Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing
Gene: USP18 Red List (low evidence)Comment on list classification: DD reported in one surviving patient. However, this only became apparent following treatment which was administered after genetic diagnosis was already achieved. DD is therefore unlikely represent the clinical indication to prompt testing in the neonatal period.
Therefore keeping rating Red on the ID panel. USP18 is Green on other relevant panels (White matter disorders and cerebral calcification, PID) which should be adequate for detecting these cases.Created: 8 Oct 2020, 3:58 p.m. | Last Modified: 8 Oct 2020, 3:58 p.m.
Panel Version: 3.401
Added 'treatable' tag as clinical remission was achieved in a patient following rapid genetic diagnosis and subsequent treatment with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinibCreated: 8 Oct 2020, 3:37 p.m. | Last Modified: 8 Oct 2020, 3:37 p.m.
Panel Version: 3.400
- PMID: 27325888 (2016) - Three sibs from a consanguineous Turkish family with a homozygous variant (c.652C>T, p.Q218X) in USP18. Antenatal presentation in one sib led to termination of pregnancy at 22 wk of gestation, and in the remaining two children presentation was neonatal and resulted in death within 2 weeks of life. In the latter two individuals manifestations included severe intracerebral haemorrhages, liver dysfunction, ascites, and lactic acidosis. One sib additionally had severe thrombocytopenia with petechiae, while the other developed seizures.
Two German sibs, previously reported in PMID: 12833411 (2013), were found to be compound het for the same p.Q218X variant and a cryptic 3-prime deletion of the USP18 gene. They presented thrombocytopenia, petechiae, ascites, hepatomegaly, and systemic calcifications. Within the first days of life, they developed seizures and died from severe cerebral haemorrhage.
Haplotype analysis of the region containing the Q218X mutation suggested a common ancestor between the 2 families and a founder effect.
- PMID: 31940699 (2020) - One Saudi Arabian boy with a homozygous splice-site variant (c.1073+1G>A) in USP18, presented hydrocephalus with seizures, intraventricular haemorrhage, brain calcifications, necrotizing cellulitis, systemic inflammation, multiple organ failure, and respiratory failure. This was the only patient to survive beyond the perinatal period owing to supportive care and prompt treatment with ruxolitinib. At the time of publication, the child was 3-years-old and was in full remission of clinical manifestations while continuing to receive oral ruxolitinib. He continues to grow normally, however authors note delay in developmental milestones.Created: 8 Oct 2020, 3:12 p.m. | Last Modified: 8 Oct 2020, 3:12 p.m.
Panel Version: 3.397
Mode of inheritance
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes
Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2, 617397
Publications
Green List (high evidence)
Total 3 families, 6 patients, with functional evidence.
Family 1: 3 sibs with homozygous truncating mutation in the USP18 gene, segregated with the disorder in the family.
Family 2: 2 sibs with compound heterozygous mutations.
Cells from patients in both families showed complete absence of the USP18 protein. Patient fibroblasts showed enhanced induction of IFN-stimulated transcripts after stimulation with alpha-IFN compared to controls, and transduction of patient cells with wildtype USP18 rescued these effects at the mRNA and protein level. The findings indicated that the disorder results from an aberrant response to type I IFN, rather than an increase in expression of IFN itself.
Family 3: 1 patient with homozygous splice site variant in the USP18 gene This patient had stable mRNA (with skipping of exon 10), and functional studies showed that the mechanism of the mutation was not USP18 deficiency but lack of its ability to stabilize ISG15 (147571) and thereby suppress interferon signaling.Created: 2 Mar 2020, 5:09 a.m. | Last Modified: 2 Mar 2020, 5:09 a.m.
Panel Version: 3.3
Mode of inheritance
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes
Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2, OMIM #617397
Publications
Gene: usp18 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Tag treatable tag was added to gene: USP18.
Publications for gene: USP18 were set to
Mode of inheritance for gene: USP18 was changed from to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes for gene: USP18 were changed from to Pseudo-TORCH syndrome 2, 617397
gene: USP18 was added gene: USP18 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Mode of inheritance for gene: USP18 was set to
If promoting or demoting a gene, please provide comments to justify a decision to move it.
Genes included in a Genomics England gene panel for a rare disease category (green list) should fit the criteria A-E outlined below.
These guidelines were developed as a combination of the ClinGen DEFINITIVE evidence for a causal role of the gene in the disease(a), and the Developmental Disorder Genotype-Phenotype (DDG2P) CONFIRMED DD Gene evidence level(b) (please see the original references provided below for full details). These help provide a guideline for expert reviewers when assessing whether a gene should be on the green or the red list of a panel.
A. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing an interpretable functional region(ii) of this gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
B. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing cis-regulatory elements convincingly affecting the expression of a single gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
C. As definitions A or B but in 2 or 3 unrelated cases/families with the phenotype, with the addition of convincing bioinformatic or functional evidence of causation e.g. known inborn error of metabolism with mutation in orthologous gene which is known to have the relevant deficient enzymatic activity in other species; existence of an animal model which recapitulates the human phenotype.
AND
D. Evidence indicates that disease-causing mutations follow a Mendelian pattern of causation appropriate for reporting in a diagnostic setting(iv).
AND
E. No convincing evidence exists or has emerged that contradicts the role of the gene in the specified phenotype.
(i)Plausible disease-causing mutations: Recurrent de novo mutations convincingly affecting gene function. Rare, fully-penetrant mutations - relevant genotype never, or very rarely, seen in controls. (ii) Interpretable functional region: ORF in protein coding genes miRNA stem or loop. (iii) Phenotype: the rare disease category, as described in the eligibility statement. (iv) Intermediate penetrance genes should not be included.
It’s assumed that loss-of-function variants in this gene can cause the disease/phenotype unless an exception to this rule is known. We would like to collect information regarding exceptions. An example exception is the PCSK9 gene, where loss-of-function variants are not relevant for a hypercholesterolemia phenotype as they are associated with increased LDL-cholesterol uptake via LDLR (PMID: 25911073).
If a curated set of known-pathogenic variants is available for this gene-phenotype, please contact us at [email protected]
We classify loss-of-function variants as those with the following Sequence Ontology (SO) terms:
Term descriptions can be found on the PanelApp homepage and Ensembl.
If you are submitting this evaluation on behalf of a clinical laboratory please indicate whether you report variants in this gene as part of your current diagnostic practice by checking the box
Standardised terms were used to represent the gene-disease mode of inheritance, and were mapped to commonly used terms from the different sources. Below each of the terms is described, along with the equivalent commonly-used terms.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, and imprinting has not been implicated.
A variant on the paternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on the maternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease. This is the default used for autosomal dominant mode of inheritance where no knowledge of the imprinting status of the gene required to cause the disease is known. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal dominant, dominant, AD, DOMINANT.
A variant on both alleles of this gene is required to cause the disease. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive, recessive, AR, RECESSIVE.
The disease can be caused by a variant on one or both alleles of this gene. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, recessive or dominant, AR/AD, AD/AR, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE, RECESSIVE/DOMINANT.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, however a variant on both alleles of this gene can result in a more severe form of the disease/phenotype.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele, whereas a variant on both X-chromosome alleles is required to cause the disease in females. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: X-linked recessive.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele. A variant on one allele of this gene may also cause the disease in females, though the disease/phenotype may be less severe and may have a later-onset than is seen in males. X-linked inactivation and mosaicism in different tissues complicate whether a female presents with the disease, and can change over their lifetime. This term is the default setting used for X-linked genes, where it is not known definitately whether females require a variant on each allele of this gene in order to be affected. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: X-linked dominant, x-linked, X-LINKED, X-linked.
The gene is in the mitochondrial genome and variants within this can cause this disease, maternally inherited. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: Mitochondrial.
Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: Unknown, NA, information not provided.
For example, if the mode of inheritance is digenic, please indicate this in the comments and which other gene is involved.