Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing
Gene: ZFX Amber List (moderate evidence)Comment on phenotypes: This gene has now been associated with phenotype in OMIM (MIM #301118), but not yet in Gene2Phenotype.Created: 18 Apr 2024, 7 p.m. | Last Modified: 18 Apr 2024, 7 p.m.
Panel Version: 5.532
Green List (high evidence)
There are sufficient cases reported for this gene to be included as green on the R29 panel. Several LOF and missense reported as de novo or maternally inherited. Phenotype supported Zebrafish modelCreated: 27 Mar 2024, 3:51 p.m. | Last Modified: 27 Mar 2024, 3:51 p.m.
Panel Version: 5.506
Mode of inheritance
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes
Intellectual disability; developmental delay; behavioural abnormalities; hypotonia; dysmorphic facies
Publications
Green List (high evidence)
Comment on list classification: There is sufficient evidence for this gene to be green on this panel.Created: 4 Mar 2024, 5:09 p.m. | Last Modified: 4 Mar 2024, 5:09 p.m.
Panel Version: 5.486
To date, germline variants in ZFX have not been associated with a phenotype in OMIM or Gen2Phen.
A single ZFX variant has been associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder, that has a Rett syndrome-like phenotype disorder, in a 14 year old male. The ZFX variant was allelic with another X-linked variant in SHROOM4. These variants were inherited from the mother, who had random X inactivation pattern (PMID: 26740508).
PMID: 38325380 reports 11 ZFX variants in 18 subjects from 16 unrelated families (14 males and 4 females) with an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with recurrent facial gestalt. Seven variants were truncating and the remaining were missense variants within the Zinc finger array. In the pedigree of family 6 (figure 3, PMID: 38325380), it was apparent that there were female carriers of the ZFX variant (GRCh38 chrX: 24229396A>G, c.2438A>G, p.Tyr774Cys) with hyperparathyroidism and two affected males and one affected female, with the neurodevelopmental disorder. It appeared that skewed X-inactivation in the female carriers was responsible for the different phenotypic features. The association between ZFX variants and a novel neurodevelopmental disorder, was further supported by functional studies showing altered transcriptional activity in missense variants and altered behavior in a zebrafish loss-of-function model.Created: 4 Mar 2024, 5:07 p.m. | Last Modified: 4 Mar 2024, 5:14 p.m.
Panel Version: 5.487
Mode of inheritance
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Phenotypes
X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with recurrent facial gestalt
Publications
Red List (low evidence)
Mode of inheritance
X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Red List (low evidence)
PMID:26740508 (2016) studied a cohort of 19 Portuguese patients with a clinical presentation overlapping Rett syndrome (RTT). The patients were selected from a previously established database of patients with ID. Patient 19 is 14_year-old boy with dyspraxic gait and no language, who acquired purposeful grasp only around 2_years of age. This patient carries two maternally inherited X linked variants: a c.C436T, p.(R146W) variant in SHROOM4 and a c.G409A, p.(D137N) variant in ZFX. Both variants are inherited from the healthy mother, who has a random X inactivation pattern. Currently no further cases to support ID involvement.Created: 31 Oct 2017, 9:24 a.m.
Publications
Red List (low evidence)
Phenotypes for gene: ZFX were changed from X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with recurrent facial gestalt to Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked syndromic 37, OMIM:301118
Phenotypes for gene: ZFX were changed from to X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder with recurrent facial gestalt
Publications for gene: ZFX were set to 26350204; 26740508
Gene: zfx has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Tag Q1_24_promote_green tag was added to gene: ZFX. Tag Q1_24_NHS_review tag was added to gene: ZFX.
12.03.2018: Due to major updates completed (Phase 1, 2 and 3), this panel was promoted to Version 2 in order to reflect the major updates since November 2017 which have resulted in reviews for 836 genes added by Genomics England Curators and the Clinical Team, 130 new Green genes added to the interpretation pipeline (from 751 to 881 Green genes), and the gene total has increased from 1879 to 1927.
Publications for gene ZFX was set to ['26350204', ' 26740508']
The Gel status was updated for this whole panel
The Gel status was updated for this whole panel
ZFX was created by ellenmcdonagh
ZFX was added to Intellectual disabilitypanel. Sources: Expert Review Red
If promoting or demoting a gene, please provide comments to justify a decision to move it.
Genes included in a Genomics England gene panel for a rare disease category (green list) should fit the criteria A-E outlined below.
These guidelines were developed as a combination of the ClinGen DEFINITIVE evidence for a causal role of the gene in the disease(a), and the Developmental Disorder Genotype-Phenotype (DDG2P) CONFIRMED DD Gene evidence level(b) (please see the original references provided below for full details). These help provide a guideline for expert reviewers when assessing whether a gene should be on the green or the red list of a panel.
A. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing an interpretable functional region(ii) of this gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
B. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing cis-regulatory elements convincingly affecting the expression of a single gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
C. As definitions A or B but in 2 or 3 unrelated cases/families with the phenotype, with the addition of convincing bioinformatic or functional evidence of causation e.g. known inborn error of metabolism with mutation in orthologous gene which is known to have the relevant deficient enzymatic activity in other species; existence of an animal model which recapitulates the human phenotype.
AND
D. Evidence indicates that disease-causing mutations follow a Mendelian pattern of causation appropriate for reporting in a diagnostic setting(iv).
AND
E. No convincing evidence exists or has emerged that contradicts the role of the gene in the specified phenotype.
(i)Plausible disease-causing mutations: Recurrent de novo mutations convincingly affecting gene function. Rare, fully-penetrant mutations - relevant genotype never, or very rarely, seen in controls. (ii) Interpretable functional region: ORF in protein coding genes miRNA stem or loop. (iii) Phenotype: the rare disease category, as described in the eligibility statement. (iv) Intermediate penetrance genes should not be included.
It’s assumed that loss-of-function variants in this gene can cause the disease/phenotype unless an exception to this rule is known. We would like to collect information regarding exceptions. An example exception is the PCSK9 gene, where loss-of-function variants are not relevant for a hypercholesterolemia phenotype as they are associated with increased LDL-cholesterol uptake via LDLR (PMID: 25911073).
If a curated set of known-pathogenic variants is available for this gene-phenotype, please contact us at [email protected]
We classify loss-of-function variants as those with the following Sequence Ontology (SO) terms:
Term descriptions can be found on the PanelApp homepage and Ensembl.
If you are submitting this evaluation on behalf of a clinical laboratory please indicate whether you report variants in this gene as part of your current diagnostic practice by checking the box
Standardised terms were used to represent the gene-disease mode of inheritance, and were mapped to commonly used terms from the different sources. Below each of the terms is described, along with the equivalent commonly-used terms.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, and imprinting has not been implicated.
A variant on the paternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on the maternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease. This is the default used for autosomal dominant mode of inheritance where no knowledge of the imprinting status of the gene required to cause the disease is known. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal dominant, dominant, AD, DOMINANT.
A variant on both alleles of this gene is required to cause the disease. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive, recessive, AR, RECESSIVE.
The disease can be caused by a variant on one or both alleles of this gene. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, recessive or dominant, AR/AD, AD/AR, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE, RECESSIVE/DOMINANT.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, however a variant on both alleles of this gene can result in a more severe form of the disease/phenotype.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele, whereas a variant on both X-chromosome alleles is required to cause the disease in females. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: X-linked recessive.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele. A variant on one allele of this gene may also cause the disease in females, though the disease/phenotype may be less severe and may have a later-onset than is seen in males. X-linked inactivation and mosaicism in different tissues complicate whether a female presents with the disease, and can change over their lifetime. This term is the default setting used for X-linked genes, where it is not known definitately whether females require a variant on each allele of this gene in order to be affected. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: X-linked dominant, x-linked, X-LINKED, X-linked.
The gene is in the mitochondrial genome and variants within this can cause this disease, maternally inherited. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: Mitochondrial.
Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: Unknown, NA, information not provided.
For example, if the mode of inheritance is digenic, please indicate this in the comments and which other gene is involved.