Intellectual disability
Gene: TYW1

TYW1 (tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 1 homolog)
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000198874
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000198874
OMIM: 611243, Gene2Phenotype
TYW1 is in 2 panels

1 review

Ida Ertmanska (Genomics England Curator)

I don't know

Comment on list classification: There is one pedigree reported in literature linking biallelic TYW1 variants to cerebral palsy with intellectual disability. There is also good functional evidence in zebrafish, mouse, and human brain organoids supporting TYW1 role in motor function and cognition. Based on available evidence, this gene can only be rated Amber for now.
Created: 17 Mar 2026, 12:47 p.m. | Last Modified: 17 Mar 2026, 12:47 p.m.

Panel Version: 9.306

PMID: 34077496 Li et al., 2021
2 Chinese sibs (non-consanguineous parents) reported with comp het TYW1 variants: NM_018264: c.616C>T, p.R206C & c.1166G>A, p. R389Q.
Proband CP_012_1, male - Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence IQ = 40 at 7 years old (moderate ID);
CP_012_2, older sister - diagnosed with mixed type cerebral palsy (spasticity, dyskinesia), IQ <50 (moderate ID).
Parents confirmed heterozygous for 1 variant each. TYW1:c.616C>T - MAF in gnomADv4 = 0.0004900, including 1 homozygote. TYW1:c.1166G>A MAF in gnomAD v4 = 0.0001559, no homozygotes.

Functional evidence: TYW1 protein levels dramatically reduced in proband compared to controls; tyw1 deficiency in zebrafish resulted in ectopic neuronal cell migration in the brain and undifferentiated motor neuronal cells in the spinal cord - this was rescued by WT human and zebrafish tyw1 mRNA, but not by mRNA with patients' mutations. In addition, tyw1 knockdown zebrafish showed recuded swimming capacity. Kncokout tyw1-/- mice showed impaired motor function and reduced cognition in behavioural tests.

PMID: 38706838 Sun et al., 2024
Fucntional evidence: Study used brain organoid model and human embryonic stem cells to show that translation efficiency of UUU codon was compromised in TYW1−/− cells. Also, neuron differentiation was impaired when TYW1 was depleted.

TYW1 is not yet associated with a phenotype in OMIM, ClinGen or G2P (accessed 17 Mar 2026).
Sources: Literature
Created: 17 Mar 2026, 12:45 p.m. | Last Modified: 17 Mar 2026, 12:49 p.m.

Panel Version: 9.306

Mode of inheritance
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal

Phenotypes
cerebral palsy, MONDO:0006497

Publications

34077496

Created: 17 Mar 2026, 12:45 p.m.
Last Modified: 17 Mar 2026, 12:49 p.m.
Panel version: 9.305

Details

Mode of Inheritance

BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal

Sources

Expert Review Amber
Literature

Phenotypes

cerebral palsy, MONDO:0006497

OMIM

611243

Clinvar variants

Variants in TYW1

Penetrance

None

Publications

34077496

Panels with this gene

History Filter Activity

17 Mar 2026, Gel status: 2

Entity classified by Genomics England curator

Ida Ertmanska (Genomics England Curator)

Gene: tyw1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).

17 Mar 2026, Gel status: 1

Created, Added New Source, Set mode of inheritance, Set publications, Set Phenotypes

Ida Ertmanska (Genomics England Curator)

gene: TYW1 was added gene: TYW1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TYW1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TYW1 were set to 34077496 Phenotypes for gene: TYW1 were set to cerebral palsy, MONDO:0006497 Review for gene: TYW1 was set to AMBER

Intellectual disability Gene: TYW1