1389+2T>C - EIEE with suppression bursts - Likely Pathogenic (Invitae) [VCV000570589.1] NM_006030.4:c.1956_1960del (p.Asn652fs) - EIEE - Pathogenic (Invitae) [VCV000578284.1] NM_006030.4:c.1555C>T (p.Gln519Ter) - EIEE - Pathogenic (Invitae) [VCV000653393.1] NM_006030.4:c.851dup (p.Ala286fs) - EIEE with suppression bursts - Pathogenic (Invitae) [VCV000411003.1] NM_006030.4:c.485_486del (p.Tyr161_Tyr162insTer) - EIEE - Pathogenic (Invitae) Additional ones have been reported as LP / P although the condition is not specified. [VCV000620551.1] NM_006030.4:c.1023C>A (p.Cys341Ter) - Likely pathogenic (GeneDx) [VCV000373439.2] NM_006030.4:c.1846-1G>A - Likely pathogenic (GeneDx) [VCV000423330.2] NM_006030.4:c.200dup (p.His68fs) - Pathogenic (GeneDx). The aforementioned laboratories include CACNA2D2 in gene panels for epilepsy (Invitae) and/or ID (GeneDx). A role for the CACNA2D2 is supported by : - The highly overlapping features (with the exception of the milder phenotype reported by Valence et al.) incl. early onset of seizures, GDD, cerebellar atrophy in all (9/9 incl. the individual reported by Valence, as evaluated Punatha et al). Ataxia was a feature in many (with movement abnormalities also in the remaining ones). - The role of the gene encoding the alpha-2-delta-2 auxiliary subunit of high voltage-gated calcium channels. Auxiliary subunits modulate calcium current and channel activation and inactivation kinetics, and may be involved in proper assembly and membrane localization of the channels (summary by Edvardson and OMIM). - Functional / expression studies for some of the variants (as in Refs 1,2,4). - Relevant expression patterns (notably in cerebellum) [GTEx project] - Mouse models recapitulating the human phenotypes (summarized by Edvardson et al) : The 'ducky' mouse model (due to biallelic Cacna2d2 mutations) presenting absence epilepsy, spike-wave seizures and ataxia. Dysgenesis of the cerebellum is among the neuropathological findings (PMIDs cited : 11487633, 11756448, 4177347). The 'entla' mouse model (also AR due to an in-frame duplication) presents also epilepsy and ataxia (PMID : 14660671). Targeted knockout in another mouse model resulted also in ataxic gait, seizure susceptibility and cerebellar anomalies/degeneration (PMID: 15331424). [Please consider inclusion in other relevant panels eg. for cerebellar anomalies / ataxia]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | GABRA2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Heterozygous pathogenic GABRA2 variants cause Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557) [new OMIM entry]. At least 8 relevant individuals have been reported to date in the following studies: - Orenstein et al. (2018 - PMID: 29422393) - 1 individual - Butler et al. (2018 - PMID: 29961870) - 1 subject - Maljevic et al. (2019 - PMID: 31032849 - 3 unrelated children as well as 2 affected sibs - Sanchis-Juan et al. (2019 - bioRxiv / https://doi.org/10.1101/678219) - 1 further patient In all affected individuals the variants were missense and - in almost all cases - had occurred as de novo events. The 2 sibs reported by Maljevic however, had inherited a missense variant from their unaffected mosaic parent. Clinical descriptions for individuals from the 3 studies are provided in OMIM and also summarized in the suppl. table 1 by Sanchis-Juan et al. (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/06/21/678219/DC2/embed/media-2.xlsx). Seizures, DD and ID (relevant to the current panel) are among the reported features. Functional studies have been performed for most of the variants and are summarized for each one in the OMIM entry for GABRG2 and the aforementioned table as well. The following variants have been reported (NM_000807.2): c.1003A>C - p.Asn335His (dn) / c.875C>A - Thr292Lys (dn) / c.871C>G - p.Leu291Val (dn) / c.788T>C - p.Met263Thr (dn) / c.851T>C - p.Val284Ala (dn) / c.975C>A - p.Phe325Leu (inherited from mosaic parent) / c.839C>T - p.Pro280Leu (dn - Sanchis-Juan et al). As commented by Jenkins and Escayg (2019 - PMID: 31032848 / both among the authors of the 1st report) as well as by Sanchis-Juan et al., both loss- and gain- of function effects explain the pathogenicity of the various mutations reported to date. [In gnomAD GABRA2 has a Z-score for missense variants of 3.13 as well as a pLI of 1]. ------ GABRA2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. This gene is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. ------ As a result, GABRA2 can be considered for inclusion in the epilepsy and ID panels probably as green (several relevant individuals, several reported variants with supporting functional studies for most, etc.). [Consider inclusion in other possibly relevant gene panels eg. for ASD which was feature in some patients at relevant age and/or among those evaluated].; to: Heterozygous pathogenic GABRA2 variants cause Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557) [new OMIM entry]. At least 8 relevant individuals have been reported to date in the following studies: - Orenstein et al. (2018 - PMID: 29422393) - 1 individual - Butler et al. (2018 - PMID: 29961870) - 1 subject - Maljevic et al. (2019 - PMID: 31032849 - 3 unrelated children as well as 2 affected sibs - Sanchis-Juan et al. (2019 - bioRxiv / https://doi.org/10.1101/678219) - 1 further patient In all affected individuals the variants were missense and - in almost all cases - had occurred as de novo events. The 2 sibs reported by Maljevic however, had inherited a missense variant from their unaffected mosaic parent. Clinical descriptions for individuals from the 3 studies are provided in OMIM and also summarized, Maljevic - Table 1 (7 patients) and/or in the suppl. table 1 by Sanchis-Juan et al. (8 patients) (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/06/21/678219/DC2/embed/media-2.xlsx). Seizures, DD and ID (relevant to the current panel) are among the reported features. Functional studies have been performed for most of the variants and are summarized for each one in the OMIM entry for GABRG2 and the aforementioned table as well. The following variants have been reported (NM_000807.2): c.1003A>C - p.Asn335His (dn) / c.875C>A - Thr292Lys (dn) / c.871C>G - p.Leu291Val (dn) / c.788T>C - p.Met263Thr (dn) / c.851T>C - p.Val284Ala (dn) / c.975C>A - p.Phe325Leu (inherited from mosaic parent) / c.839C>T - p.Pro280Leu (dn - Sanchis-Juan et al). As commented by Jenkins and Escayg (2019 - PMID: 31032848 / both among the authors of the 1st report) as well as by Sanchis-Juan et al., both loss- and gain- of function effects explain the pathogenicity of the various mutations reported to date. [In gnomAD GABRA2 has a Z-score for missense variants of 3.13 as well as a pLI of 1]. ------ GABRA2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. This gene is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. ------ As a result, GABRA2 can be considered for inclusion in the epilepsy and ID panels probably as green (several relevant individuals, several reported variants with supporting functional studies for most, etc.). [Consider inclusion in other possibly relevant gene panels eg. for ASD which was feature in some patients at relevant age and/or among those evaluated]. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | GABRA2 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: GABRA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29422393, 29961870, 31032849, 31032848, doi.org/10.1101/678219; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | GABRA2 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | GABRA2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: GABRA2 was added gene: GABRA2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GABRA2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: GABRA2 were set to 29422393; 29961870; 31032849; 31032848; doi.org/10.1101/678219 Phenotypes for gene: GABRA2 were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557) Penetrance for gene: GABRA2 were set to unknown Review for gene: GABRA2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Heterozygous pathogenic GABRA2 variants cause Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 78 (MIM 618557) [new OMIM entry]. At least 8 relevant individuals have been reported to date in the following studies: - Orenstein et al. (2018 - PMID: 29422393) - 1 individual - Butler et al. (2018 - PMID: 29961870) - 1 subject - Maljevic et al. (2019 - PMID: 31032849 - 3 unrelated children as well as 2 affected sibs - Sanchis-Juan et al. (2019 - bioRxiv / https://doi.org/10.1101/678219) - 1 further patient In almost all affected individuals, the variants were missense and had occurred as de novo events. The 2 sibs reported by Maljevic however, had inherited a missense variant from their unaffected mosaic parent. Clinical descriptions for individuals from the 3 studies are provided in OMIM and also summarized in the suppl. table 1 by Sanchis-Juan et al. (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/06/21/678219/DC2/embed/media-2.xlsx?download=true). Seizures, DD and ID (relevant to the current panel) are among the reported features. Functional studies have been performed for most of the variants and are summarized for each one in the OMIM entry for GABRG2 and the aforementionned table as well. The following variants have been reported (NM_000807.2): c.1003A>C - p.Asn335His (dn) / c.875C>A - Thr292Lys (dn) / c.871C>G - p.Leu291Val (dn) / c.788T>C - p.Met263Thr (dn) / c.851T>C - p.Val284Ala (dn) / c.975C>A - p.Phe325Leu (inherited from mosaic parent) / c.839C>T - p.Pro280Leu (dn - Sanchis-Juan et al). As commented by Jenkins and Escayg (2019 - PMID: 31032848 / both among the authors of the 1st report) as well as by Sanchis-Juan et al., both loss- and gain- of function effects explain the pathogenicity of the various reported (all) missense mutations. [In gnomAD GABRA2 has a Z-score for missense variants of 3.13 as well as a pLI of 1]. ------ GABRA2 is not associated with any phenotype in G2P. This gene is not commonly included in gene panels for ID offered by diagnostic laboratories. ------ As a result, GABRA2 can be considered for inclusion in the epilepsy and ID panels probably as green (several relevant individuals, several reported variants with supporting functional studies for most, etc.). [Consider inclusion in other possibly relevant gene panels eg. for ASD which was feature in some patients at relevant age and/or among those evaluated]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | GABRA5 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: GABRA5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 29961870, 31056671; Phenotypes: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 79 (MIM 618559); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | PIGP |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PIGP was added gene: PIGP was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PIGP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIGP were set to 28334793; 31139695 Phenotypes for gene: PIGP were set to Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Feeding difficulties; Cortical visual impairment Penetrance for gene: PIGP were set to Complete Review for gene: PIGP was set to GREEN gene: PIGP was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Johnstone et al. (2017 - PMID: 28334793) report on 2 sibs born to non-consanguineous parents of French-Irish ancestry. Both presented with seizures (onset at the age of 2 and 7 weeks respectively), hypotonia and profound DD. Other features included CVI and feeding difficulties. Extensive metabolic testing as well as prior genetic testing (ARX, STXBP1, MECP2, aCGH) in the family were non-diagnostic. WES suggested the presence of 2 PIGP variants with Sanger sequencing used for confirmation and segregation studies. PIGP encodes a subunit of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Mutations in other genes whose proteins are in complex with PIGP (PIGA, PIGC, PIGQ, PIGY, DPM2) lead to similar phenotypes. The phenotype overall was also overlapping with the inherited GPI deficiencies (belonging to the broader group of CDGs). PIGP has 2 isoforms, which differ by 24 amino acids due to utilization of alternative start codons [corresponding to NM_153681.2 (158 aa) and NM_153682.2 (134 aa)]. The variants identified affected both transcripts with the first SNV leading either to loss of the start codon (NM_153682.2:c.2T>C - p.Met1Thr) or to substitution of a methionine at position 25(NM_153681.2:c.74T>C;p.Met25Thr). The second variant led to frameshift in the last exon of both transcripts predicting a longer protein product (NM_153681.2:c.456delA / p.Glu153AsnfsTer34 or NM_153682.2:c.384delA / p.Glu129AsnfsTer34). Overall extensive studies demonstrated decreased levels of PIGP mRNA in patient fibroblast, decreased amounts of mutant protein in transfected HEK293 cells. The decreased levels of GPI-APs further supported the effect of variants : - mRNA levels in patient fibroblasts were reduced compared to controls. Conclusions could not be drawn from Western blot, since no antibodies could specifically detect PIGP. HEK293 cells transfected of mt or wt HA-tagged PIGP cDNA led to undetectable amounts for the first variant (both M1T/M25T) and a protein product of increased molecular weight for the frameshift one. - Flow cytometry of patient granulocytes indicated reduced signal of CD16 (a GPI-anchored protein) and FLAER (binding directly to the GPI anchor). - Reduced levels of GPI-APs were also observed in PIGP deficient HAP1 cells transfected with either wt, or mutant PIGP cDNA (of both isoforms for the M1T/M25T or isoform 2 for the frameshift mutation). -------- Krenn et al. (2019 - PMID: 31139695) described a patient born to non-consanguineous Polish parents. Features were highly similar to those reported by Johnstone et al. and incl. intractable infantile seizures (onset at 7m), hypotonia, severe DD and feeding difficulties. Metabolic work-up failed to identify an alternative diagnosis. WES revealed homozygosity for the frameshift variant reported by Johnstone et al. Sanger sequencing confirmed the variant and carrier state in both parents. Identified ROH of less than 7 Mb in the WES data, suggested a founder mutation rather than unreported consanguinity. The variant is present 9 times in gnomAD (AF of 3.2e-5 / no homozygotes). Flow cytometry of patient granulocytes, revealed markedly reduced expression of GPI-APs (CD157, CD59, FLAER) compared to parents/controls. ALP was normal in all aforementioned individuals (probably in line with PIGP being involved in the 1st step of the GPI anchor biosynthesis). -------- A further individual with phenotype of EIEE-55;GPIBD-14 is reported in LOVD [Individual #00246132]. This individual, born to consanguineous parents, was tested by WES and found to be homozygous for a frameshift variant, also affecting the last exon in both transcripts (NM_153681.2:c.384delA (p.Glu129ArgfsTer7) / NM_153682.2:c.312delA (p.Glu105ArgfsTer7). This was probably in agreement with segregation studies according to the respective entry. The specific variant is reported as pathogenic [variant ID #0000500090]. -------- ?Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 55 (MIM 617599) is the corresponding phenotype in OMIM. There is no relevant G2P entry. PIGP is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx). -------- As a result, PIGP can be considered for inclusion in the ID/epilepsy panels probably as green (3 individuals, role of the gene and similarity to other inherited GPI deficiencies, extensive supporting studies) or amber. (Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels eg. CDGs, etc). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | SLC25A12 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: SLC25A12: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31403263, 24515575, 19641205, 27290639, 26633542; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | ARSE | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: ARSE. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | ARSE | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: ARSE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | H3F3B | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: H3F3B. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | H3F3B | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: H3F3B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | H3F3A | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: H3F3A. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | H3F3A | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: H3F3A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H4C | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: HIST1H4C. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H4C | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: HIST1H4C: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for HIST1H4C is H4C3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H4B | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: HIST1H4B. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H4B | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: HIST1H4B: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for HIST1H4B is H4C2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H1E | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: HIST1H1E. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST1H1E | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: HIST1H1E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST3H3 | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: HIST3H3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | HIST3H3 | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: HIST3H3: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for HIST3H3 is H3-4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | KIF1BP | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: KIF1BP. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | KIF1BP | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: KIF1BP: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for KIF1BP is KIFBP | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | VARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: VARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | VARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: VARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | CARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: CARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | CARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: CARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | IARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: IARS: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for IARS is IARS1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | QARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: QARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | QARS | Louise Daugherty edited their review of gene: QARS: Added comment: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for QARS is QARS1; Changed publications: 28620870, 24656866, 25041233, 25471517, 25432320, 24709618; Changed phenotypes: Microcephaly, progressive, seizures, and cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, 615760, Intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | KARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: KARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | KARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: KARS: Added new-gene-name tag, new approved HGNC gene symbol for KARS is KARS1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | AARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: AARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | AARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: AARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | DARS | Louise Daugherty Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: DARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | DARS | Louise Daugherty commented on gene: DARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1022 | DLG4 | Louise Daugherty Mode of inheritance for gene: DLG4 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | MED25 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Please consider the 2 additional articles by Nair et al. (2019 - DOI: 10.1159/000494465 - PMID: 30800049 & DOI: 10.1159/000501114 - PMID: NA) reporting on 3 individuals from 2 consanguineous Lebanese families. All affected individuals were homozygous for a MED25 missense variant [NM_030973.3:c.518T>C / p.Ile173Thr], possibly a founder mutation in the Lebanese population. The phenotype presented some similarities with the previously described patients. The variant has a very low AF in gnomAD (0.00003470) and was also absent from the Saudi Variant Database. In silico predictions from PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, MutationTaster were suggestive of a probably damaging effect. The individual from the first report (PMID: 30800049) had an additional homozygous COQ8A variant, with some features fitting with the phenotype of AR primary CoQ10 deficiency type 4 and others negating this diagnosis. MED25 is included in gene panels for ID offered by several diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc, Victorian Clinical Genetics and many others). It is not however included in the DD panel of G2P.; to: Please consider the 2 additional articles by Nair et al. (2019 - DOI: 10.1159/000494465 - PMID: 30800049 & DOI: 10.1159/000501114 - PMID: NA) reporting on 3 individuals from 2 consanguineous Lebanese families. All affected individuals were homozygous for a MED25 missense variant [NM_030973.3:c.518T>C / p.Ile173Thr], possibly a founder mutation in the Lebanese population. The phenotype presented some similarities with the previously described patients. The variant has a very low AF in gnomAD (0.00003470) and was also absent from the Saudi Variant Database. In silico predictions from PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, MutationTaster were suggestive of a probably damaging effect. The individual from the first report (PMID: 30800049) had an additional homozygous COQ8A variant, with some features fitting with the phenotype of AR primary CoQ10 deficiency type 4 and others negating this (possibly concurrent) diagnosis. MED25 is included in gene panels for ID offered by several diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc, Victorian Clinical Genetics and many others). It is not however included in the DD panel of G2P. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | MED25 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: MED25: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30800049, DOI:10.1159/000501114, 25527630, 25792360; Phenotypes: Basel-Vanagait-Smirin-Yosef syndrome (MIM 616449); Mode of inheritance: None; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | KATNB1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: KATNB1 was added gene: KATNB1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: KATNB1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: KATNB1 were set to 25521378; 25521379; 26640080 Phenotypes for gene: KATNB1 were set to Lissencephaly 6, with microcephaly (MIM 616212) Penetrance for gene: KATNB1 were set to Complete Review for gene: KATNB1 was set to GREEN gene: KATNB1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Biallelic pathogenic KATNB1 variants cause Lissencephaly 6, with microcephaly (MIM 616212). At least 13 affected individuals from 9 (mostly consanguineous) families have probably been reported in the following articles: - Mishra-Gorur et al. (2014 - PMID: 25521378) [7 individuals from 5 unrelated families] - Hu et al. (2014 - PMID: 25521379) [5 individuals from 3 families] - Yigit el al. (2016 - PMID: 26640080) [1 subject born to consanguineous parents] The phenotype appears to be relevant to the current panel. Several different variants have been reported to date. Extensive studies as for the impact of mutations at the cellular level as well as animal models (zebrafish, mouse, drosophila) support involvement of KATNB1. These arguments, provided mainly by the first two studies, are summarized in the respective OMIM entry for the disorder : https://omim.org/entry/616212 (variants and their effect are discussed in the entry for KATNB1 - https://omim.org/entry/602703). The individual reported by Yigit el al. was a 5 year-old girl with - among others - severely delayed psychomotor development. The child was found to harbor a homozygous splice site variant (removing the acceptor AG signature). Confirmation of the variant and segregation studies were performed with Sanger sequencing. cDNA studies were carried out and demonstrated aberrant splicing. KATNB1 is not associated with any disorder in G2P. The gene is included in panels for ID offered by several diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the current panel probably as green (or amber). Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | MED13 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Snijders Blok et al. (2018 - PMID: 29740699) report on 13 individuals with MED13 mutations. Features included DD with speech difficulties (both universal) and motor delay in some. ID was observed in at least 9/13 and in most cases was in the borderline/mild range (moderate ID reported for 1 individual). Other features were ASD (5/13), ADHD, eye/vision abnormalities and in few individuals obstipation or congenital heart anomalies. Some possibly overlapping facial characteristics were also noted. MED13 and MED13L are mutually exclusive components of the CDK8 kinase module that regulates the activity of the Mediator complex. The Mediator transmits signals from various transcription factors to RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Reversible binding of the CDK8 kinase controls Mediator - Pol II interaction (prevents Pol II recruitment) and thus acts as a molecular switch in Pol II - mediated transcription. DD and ID are features of the MED13L- and CDK8- related disorders. 3 stopgain, 2 frameshift, 6 missense variants and 1 in-frame deletion were reported. In 11 cases, the variants had occurred as de novo events, while 1 individual had inherited a nonsense variant from a similarly affected mother (unknown inheritance in her case). Effect of a stopgain variant was studied with similar (total) transcript levels between the affected patient and his parents/controls upon qPCR. Sanger sequencing of cDNA amplicons was suggestive of the presence of an aberrant transcript at ~70% levels relative to the normal transcript. Truncated protein was undetectable by Western Blot in mononuclear blood cells from affected subjects. Total MED13 protein levels were not clearly different when comparing an affected individual with his unaffected parent (?). Missense variants and the inframe deletion clustered either in the N- or the C-terminal domain, with the N-terminal ones all (T326I, T326del, P327S, P327Q / NM_005121.2 - NP_005112.2) affecting positions of a known phosphodegron sequence, important for the protein's ubiquitination and degradation. Another previously studied variant (T326A) had been shown to prevent degradation. As a result, the variants affecting aa 326-327 might lead to altered (increased) levels of MED13. The remaining missense variants affected the C-terminal portion (Q2060L, A2064V). As a result the impact of the different subcategories of variants remains unclear/inconclusive. MED13 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. This gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "MED13 - Neurodevelopment disorder" (dis. confidence : probable / mutation consequence : LoF / GDD, speech/language delay, ID, autistic behavior among the assigned phenotypes). MED13 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). ID is part of the phenotype of MED13-related disorder, however as the severity in most individuals - when present - was in the borderline/mild range (not relevant for the present panel) and/or the underlying effect of mutations remains unclear, amber rating can probably be considered for this gene. Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Literature; to: Snijders Blok et al. (2018 - PMID: 29740699) report on 13 individuals with MED13 mutations. Features included DD with speech difficulties (both universal) and motor delay in some. ID was observed in at least 9/13 and in most cases was in the borderline/mild range (moderate ID reported for 1 individual). Other features were ASD (5/13), ADHD, eye/vision abnormalities and in few individuals obstipation or congenital heart anomalies. Some possibly overlapping facial characteristics were also noted. MED13 and MED13L are mutually exclusive components of the CDK8 kinase module that regulates the activity of the Mediator complex. The Mediator transmits signals from various transcription factors to RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Reversible binding of the CDK8 kinase controls Mediator - Pol II interaction (prevents Pol II recruitment) and thus acts as a molecular switch in Pol II - mediated transcription. DD and ID are features of the MED13L- and CDK8- related disorders. 3 stopgain, 2 frameshift, 6 missense variants and 1 in-frame deletion were reported. In 11 cases, the variants had occurred as de novo events, while 1 individual had inherited a nonsense variant from a similarly affected mother (unknown inheritance in her case). Effect of a stopgain variant was studied with similar (total) transcript levels between the affected patient and his parents/controls upon qPCR. Sanger sequencing of cDNA amplicons was suggestive of the presence of an aberrant transcript at ~70% levels relative to the normal transcript. Truncated protein was undetectable by Western Blot in mononuclear blood cells from affected subjects. Total MED13 protein levels were not clearly different when comparing an affected individual with his unaffected parent (?). Missense variants and the inframe deletion clustered either in the N- or the C-terminal domain, with the N-terminal ones all (T326I, T326del, P327S, P327Q / NM_005121.2 - NP_005112.2) affecting positions of a known phosphodegron sequence, important for the protein's ubiquitination and degradation. Another previously studied variant (T326A) had been shown to prevent degradation. As a result, the variants affecting aa 326-327 might lead to altered (increased) levels of MED13. The remaining missense variants affected the C-terminal portion (Q2060L, A2064V). As a result the impact of the different subcategories of variants remains unclear/inconclusive. MED13 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. This gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "MED13 - Neurodevelopment disorder" (dis. confidence : probable / mutation consequence : LoF / GDD, speech/language delay, ID, autistic behavior among the assigned phenotypes). MED13 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). ID is part of the phenotype of MED13-related disorder. However as the severity in most individuals - when present - was in the borderline/mild range (not relevant for the present panel) and/or the underlying effect of mutations remains unclear, amber rating seems more appropriate. Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | MED13 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: MED13 was added gene: MED13 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MED13 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: MED13 were set to 29740699 Phenotypes for gene: MED13 were set to Delayed speech and language development; Motor delay; Intellectual disability; Autistic behavior; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Abnormality of the eye; Constipation Penetrance for gene: MED13 were set to unknown Review for gene: MED13 was set to AMBER gene: MED13 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Snijders Blok et al. (2018 - PMID: 29740699) report on 13 individuals with MED13 mutations. Features included DD with speech difficulties (both universal) and motor delay in some. ID was observed in at least 9/13 and in most cases was in the borderline/mild range (moderate ID reported for 1 individual). Other features were ASD (5/13), ADHD, eye/vision abnormalities and in few individuals obstipation or congenital heart anomalies. Some possibly overlapping facial characteristics were also noted. MED13 and MED13L are mutually exclusive components of the CDK8 kinase module that regulates the activity of the Mediator complex. The Mediator transmits signals from various transcription factors to RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Reversible binding of the CDK8 kinase controls Mediator - Pol II interaction (prevents Pol II recruitment) and thus acts as a molecular switch in Pol II - mediated transcription. DD and ID are features of the MED13L- and CDK8- related disorders. 3 stopgain, 2 frameshift, 6 missense variants and 1 in-frame deletion were reported. In 11 cases, the variants had occurred as de novo events, while 1 individual had inherited a nonsense variant from a similarly affected mother (unknown inheritance in her case). Effect of a stopgain variant was studied with similar (total) transcript levels between the affected patient and his parents/controls upon qPCR. Sanger sequencing of cDNA amplicons was suggestive of the presence of an aberrant transcript at ~70% levels relative to the normal transcript. Truncated protein was undetectable by Western Blot in mononuclear blood cells from affected subjects. Total MED13 protein levels were not clearly different when comparing an affected individual with his unaffected parent (?). Missense variants and the inframe deletion clustered either in the N- or the C-terminal domain, with the N-terminal ones all (T326I, T326del, P327S, P327Q / NM_005121.2 - NP_005112.2) affecting positions of a known phosphodegron sequence, important for the protein's ubiquitination and degradation. Another previously studied variant (T326A) had been shown to prevent degradation. As a result, the variants affecting aa 326-327 might lead to altered (increased) levels of MED13. The remaining missense variants affected the C-terminal portion (Q2060L, A2064V). As a result the impact of the different subcategories of variants remains unclear/inconclusive. MED13 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. This gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "MED13 - Neurodevelopment disorder" (dis. confidence : probable / mutation consequence : LoF / GDD, speech/language delay, ID, autistic behavior among the assigned phenotypes). MED13 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc). ID is part of the phenotype of MED13-related disorder, however as the severity in most individuals - when present - was in the borderline/mild range (not relevant for the present panel) and/or the underlying effect of mutations remains unclear, amber rating can probably be considered for this gene. Sources: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | PAK1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Horn et al. (2019 - doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz264) report on 4 additional individuals with de novo missense PAK1 pathogenic variants. ID, seizures and macrocephaly and walking difficulties were observed in all (4/4). ASD was reported in 3 (but was not among the features in the study by Harms et al). PAK1 encodes p21 protein-activated kinase 1. The protein has 2 major domains, an autoregulatory and a protein kinase domain. Homodimerization masks the active site of the kinase, leading to autoinhibition (inactive form). PAK1 is activated by dissociation into monomers upon binding of the GTP-bound forms of the Rho GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. TRIO and HACE1 are indirect regulators of PAK1, via RAC1. PAK1 in turn, activates LIMK1 which plays a critical role in dendritic spine morphogenesis and brain function. CDC42, RAC1, TRIO, HACE1 are all associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Activation of RAC-PAK1-LIMK1 pathway has been demonstrated for Fragile-X syndrome (sharing ID, macrocephaly and seizures). Mutations in PAK3, another member of the group I PAK subfamily with similar activation mechanism to PAK1 (by CDC42 / RAC1), cause Mental retardation, X-linked 30/47 (MIM 300558) (Green rating in the current panel). 4 additional missense variants - further to the 2 previously described ones - were found, all as de novo events: c.397T>C (p.Ser133Pro) / c.361C>T p.(Pro121Ser) / c.328T>A p.(Ser110Thr) / c.1409T>G (p.Leu470Arg) [For the specific variants, cDNA and aa change are the same for both NM_001128620.1 and NM_002576]. The 3 former variants located within the autoinhibitory domain while the latter in the protein kinase domain though - again - close to the autoinhibitory one (in tertiary structure). A gain of function effect by reduced ability of autoinhibition (leading to autophosphorylation) and activation of PAK1 is the suggested mechanism. Gain of function is also supported by the fact that Pak1-/- do not exhibit neurodevelopmental anomalies / abnormal head size. PAK1 is not particularly intolerant to LoF variants as suggested by its pLI of 0.67. The corresponding phenotype in OMIM is Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay (MIM 618158). The gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "Neurodevelopmental Disorder" (monoallelic, activating / disease confidence : probable). PAK1 is included in the gene panel for ID offered by Radboudumc.; to: Based on a further recent study, PAK1 can probably be upgraded to green in both ID and epilepsy gene panels: Horn et al. (2019 - doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz264) report on 4 additional individuals with de novo missense PAK1 pathogenic variants. ID, seizures and macrocephaly and walking difficulties were observed in all (4/4). ASD was reported in 3 (but was not among the features in the study by Harms et al). PAK1 encodes p21 protein-activated kinase 1. The protein has 2 major domains, an autoregulatory and a protein kinase domain. Homodimerization masks the active site of the kinase, leading to autoinhibition (inactive form). PAK1 is activated by dissociation into monomers upon binding of the GTP-bound forms of the Rho GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. TRIO and HACE1 are indirect regulators of PAK1, via RAC1. PAK1 in turn, activates LIMK1 which plays a critical role in dendritic spine morphogenesis and brain function. CDC42, RAC1, TRIO, HACE1 are all associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Activation of RAC-PAK1-LIMK1 pathway has been demonstrated for Fragile-X syndrome (sharing ID, macrocephaly and seizures). Mutations in PAK3, another member of the group I PAK subfamily with similar activation mechanism to PAK1 (by CDC42 / RAC1), cause Mental retardation, X-linked 30/47 (MIM 300558) (Green rating in the current panel). 4 additional missense variants - further to the 2 previously described ones - were found, all as de novo events: c.397T>C (p.Ser133Pro) / c.361C>T p.(Pro121Ser) / c.328T>A p.(Ser110Thr) / c.1409T>G (p.Leu470Arg) [For the specific variants, cDNA and aa change are the same for both NM_001128620.1 and NM_002576]. The 3 former variants located within the autoinhibitory domain while the latter in the protein kinase domain though - again - close to the autoinhibitory one (in tertiary structure). A gain of function effect by reduced ability of autoinhibition (leading to autophosphorylation) and activation of PAK1 is the suggested mechanism. Gain of function is also supported by the fact that Pak1-/- do not exhibit neurodevelopmental anomalies / abnormal head size. PAK1 is not particularly intolerant to LoF variants as suggested by its pLI of 0.67. The corresponding phenotype in OMIM is Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay (MIM 618158). The gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "Neurodevelopmental Disorder" (monoallelic, activating / disease confidence : probable). PAK1 is included in the gene panel for ID offered by Radboudumc. (Previous review below) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | PAK1 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis edited their review of gene: PAK1: Added comment: Horn et al. (2019 - doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz264) report on 4 additional individuals with de novo missense PAK1 pathogenic variants. ID, seizures and macrocephaly and walking difficulties were observed in all (4/4). ASD was reported in 3 (but was not among the features in the study by Harms et al). PAK1 encodes p21 protein-activated kinase 1. The protein has 2 major domains, an autoregulatory and a protein kinase domain. Homodimerization masks the active site of the kinase, leading to autoinhibition (inactive form). PAK1 is activated by dissociation into monomers upon binding of the GTP-bound forms of the Rho GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. TRIO and HACE1 are indirect regulators of PAK1, via RAC1. PAK1 in turn, activates LIMK1 which plays a critical role in dendritic spine morphogenesis and brain function. CDC42, RAC1, TRIO, HACE1 are all associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Activation of RAC-PAK1-LIMK1 pathway has been demonstrated for Fragile-X syndrome (sharing ID, macrocephaly and seizures). Mutations in PAK3, another member of the group I PAK subfamily with similar activation mechanism to PAK1 (by CDC42 / RAC1), cause Mental retardation, X-linked 30/47 (MIM 300558) (Green rating in the current panel). 4 additional missense variants - further to the 2 previously described ones - were found, all as de novo events: c.397T>C (p.Ser133Pro) / c.361C>T p.(Pro121Ser) / c.328T>A p.(Ser110Thr) / c.1409T>G (p.Leu470Arg) [For the specific variants, cDNA and aa change are the same for both NM_001128620.1 and NM_002576]. The 3 former variants located within the autoinhibitory domain while the latter in the protein kinase domain though - again - close to the autoinhibitory one (in tertiary structure). A gain of function effect by reduced ability of autoinhibition (leading to autophosphorylation) and activation of PAK1 is the suggested mechanism. Gain of function is also supported by the fact that Pak1-/- do not exhibit neurodevelopmental anomalies / abnormal head size. PAK1 is not particularly intolerant to LoF variants as suggested by its pLI of 0.67. The corresponding phenotype in OMIM is Intellectual developmental disorder with macrocephaly, seizures, and speech delay (MIM 618158). The gene is part of the DD panel of G2P, associated with "Neurodevelopmental Disorder" (monoallelic, activating / disease confidence : probable). PAK1 is included in the gene panel for ID offered by Radboudumc.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 30290153, doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz264; Set current diagnostic: yes |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GABBR2: Added missense tag: only missense variants (A707T and A567T) reported so far in the literature. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: GABBR2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: GABBR2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated gene from Amber to Green: As noted by Konstantinos Varvagiannis, an additional 2018 study has been published associating a new GABBR2 variant (A707T) with a RETT-like phenotype including intellectual impairment (PMID:29369404). This adds to the previous papers documenting the recurring p.Ala567Thr variant in RETT-like patients from Portugal (PMID:26740508) and Korea (PMID:28856709). Plus OMIM has been updated since the Dec 2017 curation to include neurodevelopmental disorder MIM:617904. Thirdly, email correspondence from J. Evans notes a patient with a relevant phenotype and a previously-published pathogenic variant in GABBR2. Therefore sufficient unrelated cases to support a Green rating. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1021 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: gabbr2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1020 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GABBR2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1020 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: GABBR2 were changed from EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; Rett syndrome to EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; Rett syndrome; Neurodevelopmental disorder with poor language and loss of hand skills, 617903 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1019 | GABBR2 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: GABBR2 were set to 29100083; 28061363; 28135719; 28856709 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1018 | GOT2 |
Catherine Snow Tag treatable tag was added to gene: GOT2. Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: GOT2. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1018 | GOT2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: GOT2 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1018 | GOT2 | Catherine Snow Gene: got2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1017 | GOT2 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: GOT2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31422819; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1017 | GEMIN4 | Ivone Leong Classified gene: GEMIN4 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1017 | GEMIN4 | Ivone Leong Added comment: Comment on list classification: Promoted from red to amber based on new evidence. PMID: 27878435 reported on different variant found in a patient with cataracts, global developmental delay and ataxia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1017 | GEMIN4 | Ivone Leong Gene: gemin4 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1016 | GEMIN4 | Ivone Leong Publications for gene: GEMIN4 were set to 25558065 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | HNRNPR |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Duijkers et al. (2019 - PMID: 31079900) report on the phenotype of 4 individuals with de novo HNRNPR variants and provide additional information on a previously published case (Helbig et al, 2016 - PMID: 26795593). All 5 were unrelated. The phenotype consisted of DD (5/5 - moderate to severe in 4 for which this has been commented on), postnatal microcephaly, seizures, brachydactyly, with additional (cardiac, urogenital, etc) anomalies observed in few. Some partially overlapping facial features were also noted. 3 truncating variants as well as a missense one, all localizing within the last exon of the gene (NM_001102398.2 used as ref. although this exon is shared by all transcripts). HNRNPR encodes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R, which is part of the spliceosome C. The latter functions in the nucleus to process and transport mRNA. Apart from splicing hnRNPs are also involved in other levels of gene regulation (PMID: 27215579). Some hnRNPs have been found in the cytoplasm in stress granules, aggregations of protein, RNAs and stalled initiation complexes that are formed as stress response upon oxidative insult and dissipate upon cessation of this insult. Western blot in LCLs from affected individuals demonstrated the presence of the truncated protein as well as the full-length and short isoform (as expected by the variant localization). As the C-terminal part has features of a "prion-like domain" (PrLD), critical for the formation of stress granules in the case of hnRNP-related disorders, comparison of fibroblasts from affected and healthy individuals revealed abnormal persistence of these granules in affected individuals following a recovery period, despite similar formation either at basal levels or under conditions of stress. In line with a role of hnRNPs in splicing and gene regulation, RNA-Sequencing in fibroblasts from 2 affected individuals revealed abnormal splicing of some genes (eg. HOXA5, HOXB3, LHX9) and significant dysregulation of genes important for the development (upregulation of FOXG1, TBX1, several members of the HOX family and downregulation of LHX9, IRX3, etc) possibly contributing to the patient features. Helbig et al. provide details on animal studies incl.expression in neural tissues (cerebrum and cerebellum), higher levels of expression early in the development (of both R1/R2 isoforms), etc (extensive discussion in the supplement with several articles cited). HNRNPR is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion as amber (developmental outcome not commented on sufficiently despite moderate/severe DD in most). Sources: Literature; to: Duijkers et al. (2019 - PMID: 31079900) report on the phenotype of 4 individuals with de novo HNRNPR variants and provide additional information on a previously published case (Helbig et al, 2016 - PMID: 26795593). All 5 were unrelated. The phenotype consisted of DD (5/5 - moderate to severe in 4 for which this has been commented on), postnatal microcephaly, seizures, brachydactyly, with additional (cardiac, urogenital, etc) anomalies observed in few. Some partially overlapping facial features were also noted. 3 truncating variants as well as a missense one, all localizing within the last exon of the gene (NM_001102398.2 used as ref. although this exon is shared by all transcripts). HNRNPR encodes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R, which is part of the spliceosome C. The latter functions in the nucleus to process and transport mRNA. Apart from splicing hnRNPs are also involved in other levels of gene regulation (PMID: 27215579). Some hnRNPs have been found in the cytoplasm in stress granules, aggregations of protein, RNAs and stalled initiation complexes that are formed as stress response upon oxidative insult and dissipate upon cessation of this insult. Western blot in LCLs from affected individuals demonstrated the presence of the truncated protein as well as the full-length and short isoform (as expected by the variant localization). As the C-terminal part has features of a "prion-like domain" (PrLD), critical for the formation of stress granules in the case of hnRNP-related disorders, comparison of fibroblasts from affected and healthy individuals revealed abnormal persistence of these granules in affected individuals following a recovery period, despite similar formation either at basal levels or under conditions of stress. In line with a role of hnRNPs in splicing and gene regulation, RNA-Sequencing in fibroblasts from 2 affected individuals revealed abnormal splicing of some genes (eg. HOXA5, HOXB3, LHX9) and significant dysregulation of genes important for the development (upregulation of FOXG1, TBX1, several members of the HOX family and downregulation of LHX9, IRX3, etc) possibly contributing to the patient features. Helbig et al. provide details on animal studies incl.expression in neural tissues (cerebrum and cerebellum), higher levels of expression early in the development (of both R1/R2 isoforms), etc (extensive discussion in the supplement with several articles cited). HNRNPR is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion as amber (developmental outcome not commented on sufficiently despite moderate/severe DD in most) or green. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | HNRNPR |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: HNRNPR was added gene: HNRNPR was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HNRNPR was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: HNRNPR were set to 31079900; 26795593 Phenotypes for gene: HNRNPR were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Postnatal microcephaly; Short digit Penetrance for gene: HNRNPR were set to unknown Review for gene: HNRNPR was set to GREEN Added comment: Duijkers et al. (2019 - PMID: 31079900) report on the phenotype of 4 individuals with de novo HNRNPR variants and provide additional information on a previously published case (Helbig et al, 2016 - PMID: 26795593). All 5 were unrelated. The phenotype consisted of DD (5/5 - moderate to severe in 4 for which this has been commented on), postnatal microcephaly, seizures, brachydactyly, with additional (cardiac, urogenital, etc) anomalies observed in few. Some partially overlapping facial features were also noted. 3 truncating variants as well as a missense one, all localizing within the last exon of the gene (NM_001102398.2 used as ref. although this exon is shared by all transcripts). HNRNPR encodes heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R, which is part of the spliceosome C. The latter functions in the nucleus to process and transport mRNA. Apart from splicing hnRNPs are also involved in other levels of gene regulation (PMID: 27215579). Some hnRNPs have been found in the cytoplasm in stress granules, aggregations of protein, RNAs and stalled initiation complexes that are formed as stress response upon oxidative insult and dissipate upon cessation of this insult. Western blot in LCLs from affected individuals demonstrated the presence of the truncated protein as well as the full-length and short isoform (as expected by the variant localization). As the C-terminal part has features of a "prion-like domain" (PrLD), critical for the formation of stress granules in the case of hnRNP-related disorders, comparison of fibroblasts from affected and healthy individuals revealed abnormal persistence of these granules in affected individuals following a recovery period, despite similar formation either at basal levels or under conditions of stress. In line with a role of hnRNPs in splicing and gene regulation, RNA-Sequencing in fibroblasts from 2 affected individuals revealed abnormal splicing of some genes (eg. HOXA5, HOXB3, LHX9) and significant dysregulation of genes important for the development (upregulation of FOXG1, TBX1, several members of the HOX family and downregulation of LHX9, IRX3, etc) possibly contributing to the patient features. Helbig et al. provide details on animal studies incl.expression in neural tissues (cerebrum and cerebellum), higher levels of expression early in the development (of both R1/R2 isoforms), etc (extensive discussion in the supplement with several articles cited). HNRNPR is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion as amber (developmental outcome not commented on sufficiently despite moderate/severe DD in most). Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | FBXW11 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: FBXW11 was added gene: FBXW11 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FBXW11 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: FBXW11 were set to 31402090 Phenotypes for gene: FBXW11 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the eye; Abnormality of the head; Abnormality of digit Penetrance for gene: FBXW11 were set to unknown Review for gene: FBXW11 was set to GREEN Added comment: Holt et al. (2019 - PMID: 31402090) report on 7 unrelated individuals with de novo FBXW11 variants. Features included DD (6/7), ID (6/7 - severity relevant to the current panel in most cases), eye, digital, jaw anomalies, etc. There was some overlap with the phenotype of a 1.24-Mb 5q35.1 microduplication spanning FBXW11 and 6 additional genes (Koolen et al, 2006 - PMID: 16865294). FBXW11 encodes an F-box protein part of the Skp1-cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex, involved in ubiquitination and proteasomal degratation. The SCF complex functions as a regulator of Wnt/β-catenin, Hh (and possibly RAS) signalling pathways. Each individual harbored a private missense variant as a de novo event. Alternative diagnoses (eg. Noonan syndrome in the case of a suggestive phenotype) were ruled out to the extent possible. All 7 variants localized in regions depleted for nonsynonymous variation (constrained coding regions) at the tips of loops of the WD repeat domains and were presumed to lead to destabilization of the protein and/or its interactions. Given the clustering a gain-of-function or dominant-negative effect of these variants might be suggested. [In gnomAD FBXW11 has a Z score = 3.96 for missense variants / pLI = 0.98]. In situ hybridization on human embryo sections demonstrated expression in the developping eye, hand, brain and mandibular process. Relevant expression patterns were also observed for the 2 zebrafish orthologs of FBXW11, fbxw11a/b. Generated zebrafish homozygous for a frameshift fbxw11b frameshift variant demonstrated relevant phenotypes upon additional injection of a fbxw11a morpholino (abnormal pectoral fins, heart edema, smaller eyes, abnormal jaw development). FBXW11 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel as green (sufficient cases, expression, phenotype in zebrafish model, etc.) or amber. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | GOT2 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: GOT2 was added gene: GOT2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GOT2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GOT2 were set to 31422819 Phenotypes for gene: GOT2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Increased serum lactate; Hyperammonemia; Microcephaly; Failure to thrive; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of nervous system morphology Penetrance for gene: GOT2 were set to Complete Review for gene: GOT2 was set to GREEN Added comment: van Karnebeek et al. (2019 - PMID: 31422819) report on 4 individuals from 3 families, with biallelic GOT2 pathogenic variants (3 missense SNVs and 1 in-frame deletion). The phenotype corresponded to a metabolic encephalopathy with onset of epilepsy in the first year of life (4/4) with DD and ID (4/4). Additional features included postnatal microcephaly, failure to thrive/feeding difficulties and cerebral anomalies (atrophy and white matter). All subjects had high blood lactate and hyperammonemia. Plasma serine was low in one case (alternative causes were ruled out). Administration of serine and pyridoxine led to clinical improvement (cessation / better control of seizures) in 2 subjects suggesting that GOT2 deficiency may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. [Treatment could not be started in the 2 further affected individuals]. GOT2 encodes the mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, a component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). The latter is important for intracellular NAD(H) redox homeostasis. The authors provide several lines of evidence that GOT2 deficiency explains the patients' phenotype and metabolic defects incl. : - Reduced GOT2 protein levels (due to lower expression/impaired stability) and diminished activity in patient fibroblasts (lower activity was also shown for carriers). Rescue of the GOT enzymatic activity was observed upon transduction of patient fibroblasts using lentiviral particles with wt GOT2. - Impairment of de novo serine biosynthesis in patient (and to a lesser extent in carrier) fibroblasts compared to controls. This was similar in GOT2-knockout HEK293 cells. Serine biosynthesis in these cells was restored by pyruvate supplementation. - CRISPR/Cas9 Got2-knockout mice resulted in early lethality (during pregnancy). Heterozygous mice were viable and healthy. - Morpholino knockdown of got2a in zebrafish was shown to perturb embryonic development (smaller head, slow circulation, bend body, brain developmental defects, etc). Pyridoxine and serine in embryo water resulted in milder phenotypes/improved morphant survival. Zebrafish got2a morphants had seizure-like spikes upon EEG that were rescued by treatment with pyridoxine. GOT2 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in both epilepsy and ID gene panels probably as green (3 families, relevant phenotypes and severity, evidence from cell and animal studies) or amber. [Please consider inclusion in other relevant panels eg. mitochondrial disorders, metabolic disorders and/or addition of the 'treatable' tag]. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | DDX6 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: DDX6 was added gene: DDX6 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DDX6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: DDX6 were set to 31422817 Phenotypes for gene: DDX6 were set to Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Unsteady gait; Abnormality of the cardiovascular system; Abnormality of the genitourinary system; Abnormality of limbs Penetrance for gene: DDX6 were set to unknown Review for gene: DDX6 was set to GREEN Added comment: Balak et al. (2019 - PMID: 31422817) report on 5 individuals with de novo likely pathogenic DDX6 variants. Clinical details are provided for 4. Frequent features included hypotonia, DD, ID (4/4), gait instability, cardiac, genitourinary as well anomalies of the extremities. DDX6 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA helicases. This helicase is an essential component of processing bodies (P-bodies / PBs), which are mebrane-less organelles involved in storage of mRNAs and proteins related to mRNA decay thus playing an important role in translational repression/post-transcriptional regulation (PMID: 29381060). All 5 variants had occurred as de novo events, clustered in exon 11 (NM_004397.5) and affected residues 372-373 of the QxxR motif (c.1115A>G or p.His372Arg / c.1118G>A or p.Arg373Gln) or 390-391 of the V motif (c.1168T>C or p.Cys390Arg / c.1171A>C or p.Thr391Pro / c.1172C>T or p.Thr391Ile). The specific motifs (and RecA-2 domain) are involved in RNA binding, helicase activity and protein-partner binding. Fibroblasts from 2 individuals were studied. Patient cells contained fewer PBs compared to cells from relatives/control-subjects, despite similar amounts of DDX6 protein upon immunobloting. Additional studies suggested that DDX6 variants caused impaired binding of other DDX6 protein partners involved in PB formation / translation repression (eg. LSM14A, 4E-T, etc) thus resulting in defective PB assembly. Transcriptome analysis in fibroblasts from one affected individual revealed (significant) differential expression of >1000 genes, enriched for genes related to protein translation, ribosome and RNA processing. As the authors discuss, given the residual PB assembly, haploinsufficiency is favored over a dominant-negative effect which would result in complete suppression of PBs (as sugested by a previous study of a dominant-negative DDX6 variant - PMID cited: 19297524). [In gnomAD, DDX6 has a Z-score for missense variants of 3.78 and a pLI of 1]. DDX6 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. In G2P it is associated with ID (disease confidence : probable / mutations : all missense/in frame). As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel as green (sufficient cases, relevant phenotype, functional studies) or amber. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | TRAPPC6B | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: TRAPPC6B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28626029, 28397838, DOI 10.1055/s-0039-1693664; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | KCNMA1 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: KCNMA1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31427379, 31152168, 27567911; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | SOX4 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: added OMIM MIM id | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1015 | SOX4 | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: SOX4 were changed from Syndromic intellectual disability; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Growth delay; Clinodactyly of the 5th finger; facial dysmorphism to Coffin-Siris syndrome 10, 618506; Syndromic intellectual disability; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Growth delay; Clinodactyly of the 5th finger; facial dysmorphism | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1014 | KMT2E | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: added OMIM MIM id | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1014 | KMT2E | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: KMT2E were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autism; Seizures; Abnormality of skull size to O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan syndrome, 618512; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autism; Seizures; Abnormality of skull size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1013 | CNOT1 | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: added OMIM MIM id | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1013 | CNOT1 | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: CNOT1 were changed from global developmental delay to Holoprosencephaly 12, with or without pancreatic agenesis, 618500; global developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1012 | CACNA1B | Louise Daugherty Added comment: Comment on phenotypes: added OMIM MIM id | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1012 | CACNA1B | Louise Daugherty Phenotypes for gene: CACNA1B were changed from Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia; Seizures; Abnormality of movement; Intellectual disability; Developmental regression; Global developmental delay to Neurodevelopmental disorder with seizures and nonepileptic hyperkinetic movements, 618497; Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia; Seizures; Abnormality of movement; Intellectual disability; Developmental regression; Global developmental delay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1011 | PUF60 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: PUF60 were changed from Verheij syndrome, 615583; VRJS; Chromosome 8q24.3 deletion syndrome; PUF60 syndrome; Intellectual disability to Syndromic intellectual disability; Verheij syndrome, 615583; VRJS; Chromosome 8q24.3 deletion syndrome; PUF60 syndrome; Intellectual disability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1010 | COLEC10 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: COLEC10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1010 | COLEC10 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: COLEC10 were changed from to 3MC syndrome 3, 248340 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1009 | COLEC10 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: COLEC10 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1008 | FRMPD4 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: FRMPD4 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1008 | FRMPD4 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Updated rating from Amber to Green on advice of Genomics England clinical team: four families with a relevant phenotype meets the criteria for a Green rating. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1008 | FRMPD4 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: frmpd4 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1007 | FRMPD4 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on mode of inheritance: MOI set to X-linked dominant on advice of Genomics England clinical team, in view of the single reported female heterozygote with a relevant phenotype. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1007 | FRMPD4 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: FRMPD4 was changed from X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1006 | GRIA2 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: GRIA2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1006 | POLR2A | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: POLR2A as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1006 | POLR2A | Rebecca Foulger Gene: polr2a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1005 | POLR2A | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: POLR2A were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Feeding difficulties to Global developmental delay; Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1004 | POLR2A | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: POLR2A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1004 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger changed review comment from: As noted by Konstantinos Varvagiannis, Voisin et al., 2019 (not yet in PubMed) describe de novo missense variants in the degron of AFF3 (a region required for its degradation) in 10 unrelated individuals with symptoms including ID. 4 different missense variants were identified (p.A258S, p.A258T, p.A258V and p.V260G). Although there are sufficient cases with a relevant phenotype, I have rated as Amber pending publication of the 2019 article: as OMIM note in their correspondance on AFF3, information changes from the initial bioRxiv upload to peer-reviewed publication. Therefore updated rating of AFF3 from Red to Amber, added 'watchlist' tag (in addition to missense tag), and will re-curate when the paper is published.; to: As noted by Konstantinos Varvagiannis, Voisin et al., 2019 (not yet in PubMed) describe de novo missense variants in the degron of AFF3 (a region required for its degradation) in 10 unrelated individuals with symptoms including ID. 4 different missense variants were identified (p.A258S, p.A258T, p.A258V and p.V260G). Although there are sufficient cases with a relevant phenotype (plus the individual reported in PMID:18616733), I have rated as Amber pending publication of the Voisin 2019 article: as OMIM note in their correspondance on AFF3, information changes from the initial bioRxiv upload to peer-reviewed publication. Therefore updated rating of AFF3 from Red to Amber, added 'watchlist' tag and 'missense' tag, and will re-curate when the paper is published. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1004 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Publications for gene: AFF3 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1003 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Phenotypes for gene: AFF3 were changed from to Intellectual disability; Seizures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1002 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of inheritance for gene: AFF3 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1001 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of pathogenicity for gene: AFF3 was changed from to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1001 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: AFF3 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1001 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: aff3 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: AFF3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: AFF3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | AFF3 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: AFF3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: WDR37: Added missense tag: only missense variants reported so far (PMID:31327510 and PMID:31327508). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: WDR37 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: wdr37 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.1000 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger Mode of pathogenicity for gene: WDR37 was changed from None to Other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.999 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: WDR37: WDR37 was added to the ID panel and rated Green by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. Although WDR37 is not yet associated with a disorder in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, there are sufficient unrelated cases in two recent papers (PMID:31327510 and PMID:31327508) with a severe ID/DD phenotype for inclusion on the panel. Plus it was agreed at the Webex call on Thurs 8th August with members of the GMS Neurology Specialist Test Group that WDR37 should be rated Green on the epilepsy panel (402). Therefore updated rating from Grey to Green. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.999 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: WDR37. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.999 | WDR37 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: WDR37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.999 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: PIGU as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.999 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger Gene: pigu has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PIGU: PIGU (together with other PIGx genes) were discussed with members of the GMS Neurology Specialist Test Group on the Webex call Thursday 8th August 2019 to discuss R59 Early onset or syndromic epilepsy. Agreed that there is enough evidence to rate PIGU Green on the 'Genetic epilepsy syndromes' panel (402). Therefore applied Green rating to the ID panel also: although PIGU is not yet associated with a disorder in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, there are sufficient unrelated cases described in PMID:31353022. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PIGU: Added 'missense' tag as missense variants only reported so far (PMID:31353022). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: PIGU. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PIGU: PMID:31353022 (Knaus et al. 2019) report two homozygous missense mutations (c.209T>A [p.Ile70Lys] and c.1149C>A [p.Asn383Lys]) in 5 individuals from 3 unrelated families. All individuals presented with global DD severe-to-profound ID, muscular hypotonia, seizures, brain anomalies, scoliosis, and mild facial dysmorphism. Sequencing confirmed that all parents were healthy carriers. c.209T>A has not been observed in gnomAD while c.1149C>A has been observed only in the heterozygous state (7/277194). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | PIGU | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: PIGU | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | NFASC | Sarah Leigh Classified gene: NFASC as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | NFASC | Sarah Leigh Added comment: Comment on list classification: Associated with phenotype in OMIM and not in Gen2Phen. At least 3 variants identified in unrelated cases. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.998 | NFASC | Sarah Leigh Gene: nfasc has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.997 | NFASC |
Sarah Leigh gene: NFASC was added gene: NFASC was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NFASC was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NFASC were set to 28940097; 30124836; 30850329 Phenotypes for gene: NFASC were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with central and peripheral motor dysfunction 618356 Review for gene: NFASC was set to GREEN Added comment: Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.996 | POLR2A |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: POLR2A was added gene: POLR2A was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: POLR2A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: POLR2A were set to 31353023 Phenotypes for gene: POLR2A were set to Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Feeding difficulties Penetrance for gene: POLR2A were set to unknown Review for gene: POLR2A was set to GREEN gene: POLR2A was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Haijes et al. (2019 - PMID: 31353023) report on 16 individuals with heterozygous de novo POLR2A variants. DD in all domains was observed in all individuals, ranging from mild to severe (in 8/16 moderate or more severe). The developmental scores were stable over time (as for eventual catch-up/decline) supporting relevance to the current panel. POLR2A encodes RPB1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (pol II). Pol II is responsible for the transcription of all protein coding genes as well as several long/short non-coding RNA genes. Missense, in-frame deletions as well as truncating mutations were observed. POLR2A has a pLI of 1 and a Z-score for missense variants of 7.13 (one of the highest ones). The reported variants did not cluster in specific domains of the protein although many were in regions relatively depleted in benign variants in gnomAD (stretches of desert Z-scores). Measures such as the CADD scores did not discriminate between deleterious ones and those in gnomAD. Different layers of structural analyses, functional analyses (impaired growth in S. cerevisiae in genetic background lacking transcr. factors Dst1 / Sub1 - suggesting reduced transcriptional fidelity / reduced HeLa cell viability) or phenotypic overlap were used to classify variants in probably disease causing (11), possibly disease causing (4 - only based on phenotypic overlap) or of unknown effect (1 variant - due to unavailable/incomplete phenotype). Some variants were predicted to act by haploinsufficiency while others (missense ones) by a dominant-negative mechanism, the latter being more likely to result in severe phenotypes. Mutations in genes encoding subunits of pol III (responsible for tRNA synthesis) are associated with leukodystrophy phenotypes with some limited overlap with POLR2A (delayed myelination/white-matter loss/tooth misalignment). Mutations in genes encoding other subunits of pol II (other than RPB1 encoded by POLR2A) have not been implicated in disease though. POLR2A is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. This gene is included in panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories [eg. Utrecht UMC - affiliation of many co-authors of this study or GeneDx]. As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel probably as green, or amber. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.996 | AFF3 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis changed review comment from: Voisin et al. (2019 - https://doi.org/10.1101/693937) report on 10 individuals with de novo missense AFF3 variants affecting a 9-amino-acid sequence (degron) important for the protein's degradation and summarize the phenotype of an additional individual previously described by Steichen-Gersdorf et al. (2008 - PMID: 18616733) with a 500 kb affecting only AFF3 (LAF4) and removing also this sequence. The phenotype of missense variants consisted of kidney anomalies, mesomelic dysplasia, seizures, hypertrichosis, intellectual disability and pulmonary problems and was overlapping with that of the deletion. [10 of 11 subjects exhibited severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy]. 9 probands harbored missense variants affecting the codon 258 while one individual had a variant affecting codon 260 [c.772G>T or p.Ala258Ser (x2), c.772G>A or p.Ala258Thr (x6), c.773C>T or p.Ala258Val (x1) and c.779T>G or p.(Val260Gly) (x1) - NM_001025108.1 / NP_001020279.1]. The deletion removed exons 4-13. AFF1-4 are ALF transcription factor paralogs, components of the transcriptional super elongation complex regulating expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and development. Using HEK293T cells expressing FLAG-tagged AFF3 (and AFF4) wt or mutants, accumulation of mutated forms was shown upon immunoblot. Aff3+/- and/or -/- mice exhibit skeletal defects. These were more pronounced in homozygous mice which demonstrated also some elements in favor of kidney dysfunction and/or metabolic deregulation and possible neurological dysfunction (signs of impaired hearing and diminished grip strength). Homozygous mice had CNS anomalies (enlarged lateral ventricles and decreased corpus callosum size) similar to some affected individuals, although these were not observed in another Aff3-/- model. Knock-in mice modeling the microdeletion and the Ala258Thr variant displayed lower mesomelic limb deformities and early lethality respectively [cited PMIDs : 21677750, 25660031, knock-in model was part of the present study]. Accumulation of the protein in zebrafish (by overexpression of the human wt AFF3 mRNA), led to morphological defects. Reanalysis of transcriptome data from previously generated HEK293T cell lines knocked down for AFF2, AFF3 and AFF4 by shRNAs (study) suggested that these transcription factors are not redundant. Finally, CHOPS syndrome (#616368) due to mutations of AFF4 also leading to increased protein stability presents a partially overlapping phenotype (incl. cognitive impairment) to that of AFF3. ---- In G2P, AFF3 is associated with Skeletal dysplasia with severe neurological disease (disease confidence : probable / ID and seizures among the assigned phenotypes). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM. Some diagnostic laboratories include AFF3 in their ID panel (eg. among the many co-authors' affiliations GeneDx and Victorian Clinical Genetics - which was already listed as source for AFF3 in the current panel). ---- As a result this gene can be considered for upgrade to green (relevant phenotype and severity, sufficient cases, evidence for accumulation similar to AFF4, animal models, etc) or amber (pending publication of the article).; to: Voisin et al. (2019 - https://doi.org/10.1101/693937) report on 10 individuals with de novo missense AFF3 variants affecting a 9-amino-acid sequence (degron) important for the protein's degradation and summarize the phenotype of an additional individual previously described by Steichen-Gersdorf et al. (2008 - PMID: 18616733) with a 500 kb affecting only AFF3 (LAF4) and removing also this sequence. The phenotype of missense variants consisted of kidney anomalies, mesomelic dysplasia, seizures, hypertrichosis, intellectual disability and pulmonary problems and was overlapping with that of the deletion. [10 of 11 subjects exhibited severe developmental epileptic encephalopathy]. 9 probands harbored missense variants affecting the codon 258 while one individual had a variant affecting codon 260 [c.772G>T or p.Ala258Ser (x2), c.772G>A or p.Ala258Thr (x6), c.773C>T or p.Ala258Val (x1) and c.779T>G or p.(Val260Gly) (x1) - NM_001025108.1 / NP_001020279.1]. The deletion removed exons 4-13. AFF1-4 are ALF transcription factor paralogs, components of the transcriptional super elongation complex regulating expression of genes involved in neurogenesis and development. Using HEK293T cells expressing FLAG-tagged AFF3 (and AFF4) wt or mutants, accumulation of mutated forms was shown upon immunoblot. Aff3+/- and/or -/- mice exhibit skeletal defects. These were more pronounced in homozygous mice which demonstrated also some elements in favor of kidney dysfunction and/or metabolic deregulation and possible neurological dysfunction (signs of impaired hearing and diminished grip strength). Homozygous mice had CNS anomalies (enlarged lateral ventricles and decreased corpus callosum size) similar to some affected individuals, although these were not observed in another Aff3-/- model. Knock-in mice modeling the microdeletion and the Ala258Thr variant displayed lower mesomelic limb deformities and early lethality respectively [cited PMIDs : 21677750, 25660031, knock-in model was part of the present study]. Accumulation of the protein in zebrafish (by overexpression of the human wt AFF3 mRNA), led to morphological defects. Reanalysis of transcriptome data from previously generated HEK293T cell lines knocked down for AFF2, AFF3 and AFF4 by shRNAs (study) suggested that these transcription factors are not redundant. Finally, CHOPS syndrome (#616368) due to mutations of AFF4 also leading to increased protein stability presents a partially overlapping phenotype (incl. cognitive impairment) to that of AFF3. ---- Shimizu et al. (8/2019 - PMID: 31388108) describe an additional individual with de novo AFF3 missense variant. The phenotype overlaps with that summarized by Voisin et al. incl. mesomelic dysplasia with additional skeletal anomalies, bilateral kidney hypoplasia and severe DD at the age of 2.5 years. Seizures and pulmonary problems were not observed. Although a different RefSeq is used the variant is among those also reported by Voisin et al. [NM_002285.2:c.697G>A (p.Ala233Thr) corresponding to NM_001025108.1:c.772G>A (p.Ala258Thr)]. ---- In G2P, AFF3 is associated with Skeletal dysplasia with severe neurological disease (disease confidence : probable / ID and seizures among the assigned phenotypes). There is no associated phenotype in OMIM. Some diagnostic laboratories include AFF3 in their ID panel (eg. among the many co-authors' affiliations GeneDx and Victorian Clinical Genetics - which was already listed as source for AFF3 in the current panel). ---- As a result this gene can be considered for upgrade to green (relevant phenotype and severity, sufficient cases, evidence for accumulation similar to AFF4, animal models, etc) or amber (pending publication of the article). [Review modified to add additional reference/case report] |
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| Intellectual disability v2.996 | GRIA2 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: GRIA2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31300657; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.996 | AFF3 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: AFF3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: https://doi.org/10.1101/693937, 18616733; Phenotypes: Intellectual disability, Seizures, Abnormality of skeletal morphology, Abnormality of the urinary system, Hypertrichosis, Abnormality of the respiratory system; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.996 | PIGU |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: PIGU was added gene: PIGU was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PIGU was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PIGU were set to 31353022 Phenotypes for gene: PIGU were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Cerebral atrophy; Cerebellar hypoplasia; Scoliosis Penetrance for gene: PIGU were set to Complete Review for gene: PIGU was set to GREEN Added comment: Knaus et al. (2019 - PMID: 31353022) report on 5 affected individuals (from 3 unrelated families) with biallelic pathogenic PIGU variants. Common features included tone abnormalities, global DD, ID, seizures, CNS anomalies (cerebral atrophy and/or cerebellar hypoplasia), scoliosis. Affected individuals presented also with facial similarities. DD/ID were universal features and their severity appears to be relevant to the panel. Seizures were also reported in all individuals (myoclonic in 3, for whom this was specified). ALP was normal in all. Three individuals from 2 non-consanguineous families (one from Norway, the other not specified) were homozygous for a missense variant NM_080476.4:c.1149C>A (or p.Asn383Lys) present with an AF of 7/277197 in Europeans. Two individuals born to consanguineous parents from Turkey were homozygous for another missense variant (c.209T>A or p.Ile70Lys - same RefSeq). Segregation analyses in parents and unaffected sibs were carried out. PIGU encodes a subunit of the GPI transaminidase, a heteropentameric complex (other subunits encoded by PIGK, PIGS, PIGT and GPAA1) that mediates attachment in the endoplasmic reticulum of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) to the C-termini of proteins which are subsequently anchored to the cell surface. Pathogenic variants in 18 of 29 genes implicated in biosynthesis of the GPI anchor have been identified as a cause of GPI biosynthesis disorders, with ID and seizures as principal features. Mutations in other genes encoding components of the GPI transaminidase complex (GPAA1, PIGT and PIGS) lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. Functional impairment of PIGU was supported by flow-cytometric analysis showing significant reduction of cell surface expression of GPI anchored proteins (mainly FLAER, CD16 and CD24) on granulocytes from affected individuals. In addition accumulation of free GPI anchors on the cell surface of B cells from affected individuals further suggested deficiency of the GPI transaminidase. Transient expression of mutant (Asn383Lys) protein failed to rescue expression of GPI-APs to the same extent as wt in a CHO cell line deficient for PIGU. Feature analysis demonstrated similarities among individuals with mutations in other genes of the GPI transamidase complex (GPAA1 and PIGT) as well as with GPI biosynthesis disorders. Facial analysis was also suggestive of facial similarities between individuals with GPAA1 and PIGU mutations. PIGU is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM or G2P. As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels probably as green (3 families, ID of relevant severity and seizures in all affected individuals, known group of disorders and supportive evidence) or amber. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.996 | WDR37 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis reviewed gene: WDR37: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments; Publications: 31327510, 31327508; Phenotypes: Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Abnormality of the eye, Abnormality of nervous system morphology, Hearing abnormality, Abnormality of the cardiovascular system, Abnormality of the skeletal system, Abnormality of the genitourinary system; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.996 | WDR37 | Konstantinos Varvagiannis Deleted their review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.996 | WDR37 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: WDR37 was added gene: WDR37 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: WDR37 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: WDR37 were set to 31327510; 31327508 Phenotypes for gene: WDR37 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Abnormality of the eye; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Hearing abnormality; Abnormality of the cardiovascular system; Abnormality of the skeletal system; Abnormality of the genitourinary system Penetrance for gene: WDR37 were set to unknown Review for gene: WDR37 was set to GREEN Added comment: Two concurrent publications by Reis et al. and Kanca et al. (2019 - PMIDs: 31327510, 31327508) report on the phenotype of individuals with de novo WDR37 mutations. The study by Reis et al. provides clinical details on 4 affected individuals, while 5 further are described by Kanca et al. 4 different de novo variants were reported in these individuals who appear to be unrelated in (and between) the 2 studies [NM_014023.3]: - c.356C>T (p.Ser119Phe) [Reis indiv. 1 - 3y, Kanca proband 3 - 5m2w] - c.389C>T (p.Thr130Ile) [Reis indiv. 2 - 22m , Kanca proband 5 - 6w] - c.374C>T (p.Thr125Ile) [Reis indiv. 3 - 8y , Kanca proband 1 - 7y] - c.386C>G (p.Ser129Cys) [Reis indiv. 4 - unkn age, Kanca probands 2 and 4, 6.5y and 19y] Common features included DD/ID (severity relevant for the current panel), seizures (9/9), ocular anomalies (corneal opacity/Peters anomaly, coloboma, microphthalmia etc.) and variable brain, hearing, cardiovascular, skeletal and genitourinary anomalies. Some facial and/or other dysmorphic features (incl. excess nuchal skin / webbed neck) were also frequent among affected individuals. Feeding difficulties and growth deficiency were also among the features observed. The function of WDR37 is not known. Variants demonstrated comparable protein levels and cellular localization compared to wt. Reis et al. provide evidence using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in zebrafish, to introduce the Ser129Cys variant observed in affected individuals as well as novel missense and frameshift variants. Poor growth (similar to the human phenotype) and larval lethality were noted for missense variants. Head size was proportionately small. Ocular (coloboma/corneal) or craniofacial anomalies were not observed. Zebrafish heterozygous for LoF variants survived to adulthood. Based on these a dominant-negative mechanism was postulated for missense alleles. RNA-seq analysis in zebrafish showed upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways (among the most dysregulated ones). Previous data in mice, suggest a broad expression pattern for Wdr37 with enrichment in ocular and brain tissues, significant associations in homozygous mutant mice for decreased body weight, grip strength, skeletal anomalies and possible increase (p =< 0.05) in ocular (lens/corneal) and other anomalies [BioGPS and International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium cited]. CG12333 loss (the Drosophila WDR37 ortholog) causes increased bang sensitivity in flies (analogous to the human epilepsy phenotype), defects in copulation and grip strength, phenotypes that were rescued by human reference but not variant cDNAs. As discussed by Kanca et al. based on data from Drosophila and mice, limited phenotypic similarity of CNVs spanning WDR37 and adjacent genes with the reported individuals and the presence of LoF variants in control populations haploinsufficiency appears unlikely. Gain-of-function is also unlikely, as expression of human variants in flies did not exacerbate the observed phenotypes. A dominant-negative effect is again proposed. WDR37 is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM/G2P. As a result WDR37 can be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels with green (relevant phenotype, sufficient cases, animal models) or amber rating. Sources: Literature |
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| Intellectual disability v2.996 | POU3F3 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: POU3F3 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.996 | POU3F3 | Catherine Snow Gene: pou3f3 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.995 | POU3F3 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: POU3F3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.995 | IARS | Sarah Leigh commented on gene: IARS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.995 | IARS | Sarah Leigh Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: IARS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.995 | POU3F3 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: POU3F3 were set to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.007; 24550763 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.994 | SHANK1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: SHANK1 as Red List (low evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.994 | SHANK1 | Catherine Snow Gene: shank1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.993 | SHANK1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: SHANK1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30053575, 20868654; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.993 | PIGB | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PIGB as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.993 | PIGB | Catherine Snow Gene: pigb has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.993 | PIGB | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PIGB as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.993 | PIGB | Catherine Snow Gene: pigb has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.992 | PIGB | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: PIGB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.992 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: DLG4 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.992 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Gene: dlg4 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.991 | CTBP1 | Rebecca Foulger Tag missense tag was added to gene: CTBP1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.991 | AP2M1 | Catherine Snow Tag missense tag was added to gene: AP2M1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.991 | CYP27A1 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: CYP27A1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.991 | CYP27A1 |
Catherine Snow commented on gene: CYP27A1: Advice from clinical team "the phenotypic relevance is borderline. I would opt for amber in view of the small number of cases of school age, or earlier, intellectual impairment. This phenotype is the mainstay of this panel, but not clearly the common presentation for this disorder. Therefore I would prefer to opt to await further cases with a relevant phenotype before reviewing this". CYP27A1 will therefore remain Amber on the panel and the watchlist tag been added. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.991 | PHF21A | Catherine Snow Classified gene: PHF21A as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.991 | PHF21A | Catherine Snow Gene: phf21a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.990 | PHF21A |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: Potocki-Shaffer syndrome thought to caused by a deletion of 11p11.2, the minimum deleted region contains at least five genes, including PHF21A. Hamanaka et al in PMID: 30487643 reported on three individuals who all underwent trio WES to have de novo, variants in PHF21A. All individuals had DD and ID although mild in one case. PHF21A is not currently associated with any phenotypes in OMIM but is classed probable and associated with Disease: POTOCKI-SHAFFER SYNDROME in Gene2Phenotype. Combined with the functional evidence and two expert reviews, there is now enough evidence for PHF21A to be classed as Green.; to: Potocki-Shaffer syndrome thought to caused by a deletion of 11p11.2, the minimum deleted region contains at least five genes, including PHF21A. Hamanaka et al in PMID: 30487643 reported on three individuals who all underwent trio WES to have de novo, variants in PHF21A. All individuals had DD and ID although mild in one case. This is the first reporting of LOF variants solely in PHF21A. PHF21A is not currently associated with any phenotypes in OMIM but is classed probable and associated with Disease: POTOCKI-SHAFFER SYNDROME in Gene2Phenotype. Combined with the functional evidence and two expert reviews, there is now enough evidence for PHF21A to be classed as Green. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.990 | PHF21A | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: PHF21A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.990 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: GTF3C3 as Amber List (moderate evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.990 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow Gene: gtf3c3 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.989 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: GTF3C3: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.989 | PPP1R21 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: PPP1R21 were changed from Hepatosplenomegaly; Abnormality of the respiratory system; Generalized hypotonia, Feeding difficulties, Profound global developmental delay, Abnormality of the face, Abnormality of vision, Abnormal heart morphology, Abnormality of the respiratory system to Hepatosplenomegaly; Abnormality of the respiratory system; Generalized hypotonia, Feeding difficulties, Profound global developmental delay, Abnormality of the face, Abnormality of vision, Abnormal heart morphology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.988 | PPP1R21 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: PPP1R21 were changed from Hepatosplenomegaly; Abnormality of the respiratory system; Generalized hypotonia, Feeding difficulties, Profound global developmental delay, Abnormality of the face, Abnormality of vision, Abnormal heart morphology, Abnormality of the respiratory system, Hepatosplenomegaly; Profound global developmental delay; Abnormal heart morphology; Generalized hypotonia; Feeding difficulties; Abnormality of the face; Abnormality of vision to Hepatosplenomegaly; Abnormality of the respiratory system; Generalized hypotonia, Feeding difficulties, Profound global developmental delay, Abnormality of the face, Abnormality of vision, Abnormal heart morphology, Abnormality of the respiratory system | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.987 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: GTF3C3. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.987 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: GTF3C3 were changed from to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.987 | GTF3C3 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: GTF3C3 were set to 28940097, 28097321 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.986 | KMT2B | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KMT2B were set to 25529582; 27839873; 27992417; 29276005; 25405613; 29289525; 31216378 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.985 | MTO1 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: MTO1 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.984 | PHF21A | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: PHF21A were set to 22770980; 26333423; 8456828; 8882796; 14872200; 9489802; 11017806; 11903336; 15852040; 23239541; 28127865 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.983 | MTO1 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: MTO1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.983 | MTO1 | Catherine Snow Gene: mto1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.982 | MTO1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: MTO1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.982 | KMT2B | Catherine Snow commented on gene: KMT2B | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.982 | KMT2B | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KMT2B were set to 25529582; 27839873; 27992417; 29276005; 25405613; 29289525 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | ZBTB11 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: ZBTB11. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | VPS11 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: VPS11. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | TKT | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: TKT. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | SUFU | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SUFU. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | SRP54 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SRP54. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | SMG9 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SMG9. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | SLC5A7 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SLC5A7. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | SCYL1 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: SCYL1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | RSPRY1 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: RSPRY1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | RNF13 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: RNF13. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | RAB11A | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: RAB11A. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | PTRHD1 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: PTRHD1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | PTRH2 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: PTRH2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | PLEKHG2 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: PLEKHG2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | LSS | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: LSS. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | LIPT2 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: LIPT2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | GTF2E2 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: GTF2E2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | FUK | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: FUK. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | EMG1 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: EMG1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | DYNC1I2 | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: DYNC1I2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | DONSON | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: DONSON. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | GMNN | Catherine Snow Tag watchlist tag was added to gene: GMNN. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.981 | UFM1 | Catherine Snow Tag de novo tag was added to gene: UFM1. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.980 | CTBP1 | Rebecca Foulger Classified gene: CTBP1 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.980 | CTBP1 | Rebecca Foulger Added comment: Comment on list classification: Gene added to panel and rated Green by Chris Buxton. Changed rating to Green after agreement from Genomics England clinical team- sufficient cases and relevant phenotype. Have added missense tag, because only one missense tag reported so far. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.980 | CTBP1 | Rebecca Foulger Gene: ctbp1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | CTBP1 | Rebecca Foulger commented on gene: CTBP1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | MAP3K7 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene MAP3K7 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | TKT | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene TKT was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | SUFU | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene SUFU was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | SRP54 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene SRP54 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | SMG9 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene SMG9 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | SLC5A7 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene SLC5A7 was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | SCYL1 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene SCYL1 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | RSPRY1 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene RSPRY1 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | LIPT2 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene LIPT2 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | LIAS | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene LIAS was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | GTF2E2 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene GTF2E2 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | GMNN | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene GMNN was changed from to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | EMG1 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene EMG1 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | TRAIP | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene TRAIP was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | PRR12 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene PRR12 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | MRPS34 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene MRPS34 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.979 | EMC1 | Catherine Snow Mode of inheritance for gene EMC1 was changed from BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.978 | MAP3K7 |
Catherine Snow gene: MAP3K7 was added gene: MAP3K7 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Red Mode of inheritance for gene: MAP3K7 was set to Publications for gene: MAP3K7 were set to 27426733; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: MAP3K7 were set to Frontometaphyseal dysplasia 2, 617137 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | ZBTB11 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to ZBTB11. Source Expert Review Amber was added to ZBTB11. Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal recessive 69, 618383 for gene: ZBTB11 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | VPS11 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to VPS11. Source Expert Review Amber was added to VPS11. Added phenotypes Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 12, 616683 for gene: VPS11 Publications for gene VPS11 were changed from 27120463; 26307567; 27473128 to 27473128; 26307567; 27120463 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | UFC1 |
Catherine Snow Added phenotypes Neurodevelopmental disorder with spasticity and poor growth, 618076 for gene: UFC1 Publications for gene UFC1 were changed from 29868776; 27431290; 30237576 to 30914295 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | TSEN15 |
Catherine Snow Added phenotypes Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 2F, 617026 for gene: TSEN15 Publications for gene TSEN15 were changed from 27392077; 25558065 to 27392077; 30914295; 25558065 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | TKT |
Catherine Snow gene: TKT was added gene: TKT was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: TKT was set to Publications for gene: TKT were set to 27259054; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: TKT were set to Short stature, developmental delay, and congenital heart defects, 617044 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SUFU |
Catherine Snow gene: SUFU was added gene: SUFU was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: SUFU was set to Publications for gene: SUFU were set to 28965847; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: SUFU were set to Joubert syndrome 32, 617757 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SRP54 |
Catherine Snow gene: SRP54 was added gene: SRP54 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: SRP54 was set to Publications for gene: SRP54 were set to 28972538; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: SRP54 were set to Syndromic neutropenia with Shwachman-Diamond-like features |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SMG9 |
Catherine Snow gene: SMG9 was added gene: SMG9 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: SMG9 was set to Publications for gene: SMG9 were set to 27018474; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: SMG9 were set to Heart and brain malformation syndrome, 616920 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SLC5A7 |
Catherine Snow gene: SLC5A7 was added gene: SLC5A7 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC5A7 was set to Publications for gene: SLC5A7 were set to 30914295; 27569547 Phenotypes for gene: SLC5A7 were set to Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 20, presynaptic,CMS20, 617143 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SCYL1 |
Catherine Snow gene: SCYL1 was added gene: SCYL1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: SCYL1 was set to Publications for gene: SCYL1 were set to 26581903; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: SCYL1 were set to Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 21, 616719 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RSPRY1 |
Catherine Snow gene: RSPRY1 was added gene: RSPRY1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: RSPRY1 was set to Publications for gene: RSPRY1 were set to 26365341; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: RSPRY1 were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Faden-Alkuraya type, 616585 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RNF13 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to RNF13. Source Expert Review Amber was added to RNF13. Added phenotypes Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 73, 618379 for gene: RNF13 Publications for gene RNF13 were changed from to 30595371 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RAB11A |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to RAB11A. Source Expert Review Amber was added to RAB11A. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability for gene: RAB11A Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PTRHD1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to PTRHD1. Source Expert Review Amber was added to PTRHD1. Added phenotypes Parkinsonism, Intellectual disability for gene: PTRHD1 Publications for gene PTRHD1 were changed from 30398675; 27134041; 29143421; 27753167 to 30398675; 27134041; 27753167; 29143421 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PTRH2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to PTRH2. Source Expert Review Amber was added to PTRH2. Added phenotypes Infantile-onset multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease, 616263 for gene: PTRH2 Publications for gene PTRH2 were changed from 25574476; 27129381; 25558065; 28328138; 28175314 to 25574476; 28175314; 28328138; 25558065; 27129381 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PLEKHG2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to PLEKHG2. Source Expert Review Amber was added to PLEKHG2. Added phenotypes Leukodystrophy and acquired microcephaly with or without dystonia, 616763 for gene: PLEKHG2 Publications for gene PLEKHG2 were changed from 26539891; 26573021; 24001768 to 26539891; 24001768; 26573021 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | LSS |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to LSS. Source Expert Review Amber was added to LSS. Added phenotypes Cataract 44, Hypotrichosis 14, 616509, 618275 for gene: LSS Publications for gene LSS were changed from 30723320; 30401459 to 30723320; 26200341; 30401459; 29016354 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | LIPT2 |
Catherine Snow gene: LIPT2 was added gene: LIPT2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: LIPT2 was set to Publications for gene: LIPT2 were set to 28628643; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: LIPT2 were set to Encephalopathy, neonatal severe, with lactic acidosis and brain abnormalities, 617668 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | LIAS |
Catherine Snow gene: LIAS was added gene: LIAS was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: LIAS was set to Publications for gene: LIAS were set to 22152680; 26108146; 24334290; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: LIAS were set to Hyperglycinemia, lactic acidosis, and seizures, 614462 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | GTF2E2 |
Catherine Snow gene: GTF2E2 was added gene: GTF2E2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF2E2 was set to Publications for gene: GTF2E2 were set to 30914295; 26996949 Phenotypes for gene: GTF2E2 were set to Trichothiodystrophy 6, nonphotosensitive, 616943 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | GMNN |
Catherine Snow gene: GMNN was added gene: GMNN was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: GMNN was set to Publications for gene: GMNN were set to 26637980; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: GMNN were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome 6, 616835 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | FUK |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to FUK. Source Expert Review Amber was added to FUK. Added phenotypes Congenital disorder of glycosylation with defective fucosylation 2, 618324 for gene: FUK Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | FRRS1L |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Amber was added to FRRS1L. Added phenotypes Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37, 616981 for gene: FRRS1L Publications for gene FRRS1L were changed from 27236917; 27239025; 21147040; 29276473 to 29276473; 27239025; 21147040; 27236917; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | EMG1 |
Catherine Snow gene: EMG1 was added gene: EMG1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Expert Review Amber Mode of inheritance for gene: EMG1 was set to Publications for gene: EMG1 were set to 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: EMG1 were set to Bowen-Conradi syndrome, 211180 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DYNC1I2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to DYNC1I2. Source Expert Review Amber was added to DYNC1I2. Added phenotypes Abnormality of head or neck; Microcephaly; Abnormality of nervous system morphology; Intellectual disability for gene: DYNC1I2 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DONSON |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to DONSON. Source Expert Review Amber was added to DONSON. Added phenotypes Microcephaly, short stature, and limb abnormalities 617604; Microcephaly-micromelia syndrome 251230 for gene: DONSON Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Amber List (moderate evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | ZNF462 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to ZNF462. Source Expert Review was added to ZNF462. Added phenotypes Ptosis, Prominent metopic ridge, Craniosynostosis, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Autistic behavior for gene: ZNF462 Publications for gene ZNF462 were changed from 28513610; 29427787; 14564155; 12825074 to 28513610; 12825074; 29427787; 14564155 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | ZNF142 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to ZNF142. Source Expert Review was added to ZNF142. Added phenotypes Neurodevelopmental disorder with impaired speech and hyperkinetic movements, 618425 for gene: ZNF142 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | ZMIZ1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to ZMIZ1. Source Expert Review was added to ZMIZ1. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Feeding difficulties, Growth abnormality, Microcephaly, Abnormality of the skeletal system, Abnormality of the urinary system, Abnormality of the cardiovascular system, Abnormality of head or neck for gene: ZMIZ1 Publications for gene ZMIZ1 were changed from 29754769; 18053775; 17967885; 26163108; 27479843 to 29754769; 18053775; 17967885; 30639322; 26163108; 27479843 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | WARS2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to WARS2. Source Expert Review was added to WARS2. Added phenotypes Neurodevelopmental disorder, mitochondrial, with abnormal movements and lactic acidosis, with or without seizures, 617710 for gene: WARS2 Publications for gene WARS2 were changed from 28236339; 28650581; 28905505; 29783990; 29120065 to 29783990; 28236339; 29120065; 28650581; 28905505 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | VARS |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to VARS. Added phenotypes Neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, seizures, and cortical atrophy, 617802 for gene: VARS Publications for gene VARS were changed from 26539891; 29691655; 30275004 to 26539891; 30275004; 29691655 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | VAMP2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to VAMP2. Source Expert Review was added to VAMP2. Added phenotypes Generalized hypotonia, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Autistic behavior, Stereotypic behavior, Seizures, Abnormality of movement, Cortical visual impairment for gene: VAMP2 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | UFM1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to UFM1. Added phenotypes Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 14, 617899 for gene: UFM1 Publications for gene UFM1 were changed from 28931644; 29868776; 30237576 to 28931644; 29868776; 30914295 Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | TRRAP |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to TRRAP. Source Expert Review was added to TRRAP. Added phenotypes Developmental delay with or without dysmorphic facies and autism, 603015 for gene: TRRAP Publications for gene TRRAP were changed from 30827496 to 30827496; 30424743 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | TRAIP |
Catherine Snow gene: TRAIP was added gene: TRAIP was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert Review Green,Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRAIP was set to Publications for gene: TRAIP were set to 26595769; 30914295 Phenotypes for gene: TRAIP were set to Seckel syndrome 9, 616777 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | SNAP25 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to SNAP25. Added phenotypes ?Myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 18, 616330 for gene: SNAP25 Publications for gene SNAP25 were changed from 29491473; 28135719; 29100083; 25381298; 25003006 to 29100083; 28135719; 25003006; 29491473; 25381298; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RPIA |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to RPIA. Source Expert Review was added to RPIA. Added phenotypes ?Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, 608611 for gene: RPIA Publications for gene RPIA were changed from 14988808; 20499043; 28801340; 30088433 to 20499043; 31056085; 14988808; 30088433; 28801340 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RALA |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to RALA. Source Expert Review was added to RALA. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Abnormality of nervous system morphology for gene: RALA Publications for gene RALA were changed from to 30500825 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | RAC3 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to RAC3. Source Expert Review was added to RAC3. Added phenotypes Abnormality of brain morphology, Abnormal muscle tone, Neurodevelopmental delay, Intellectual disability for gene: RAC3 Publications for gene RAC3 were changed from 30293988; 29276006 to 29276006; 30293988 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PUS7 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PUS7. Source Expert Review was added to PUS7. Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder with abnormal behavior, microcephaly, and short stature, 618342 for gene: PUS7 Publications for gene PUS7 were changed from to 30778726; 30526862 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PUS3 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PUS3. Source Expert Review was added to PUS3. Added phenotypes Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 55, 617051 for gene: PUS3 Publications for gene PUS3 were changed from 27055666; 30308082 to 30697592; 30308082; 27055666 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PRR12 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PRR12. Source Expert Review was added to PRR12. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Abnormality of the iris, Abnormality of vision, Behavioral abnormality for gene: PRR12 Publications for gene PRR12 were changed from 29556724; 26163108 to 28135719; 26163108; 29556724 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PPP2CA |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PPP2CA. Source Expert Review was added to PPP2CA. Added phenotypes Neurodevelopmental disorder and language delay with or without structural brain abnormalities, 618354 for gene: PPP2CA Publications for gene PPP2CA were changed from 29274472; 30030003 to 29274472; 30030003; 30595372 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PPP1R21 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PPP1R21. Source Expert Review was added to PPP1R21. Added phenotypes Generalized hypotonia, Feeding difficulties, Profound global developmental delay, Abnormality of the face, Abnormality of vision, Abnormal heart morphology, Abnormality of the respiratory system, Hepatosplenomegaly for gene: PPP1R21 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PITRM1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PITRM1. Source Expert Review was added to PITRM1. Added phenotypes Ataxia; Intellectual disability for gene: PITRM1 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | PIGG |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to PIGG. Added phenotypes Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 53, 616917 for gene: PIGG Publications for gene PIGG were changed from 26996948; 28581210 to 28581210; 26996948; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | P4HTM |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to P4HTM. Source Expert Review was added to P4HTM. Added phenotypes Central hypotonia, Muscular hypotonia, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, Abnormality of the eye, Hypoventilation, Sleep apnea, Dysautonomia for gene: P4HTM Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | MRPS34 |
Catherine Snow gene: MRPS34 was added gene: MRPS34 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Expert Review Green,Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MRPS34 was set to Publications for gene: MRPS34 were set to 30914295; 28777931 Phenotypes for gene: MRPS34 were set to Combined oxidativephosphorylation deficiency 32, 617664 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | GPT2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to GPT2. Source Expert Review was added to GPT2. Added phenotypes Mental retardation, autosomal recessive 49, 138210 for gene: GPT2 Publications for gene GPT2 were changed from PMID: 25758935; 27601654; 28130718; 29226631 to 27601654; 28130718; 29226631; 25758935 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | GNB5 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to GNB5. Added phenotypes Language delay and ADHD/cognitive impairment with or without cardiac arrhythmia, 617182; Intellectual developmental disorder with cardiac arrhythmia, 617173 for gene: GNB5 Publications for gene GNB5 were changed from 27523599; 27677260; 28697420; 29368331 to 27677260; 28697420; 29368331; 30914295; 27523599 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | FBXL3 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to FBXL3. Added phenotypes Intellectual developmental disorder with short stature, facial anomalies, and speech defects, 606220 for gene: FBXL3 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | FARS2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to FARS2. Source Expert Review was added to FARS2. Added phenotypes Spastic paraplegia 77, autosomal recessive, 617046; Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 14, 614946 for gene: FARS2 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | EMC1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to EMC1. Added phenotypes Cerebellar atrophy, visual impairment, and psychomotor retardation, 616875 for gene: EMC1 Publications for gene EMC1 were changed from 26942288; 29271071 to 29271071; 26942288; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DPH1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to DPH1. Added phenotypes Developmental delay with short stature, dysmorphic features, and sparse hair, 616901 for gene: DPH1 Publications for gene DPH1 were changed from 25558065; 26220823; 29362492; 29410513 to 29362492; 29410513; 26220823; 25558065 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DHPS |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to DHPS. Source Expert Review was added to DHPS. Added phenotypes Abnormal muscle tone, Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Seizures, EEG abnormality, Behavioral abnormality, Abnormality of head or neck for gene: DHPS Publications for gene DHPS were changed from 21389784; 21850436 to 21389784; 30661771; 21850436 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DDX59 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to DDX59. Added phenotypes Orofaciodigital syndrome V, 174300 for gene: DDX59 Publications for gene DDX59 were changed from 23972372; 28711741; 29127725 to 28711741; 29127725; 23972372; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | DCPS |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to DCPS. Added phenotypes Al-Raqad syndrome, 616459 for gene: DCPS Publications for gene DCPS were changed from 25712129; 25701870; 30289615 to 25701870; 30289615; 25712129 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | CYFIP2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to CYFIP2. Source Expert Review was added to CYFIP2. Added phenotypes Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 65, 618008 for gene: CYFIP2 Publications for gene CYFIP2 were changed from 29534297; 29667327; 30664714; 25432536; 27524794; 12818175; 20537992 to 12818175; 30664714; 20537992; 29534297; 25432536; 27524794; 29667327 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | CUX1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to CUX1. Source Expert Review was added to CUX1. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay with or without impaired intellectual development, 618330 for gene: CUX1 Publications for gene CUX1 were changed from 30014507; 20510857; 25059644 to 25059644; 20510857; 30014507 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | CARS |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to CARS. Source Expert Review was added to CARS. Added phenotypes Brittle hair; Fragile nails; Microcephaly; Neurodevelopmental delay for gene: CARS Publications for gene CARS were changed from to 30824121 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | CAD |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to CAD. Added phenotypes Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 50 - MIM 616457 for gene: CAD Publications for gene CAD were changed from 25678555; 28007989 to 25678555; 28007989; 30914295 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | CACNA1B |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review was added to CACNA1B. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of movement; Developmental regression for gene: CACNA1B Publications for gene CACNA1B were changed from 30982612; 25296916 to 26157024; 30982612 |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | BRSK2 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to BRSK2. Source Expert Review was added to BRSK2. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay, Intellectual disability, Autism, Behavioral abnormality for gene: BRSK2 Publications for gene BRSK2 were changed from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.002 to 15705853; 23715323; 30879638; 25363768; 28135719 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | AP2M1 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to AP2M1. Source Expert Review was added to AP2M1. Added phenotypes Seizures; Ataxia; Generalized hypotonia; Intellectual disability; Global developmental delay; Autistic behavior for gene: AP2M1 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.978 | ALKBH8 |
Catherine Snow Source Expert Review Green was added to ALKBH8. Source Expert Review was added to ALKBH8. Added phenotypes Global developmental delay; Seizures; Intellectual disability for gene: ALKBH8 Publications for gene ALKBH8 were changed from 31079898 to 31130284; 31079898 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence) |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | FRMPD4 |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was heterozygous for the same micro deletion. Family 3, two half-siblings (p.Arg286Ter) Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported. Some functional work performed but only for the frameshift variant that was reported in family 1. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features.; to: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was heterozygous for the same micro deletion. Family 3, two half-siblings (p.Arg286Ter) Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported. Some functional work performed but only for the frameshift variant that was reported in family 1. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only heterozygous carrier who displays ID features. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | FRMPD4 |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was hetrozygous for the same micro deletion. Family 3, two half-siblings, p.Arg286Ter . Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported Some functional work on mice performed. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features.; to: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was heterozygous for the same micro deletion. Family 3, two half-siblings (p.Arg286Ter) Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported. Some functional work performed but only for the frameshift variant that was reported in family 1. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | FRMPD4 |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was hetrozygous for the same micro deletion Family 3, two half-siblings, p.Arg286Ter . Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported Some functional work on mice performed. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features.; to: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was hetrozygous for the same micro deletion. Family 3, two half-siblings, p.Arg286Ter . Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported Some functional work on mice performed. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | FRMPD4 |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was hetrozygous for the same micro deletion Family 3, two half-siblings, p.Arg286Ter . Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported Some functional work on mice performed. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features.; to: Further paper identified to indicated FRMPD4 is relevant to ID. PMID: 29267967 provides details of four unrelated families, two families, family 1 and 4 had already been identified and reported in PMID:25644381. Family 2, two brothers, had a micro deletion of exon 2, their mother was hetrozygous for the same micro deletion Family 3, two half-siblings, p.Arg286Ter . Their unaffected mother was heterozygous for the same deletion, a hetrozygous sister was mildly disabled. No further segregation information for the two families was reported Some functional work on mice performed. Requesting support from clinical team as limited information on the extended families and the female affected in family 3 is the only hetrozygous carrier who displays ID features. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | FRMPD4 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: FRMPD4: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.977 | KIF2A |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: Three further cases identified in the literature. PMID:27747449 (Cavallin et al 2017) detected two de novo p.Ser317Asn and p.His321Pro mutations in KIF2A in two patients with lissencephaly and microcephaly. Case 1 had DD, no epilepsy but was only 9 months old at last reporting. Case 2 had neonatal seizures and severe DD. PMID:27896282 (Tian et al 2016) report a patient with lissencephaly, developmental delay, and infantile spasms, due to de novo heterozygous variant in KIF2A (p.Thr320Ile). Therefore upgrading rating from Amber to Green as now sufficient (>3) unrelated cases.; to: Three further cases identified in the literature. PMID:27747449 (Cavallin et al 2017) detected two de novo p.Ser317Asn and p.His321Pro mutations in KIF2A in two patients with lissencephaly and microcephaly. Case 1 had DD, no epilepsy but was only 9 months old at last reporting. Case 2 had neonatal seizures and severe DD. PMID:27896282 (Tian et al 2016) report a patient with lissencephaly, developmental delay, and infantile spasms, due to de novo heterozygous variant in KIF2A (p.Thr320Ile). Most cases identified have epilepsy first however as one individual did not have seizures KIF2A is relevant for the ID panel. Therefore upgrading rating from Amber to Green as now sufficient (>3) unrelated cases. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.977 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: DLG4 were set to 27479843; 25123844; 19617690; 29460436; 23020937; 28135719 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.976 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: DLG4 were changed from to Intellectual disability; Marfanoid habitus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.976 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: DLG4 were set to 27479843; 25123844; 19617690; 29460436; 23020937; 28135719 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.976 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: DLG4 were set to 27479843; 25123844; 19617690 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.975 | DLG4 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: DLG4: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.975 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Classified gene: KIF2A as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.975 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Gene: kif2a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.974 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow commented on gene: KIF2A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.974 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: KIF2A were changed from Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, 615411 to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, 615411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.973 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: KIF2A were changed from Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, 615411 to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, 615411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.973 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Phenotypes for gene: KIF2A were changed from MALFORMATIONS OF CORTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MICROCEPHALY. to Cortical dysplasia, complex, with other brain malformations 3, 615411 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.972 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KIF2A were set to 23603762; 21594994; 27747449; 27896282 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.971 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KIF2A were set to 23603762; 21594994; 27747449; 27896282 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.971 | KIF2A | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: KIF2A were set to 23603762; 21594994 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.970 | CYP27A1 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: CYP27A1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.970 | CYP27A1 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: CYP27A1 were set to 24442603; 29484516 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.970 | CYP27A1 | Catherine Snow Publications for gene: CYP27A1 were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.969 | GRIA2 |
Catherine Snow changed review comment from: GRIA2 has been associated with ID in PMID: 31300657. The authors identified 28 unrelated individuals who had heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations. All individuals had experienced DD and moderate to severe ID, except 2 who had died at a young age. Epilepsy was identified in at least 10 individuals. Multiple de-novo intragenic variants including missense (n = 15), splice-site (n = 2), in-frame deletion (n = 1), stop-gain (n = 1) and frameshift (n = 2) variants were reported. In all patients with intragenic variants they were first identified by WES, WGS or massively parallel targeted sequencing and confirmed as de-novo by trio Sanger sequencing. Also a further three patients were identified with a microdeletion involving GRIA2 using micro array analysis. GRIA2 is currently not associated with a disease in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype and this is the first time that GRIA2 has been reported to be associated with ID but other AMPA receptors, GRIA3, and GRIA4 are Green on the ID panel. Therefore there is not sufficient number of unrelated individuals and evidence to make GRIA2 Green.; to: GRIA2 has been associated with ID in PMID: 31300657. The authors identified 28 unrelated individuals who had heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations. All individuals had experienced DD and moderate to severe ID, except 2 who had died at a young age. Epilepsy was identified in at least 10 individuals. Multiple de-novo intragenic variants including missense (n = 15), splice-site (n = 2), in-frame deletion (n = 1), stop-gain (n = 1) and frameshift (n = 2) variants were reported. In all patients with intragenic variants they were first identified by WES, WGS or massively parallel targeted sequencing and confirmed as de-novo by trio Sanger sequencing. Also a further three patients were identified with a microdeletion involving GRIA2 using micro array analysis. GRIA2 is currently not associated with a disease in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype and this is the first time that GRIA2 has been reported to be associated with ID but other AMPA receptors, GRIA3, and GRIA4 are Green on the ID panel. Therefore there is now sufficient number of unrelated individuals and evidence to make GRIA2 Green. |
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| Intellectual disability v2.969 | GRIA2 | Catherine Snow Classified gene: GRIA2 as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.969 | GRIA2 | Catherine Snow Gene: gria2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Intellectual disability v2.968 | GRIA2 | Catherine Snow reviewed gene: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||