Intellectual disability - microarray and sequencing
Gene: HIST1H4E
The rating of this gene has been updated to Green following NHS Genomic Medicine Service approval.Created: 11 Oct 2023, 9:34 a.m. | Last Modified: 11 Oct 2023, 9:34 a.m.
Panel Version: 5.286
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Single publication in literature to date (PMID: 35202563) but multiple patients. GMS diagnostic testing identified de novo variant L38P in patient from NWGLH (contact for details if required) while gene still rated Amber. Recommending referral to clinical genetics for assessment/dysmorphology but classified Likely Pathogenic, further support for upgrading.Created: 4 May 2023, 8:21 a.m. | Last Modified: 4 May 2023, 8:21 a.m.
Panel Version: 5.98
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mode of pathogenicity
Other
Variants in this GENE are reported as part of current diagnostic practice
Note: currently no Ensembl IDsCreated: 22 Mar 2023, noon | Last Modified: 22 Mar 2023, noon
Panel Version: 4.127
Associated with in Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 3 (OMIM:619950), but not with a phenotype in Gen2Phen. PMID: 35202563 reports seven H4C5 variants in 17 patients with a neurodevelopmental syndrome, based on functional studies, the authors suggest that the variants do not have a loss of function action.Created: 10 Jan 2023, 1:52 p.m. | Last Modified: 10 Jan 2023, 1:52 p.m.
Panel Version: 4.36
Comment on list classification: There is enough evidence for this gene to be rated GREEN at the next major review.Created: 10 Jan 2023, 1:36 p.m. | Last Modified: 10 Jan 2023, 1:36 p.m.
Panel Version: 4.36
HIST1H4E is the previous symbol for H4 clustered histone 5 with the approved symbol: H4C5 (https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/HGNC:4790)Created: 10 Jan 2023, 1:32 p.m. | Last Modified: 10 Jan 2023, 1:32 p.m.
Panel Version: 4.35
Histone H4 is a core component of the nucleosome, the basic repeating unit of eukaryotic chromatin. Each nucleosome consists of ~150 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer. Each histone octamer is composed of 2 copies of each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4. This organization is important for DNA replication, transcription and repair.
There are 14 canonical histone H4 genes in the human genome, which despite being different at the nucleotide level encode an identical protein. These cluster in 3 genomic loci. Their transcription is independently regulated with differing expression during brain development and in human tissues.
Histone H4 forms a dimer with H3 (which however has variant isoforms linked to specific cellular processes).
Pathogenic variants in genes encoding H4 have been reported in several individuals. Irrrespective of the gene for H4 involved, all patients presented with highly overlapping features, DD and ID being universal. Available reports to date concern :
- H4C3/HIST1H4C (9 subjects - PMID: 28920961, 35202563),
- H4C11/HIST1H4J (1 subject - PMID: 31804630, 35202563),
- H4C4/HIST1H4D (1 subject - PMID:35202563),
- H4C5/HIST1H4E (17 subjects - PMID: 35202563),
- H4C6/HIST1H4F (1 subject - PMID: 35202563),
- H4C9/HIST1H4I (3 subjects - PMID: 35202563).
Variants in all cases were missense SNVs, occurring (in almost all cases) as dn variants and affecting the same residue in the same and/or different H4 genes (details for clusters below). Eg. Arg45Cys was a recurrent variant for H4C5 (>=7 subjects), while variants affecting Arg40 have been reported in H4C4, H4C5, H4C9, H4C11 (7 subjects overall).
Zebrafish studies for all genes reported have included most - if not all - patient variants and recapitulate features observed in affected individuals (head size/structure and growth).
Additional studies specificaly for H4C3/HIST1H4C have been performed in patient fibroblasts (demonstrating among others transcriptional dysregulation) and zebrafish (accumulation of DSBs, increased apoptosis in head/tail, abn. cell cycle progression).
Note that the nomenclature for variants - at the protein level - used in literature commonly takes into consideration cleavage of Met1, thus the numbering may not correspond to the HGVS one.
Relevant entries exist in OMIM, G2P and SysID only for H4C3/HIST1H4C (Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 1, #619758) and H4C11/HIST1H4J (?Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 2, #619759) but not for other genes.
Rating in PanelApp Australia - ID Panel : HIST1H4C Green, H4J Amber, H4D Amber, H4E Green, H4F Amber, H4I Green.
Please consider inclusion in other possibly relevant panels (microcephaly, short stature/FTT, etc).
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Initial work from Tessadori et al (incl. DDD study, 2017 - PMID:28920961) identified monoallelic missense SNVs affecting the same residue of H4C3 (HIST1H4C), in 3 individuals from 2 families. [c.274A>C/ HGVS p.(Lys92Gln) dn in 1 subject and c.275A>C/ HGVS p.(Lys92Arg) inherited from unaffected mosaic parent].
Individuals from both families having relevant age had intellectual disability (2/2 - 2 families). Other features incl. growth delay (3/3) and microcephaly (3/3).
Expression of the variants in zebrafish severely affected structural development recapitulating the patient phenotypes (microcephaly and short stature).
RNA sequencing in fibroblasts from 2 unrelated patients and a control, revealed that expression of H4C3 variants was similar to wt. The authors estimated that ~8% of H4 cDNA molecules contained the variant. LC-MS/MS analysis suggested that the mutant protein was present in nucleosomes at a level of 1-2% while RNA-seq identified 115 differential expressed genes, with enrichment for relevant procedures (chr. organization, histone binding, DNA packaging, nucleosomal organization, cell cycle).
Post-translational modifications of Lys92 (H4K91) are highly conserved and have been previously associated with processes from chromatin assembly , DNA damage sensitivity, etc. Post-translational marks on Lys92 (K91) were absent in patient derived cells as a result of each variant.
Zebrafish models for both variants were suggestive for accumulation of double strand breaks (DSBs) more visible in heads and tails of larvae. Embryos expressing mutants displayed increased apoptosis in head and tail. Additional studies in larvae were suggestive of abnormal cell cycle progression (rel. increase in cellls in S/G2/M phase, increased occurrence of activated CHK2 with p53 stabilization) applying to both variants studied.
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In a subsequent publication, Tessadori et al. (2020 - PMID: 31804630) described the phenotype of a 14 y.o. boy harboring a dn heterozygous missense H4C11 (HIST1H4J) variant following trio-ES [c.274A>G / HGVS p.(Lys92Glu)]. Features incl. profound ID, microcephaly, short stature with some dysmorphic features (uplsanting p-f, hypertelorism, etc). Previous work-up was normal/non-diagnostic and incl. FMR1, MECP2 and a CMA showing an inherited 207 kb CNV involving KCNV1. Upon mRNA microinjection in zebrafish embryos - either for wt or for Lys92Glu HIST1H4J - effect for wt was very mild. Lys92Glu expression led to defective development of head structures (brain, eyes), faulty body axis growth and dysmorphic tail reproducing the microcephaly and short stature phenotype. This was similar to previous zebrafish studies for HIS1H4C variants (above).
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Tessadori et al. (2022 - PMID: 35202563) describe 29 *additional individuals with de novo missense variants in genes encoding H4, namely:
- H4C3 (HIST1H4C/N=6 subjects),
- H4C11 (HIST1H4J/N=1),
- H4C4 (HIST1H4D/N=1),
- H4C5 (HIST1H4E/N=17),
- H4C6 (HIST1H4F/N=1),
- H4C9 (HIST1H4I/N=3).
All individuals, exhibited DD and ID (29/29). Other features incl. hypotonia (10/29), seizures (5/29), autism (5/29), ataxia (4/29). Abnormal growth incl. progressive microcephaly (2/19 prenatal, 20/29 postnatal onset), short stature/FTT (each 11/29). Few had skeletal features (craniosynostosis 2/29, abn. digits 4/29, vertebral 4/29). Some had visual (17/28) or hearing impairment (7/29). Facial features incl. hypertelorism (5/29), upslanting p-f (3/29), broad nasal tip (11/29), thin upper lip (4/29) and teeth anomalies (6/29 - notably gap between central incisors).
The authors state that the cohort was collected with trio WES but also after data sharing via Genematcher / DECIPHER.
Identified variants were in all cases missense and de novo, the latter either by trio WES or Sanger sequencing of parents.
Previous work-up or presence of additional variants are not discussed.
At the protein level 10 aa were affected, 6 of which recurrently within the same gene (Arg45, His75, Lys91, Tyr98) as well among several genes for H4 (Pro32, Arg40). Variants lied within two clusters, one corresponding to the α-helix of H4 (reported variants affected Lys31 - Arg45) important for DNA contacts, interactions with H3 and histone chaperones. The other within the core of nucleosome (reported patient variants : His75-Tyr98) with important strucural contact between H3-H4 dimer and histone chaperones.
There were no detectable genotype-phenotype patterns separating individual H4 genes or protein regions. Of note, variability was observed even among 7 individuals with the same dn H4C5 variant (Arg45Cys).
All variants were absent from control databases incl. gnomAD and affected residues conserved through to S. cerevisiae. Substitutions affecting Arg45 and Gly94 and His75 have been studied previously with effect in growth/fitness/chromatin remodeling/DNA damage repair depending on variant (5 studies cited).
Zebrafish embryos at the 1 cell stage were injected with mRNA encoding either wt or identified variants, the latter inducing significant developmental defects with the exception of Pro32Ala (H4C3) and Arg40Cys (H4C5, H4C11).
For Pro32Ala and Arg40Cys however, the strong recurrence in this cohort supports pathogenicity. A dosage dependent effect was observed for 2 variants.
H4 genes appear to be tolerant to both missense and loss-of-function variation (the latter even in homozygous form) suggesting a dominant effect of the variants.
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[RefSeqs : H4C3/HIST1H4C - NM_0035242.4 | H4C4/HIST1H4D - NM_003539.4 | H4C5/HIST1H4E - NM_003545.3 | H4C6/HIST1H4F - NM_003540.4 | H4C9/HIST1H4I - NM_003495.2 | H4C11/HIST1H4J - NM_021968.4 // Variants at the protein level above are according to the HGVS nomenclature. However as the N-terminal methionine is cleaved, numbering relative to the mature peptide has also been used in publications eg. p.Pro33Ala HGVS corresponding to Pro32Ala]
Sources: LiteratureCreated: 18 Mar 2022, 3:49 p.m.
Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Phenotypes
Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Growth abnormality; Abnormality of the face
Publications
Mode of pathogenicity
Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Tag Q1_23_promote_green was removed from gene: HIST1H4E.
Source NHS GMS was added to HIST1H4E. Source Expert Review Green was added to HIST1H4E. Rating Changed from Amber List (moderate evidence) to Green List (high evidence)
Tag Q1_23_promote_green tag was added to gene: HIST1H4E.
Gene: hist1h4e has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Tag new-gene-name tag was added to gene: HIST1H4E.
Phenotypes for gene: HIST1H4E were changed from Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Growth abnormality; Abnormality of the face to Tessadori-van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 3, OMIM:619950; Tessadori-Van Haaften neurodevelopmental syndrome 3 MONDO:0030993
gene: HIST1H4E was added gene: HIST1H4E was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HIST1H4E was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: HIST1H4E were set to 35202563 Phenotypes for gene: HIST1H4E were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Microcephaly; Growth abnormality; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: HIST1H4E were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: HIST1H4E was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: HIST1H4E was set to GREEN