Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing
Gene: RPIA Green List (high evidence)Comment on list classification: Gene RPIA was identified after an expert review by Konstantinos Varvagiannis. RPIA is associated with Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency phenotype in OMIM (last curated June 2019) and not in Gen2Phen. ID and DD identified in sufficient unrelated families for RPIA to be rated green on the ID panel.
An additional individual was identified in PMID:31056085 for a homozygous missense variant (c.627G>C;p.Trp209Cys;) to add more evidence for this gene.Created: 30 May 2019, 1:53 p.m. | Last Modified: 3 Jul 2019, 2:43 p.m.
Panel Version: 0.196
Green List (high evidence)
Biallelic pathogenic variants in RPIA cause Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, MIM 608611.
PMID: 14988808 is the first report on the disorder with molecular (incl. genetic) confirmation of the diagnosis. A patient initially investigated for early developmental delay, leukoencephalopathy, seizures with onset at 4 years, with subsequent neurologic regression and peripheral neuropathy at the age of 7, was suspected to have a disorder of the pentose phosphate pathway on the basis of highly elevated polyols on brain MRS and body fluid analysis. Reduced ribose 5-phosphate isomerase activity was shown in fibroblasts. Genetic testing demonstrated the presence of a missense (NM_144563.2:c.404C>T or p.Ala135Val - previously referred to as A61V) as well as a frameshift variant (NM_144563.2:c.762delG or p.Asn255Ilefs). Additional extensive supportive functional studies were published a few years later (PMID: 20499043). [This patient was initially described in PMID: 10589548].
PMID: 28801340 is a report on a second patient. This individual presented with delayed early development (independent walking and speech achieved at 2 and 5 years respectively), seizures and regression at the age of 7 with MRI white matter abnormalities. Review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was suggestive of elevated polyols (arabitol and ribitol). In line with this, genetic testing revealed a homozygous missense variant in RPIA (NM_144563.2:c.592T>C or p.Phe198Leu). Urine analysis confirmed elevated excretion of polyols, thus confirming the diagnosis.
PMID: 30088433 reports on a boy with neonatal onset leukoencephalopathy and developmental delay having undergone early metabolic testing and aCGH (the latter at the age of 16 months). Persistance of his delay motivated exome sequencing at the age of approx. 4.5 years which demonstrated 2 RPIA variants (NM_144563.2:c.253G>A or p.Ala85Thr and NM_144563.2:c.347-1G>A). Measurement of ribitol and arabitol in urine demonstrated significant elevations (>20x) consistent with this diagnosis.
RPIA is included in gene panels for intellectual disability offered by various diagnostic laboratories.
As a result this gene can be considered for inclusion in this panel as green (or amber).
[This gene is also present in the Undiagnosed metabolic disorders gene panel as red. Please consider upgrade based on these further publications.]
Sources: LiteratureCreated: 9 Dec 2018, 1:40 a.m.
Mode of inheritance
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Phenotypes
Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, MIM 608611.
Publications
Variants in this GENE are reported as part of current diagnostic practice
Phenotypes for gene: RPIA were changed from ?Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, 608611; Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, MIM 608611. to Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, OMIM:608611
Source Expert Review Green was added to RPIA. Source Expert Review was added to RPIA. Added phenotypes ?Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, 608611 for gene: RPIA Publications for gene RPIA were changed from 14988808; 20499043; 28801340; 30088433 to 20499043; 31056085; 14988808; 30088433; 28801340 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence)
gene: RPIA was added gene: RPIA was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RPIA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RPIA were set to 14988808; 20499043; 28801340; 30088433 Phenotypes for gene: RPIA were set to Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase deficiency, MIM 608611. Penetrance for gene: RPIA were set to unknown Review for gene: RPIA was set to GREEN gene: RPIA was marked as current diagnostic
If promoting or demoting a gene, please provide comments to justify a decision to move it.
Genes included in a Genomics England gene panel for a rare disease category (green list) should fit the criteria A-E outlined below.
These guidelines were developed as a combination of the ClinGen DEFINITIVE evidence for a causal role of the gene in the disease(a), and the Developmental Disorder Genotype-Phenotype (DDG2P) CONFIRMED DD Gene evidence level(b) (please see the original references provided below for full details). These help provide a guideline for expert reviewers when assessing whether a gene should be on the green or the red list of a panel.
A. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing an interpretable functional region(ii) of this gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
B. There are plausible disease-causing mutations(i) within, affecting or encompassing cis-regulatory elements convincingly affecting the expression of a single gene identified in multiple (>3) unrelated cases/families with the phenotype(iii).
OR
C. As definitions A or B but in 2 or 3 unrelated cases/families with the phenotype, with the addition of convincing bioinformatic or functional evidence of causation e.g. known inborn error of metabolism with mutation in orthologous gene which is known to have the relevant deficient enzymatic activity in other species; existence of an animal model which recapitulates the human phenotype.
AND
D. Evidence indicates that disease-causing mutations follow a Mendelian pattern of causation appropriate for reporting in a diagnostic setting(iv).
AND
E. No convincing evidence exists or has emerged that contradicts the role of the gene in the specified phenotype.
(i)Plausible disease-causing mutations: Recurrent de novo mutations convincingly affecting gene function. Rare, fully-penetrant mutations - relevant genotype never, or very rarely, seen in controls. (ii) Interpretable functional region: ORF in protein coding genes miRNA stem or loop. (iii) Phenotype: the rare disease category, as described in the eligibility statement. (iv) Intermediate penetrance genes should not be included.
It’s assumed that loss-of-function variants in this gene can cause the disease/phenotype unless an exception to this rule is known. We would like to collect information regarding exceptions. An example exception is the PCSK9 gene, where loss-of-function variants are not relevant for a hypercholesterolemia phenotype as they are associated with increased LDL-cholesterol uptake via LDLR (PMID: 25911073).
If a curated set of known-pathogenic variants is available for this gene-phenotype, please contact us at [email protected]
We classify loss-of-function variants as those with the following Sequence Ontology (SO) terms:
Term descriptions can be found on the PanelApp homepage and Ensembl.
If you are submitting this evaluation on behalf of a clinical laboratory please indicate whether you report variants in this gene as part of your current diagnostic practice by checking the box
Standardised terms were used to represent the gene-disease mode of inheritance, and were mapped to commonly used terms from the different sources. Below each of the terms is described, along with the equivalent commonly-used terms.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, and imprinting has not been implicated.
A variant on the paternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on the maternally-inherited allele of this gene can cause the disease, if the alternate allele is imprinted (function muted).
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease. This is the default used for autosomal dominant mode of inheritance where no knowledge of the imprinting status of the gene required to cause the disease is known. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal dominant, dominant, AD, DOMINANT.
A variant on both alleles of this gene is required to cause the disease. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive, recessive, AR, RECESSIVE.
The disease can be caused by a variant on one or both alleles of this gene. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant, recessive or dominant, AR/AD, AD/AR, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE, RECESSIVE/DOMINANT.
A variant on one allele of this gene can cause the disease, however a variant on both alleles of this gene can result in a more severe form of the disease/phenotype.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele, whereas a variant on both X-chromosome alleles is required to cause the disease in females. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: X-linked recessive.
A variant in this gene can cause the disease in males as they have one X-chromosome allele. A variant on one allele of this gene may also cause the disease in females, though the disease/phenotype may be less severe and may have a later-onset than is seen in males. X-linked inactivation and mosaicism in different tissues complicate whether a female presents with the disease, and can change over their lifetime. This term is the default setting used for X-linked genes, where it is not known definitately whether females require a variant on each allele of this gene in order to be affected. Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: X-linked dominant, x-linked, X-LINKED, X-linked.
The gene is in the mitochondrial genome and variants within this can cause this disease, maternally inherited. Mapped to the following commonly used term from different sources: Mitochondrial.
Mapped to the following commonly used terms from different sources: Unknown, NA, information not provided.
For example, if the mode of inheritance is digenic, please indicate this in the comments and which other gene is involved.