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Intellectual disability

Gene: TRRAP

Green List (high evidence)
TRRAP (transformation/transcription domain associated protein)
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000196367
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000196367
OMIM: 603015, Gene2Phenotype
TRRAP is in 5 panels

2 reviews

Catherine Snow (Genomics England)

Comment on list classification: Konstantinos Varvagiannis reported on Cogné et al. (PMID: 30827496) who identified 24 individuals with pathogenic TRRAP variants. DD and ID (although mild in some cases) is prevalent throughout the individuals identified.

TRRAP is in OMIM and is phenotypically relevant. It is rated probable in Gene2Phenotype - "TRRAP Disease: Autism and Syndromic Intellectual Disability", although no phenotypes have been assigned to the G2P entry. For both OMIM and G2P it is based on the paper above.

There are sufficient de novo variants identified from unrelated families to rate TRRAP as Green, although it should be noted that all variants are missense SNVs.
Created: 4 Jun 2019, 2:09 p.m. | Last Modified: 25 Jun 2019, 4:11 p.m.
Panel Version: 0.194
Created: 4 Jun 2019, 2:09 p.m.
Last Modified: 25 Jun 2019, 4:11 p.m.
Panel version: Imported from Intellectual disability update May 2019 panel version 0.138

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

Green List (high evidence)

Cogné et al. (DDD study among the co-authors - PMID: 30827496) report on 24 individuals with pathogenic TRRAP variants.

17 different variants were reported. All variants were missense SNVs and on most occasions had occurred as de novo or apparently de novo events (paternity and maternity not checked). On one occasion, a parent was not unavailable although the respective grand-parents were not found to harbor the variant. Parental germline mosaicism explained the occurence of a variant in 2 sibs.

The authors suggest a strong genotype-phenotype correlation. Individuals whose variant localized within the residues 1031-1159 (NM_001244580.1) presented with a syndromic form of ID with additional malformations. ID was a universal feature in this group (for those subjects evaluated). For variants outside this cluster of residues the phenotype was rather that of ASD without ID or isolated ID with or without ASD, albeit with some exceptions (eg. F860L also associated with a syndromic presentation). ID was a feature in the majority of individuals belonging to the latter group (67% - all with DD) or overall irrespective of the variant localization (85% for those evaluated - all with DD).

Epilepsy was a feature in 4 individuals (4/24) belonging to either group.

All 17 variants were absent from gnomAD with CADD scores supporting a deleterious effect (SIFT/PolyPhen2 (both) predicted a tolerated/benign effect for some eg. Ala1043Thr). A few variants were recurrent, namely Ala1043Thr (5 individuals), Glu1106Lys (2), Gly1883Arg (2), Pro1932Leu (in 2 sibs).

6 further subjects (individuals 25-30, reported separately in the supplement) harbored 6 additional variants with lesser evidence for pathogenicity.

TRRAP is among the 5 most intolerant genes to missense mutations (z-score of 10.1 in ExAC) while it is also intolerant to LoF variants (pLI of 1). No deletions have been reported in DECIPHER and no LoF were identified in the study. Given type of variants and their clustering rather a gain-of-function effect or dominant-negative effect is suggested. As the authors note a LoF effect of non-clustering variants, associated with a milder phenotype cannot excluded. [Mode of pathogenicity to change if thought to be useful].

TRRAP encodes a protein involved in the recruitment to chromatin of histone acetyltransferases. The latter control the process of acetylation of lysine residues in histones and other DNA-binding proteins thus playing a major role in regulation of gene expression. In line with this, RNA sequencing analysis in skin fibroblasts from affected subjects demonstrated dysregulation of expression for several genes implicated in neuronal function and ion transport.

As summarized by the authors: In mice, Trapp knockout is embryonically lethal. Brain-specific knockout leads to premature differentiation of neural progenitors and abnormal brain development. Brain atrophy and microcephaly are observed (microcephaly was a feature in some affected individuals as well, primarily those with variants affecting residues 1031-1159). [PMIDs cited: 11544477, 24792116].

De novo TRRAP variants have been reported also in individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders (PMIDs: 21822266, 23042115, 28392909, 30424743) while TRRAP has been classified among the prenatally-biased genes relevant to its brain expression (PMID:23042115).

A de novo missense variant (c.11270G>A or p.R3757Q) was also previously reported in a study of 264 individuals with epileptic encephalopathy (Epi4K Consortium - PMID: 23934111 - indiv. ND29352).
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TRRAP is not associated with any phenotype in OMIM, nor in G2P.
The gene is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx participating in the current study).
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As a result, this gene can be considered for inclusion in the ID panel as green (or amber).
Sources: Literature
Created: 6 Mar 2019, 2:31 a.m.

Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown

Phenotypes
Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autism; Microcephaly; Abnormal heart morphology; Abnormality of the urinary system; Seizures

Publications

Mode of pathogenicity
Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments

Variants in this GENE are reported as part of current diagnostic practice

Created: 6 Mar 2019, 2:31 a.m.

Panel version: 2.783

Details

Mode of Inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review
  • Expert Review Green
  • Expert Review
Phenotypes
  • Microcephaly
  • Seizures
  • Abnormal heart morphology
  • Autism
  • Developmental delay with or without dysmorphic facies and autism, 603015
  • Intellectual disability
  • Abnormality of the urinary system
  • Global developmental delay
OMIM
603015
Clinvar variants
Variants in TRRAP
Penetrance
unknown
Publications
Mode of Pathogenicity
Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Panels with this gene

History Filter Activity

25 Jul 2019, Gel status: 3

Added New Source, Added New Source, Set Phenotypes, Set publications, Status Update

Catherine Snow (Genomics England)

Source Expert Review Green was added to TRRAP. Source Expert Review was added to TRRAP. Added phenotypes Developmental delay with or without dysmorphic facies and autism, 603015 for gene: TRRAP Publications for gene TRRAP were changed from 30827496 to 30827496; 30424743 Rating Changed from No List (delete) to Green List (high evidence)

6 Mar 2019, Gel status: 0

Created, Added New Source, Set mode of inheritance, Set publications, Set Phenotypes, Set penetrance, Set mode of pathogenicity

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

gene: TRRAP was added gene: TRRAP was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TRRAP was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: TRRAP were set to 30827496 Phenotypes for gene: TRRAP were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Autism; Microcephaly; Abnormal heart morphology; Abnormality of the urinary system; Seizures Penetrance for gene: TRRAP were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TRRAP was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: TRRAP was set to GREEN gene: TRRAP was marked as current diagnostic