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Intellectual disability

Gene: CTBP1

Green List (high evidence)
CTBP1 (C-terminal binding protein 1)
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000159692
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000159692
OMIM: 602618, Gene2Phenotype
CTBP1 is in 4 panels

3 reviews

Rebecca Foulger (Genomics England curator)

Comment on list classification: Gene added to panel and rated Green by Chris Buxton. Changed rating to Green after agreement from Genomics England clinical team- sufficient cases and relevant phenotype. Have added missense tag, because only one missense tag reported so far.
Created: 25 Jul 2019, 3:19 p.m. | Last Modified: 25 Jul 2019, 3:19 p.m.
Panel Version: 2.980
There are 12 individuals reported from 3 papers (2 papers from the same group). All 12 individuals have the same heterozygous missense variant (R331W in NM_001012614.1; R342W in NM_001328.2). It is a de novo variant in all cases except one where it's inherited from a somatic parent. The phenotype of all 12 is summarised in Table 1 of PMID:31041561. Global DD is a consistent feature (varying severity). ID is recorded in several patients. Developmental motor regression recorded in 4 patients (2 of which also had cognitive regression). Authors note that healthy individuals with heterozygous LOF alleles have been reported.
Created: 25 Jul 2019, 3:17 p.m. | Last Modified: 25 Jul 2019, 3:17 p.m.
Panel Version: 2.979
Created: 25 Jul 2019, 3:17 p.m.
Last Modified: 25 Jul 2019, 3:17 p.m.
Panel version: 2.979

Chris Buxton (North Bristol NHS Trust)

Green List (high evidence)

27094857 Beck 2016; 4 unrelated probands with denovo R342W missense with s syndromic disorder of developmental delay, intellectual disability, failure to thrive, hypotonia, ataxia, and tooth enamel defects.

31041561 Beck 2019: 7 additional unrelated probands with denovo R342W missense with a syndromic intellectual disability, ataxia, hypotonia, and tooth enamel defect disorder. Insilico modelling supports a conclusion of dysregulation of the normal apoptosis pathway via reduced chromatin/histone binding. Mechanism is proposed to be ?GoF via reduction of transcription repression.
Created: 18 Jul 2019, 10:13 a.m. | Last Modified: 18 Jul 2019, 10:13 a.m.
Panel Version: 2.953

Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted

Phenotypes
intellectual disability; ataxia; hypotonia; tooth enamel defect

Publications

Mode of pathogenicity
Other

Created: 18 Jul 2019, 10:13 a.m.
Last Modified: 18 Jul 2019, 10:13 a.m.
Panel version: 2.953

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

Green List (high evidence)

12 individuals with a recurrent missense variant in CTBP1 have been reported, all summarized in the last article:
- Beck et al. 2016 (PMID: 27094857) : 4 individuals
- Sommerville et al. 2017 (PMID: 28955726) : 1 subject
- Beck et al. 2019 (PMID: 31041561) : 7 further individuals

Features included hypotonia, DD/ID, ataxia and tooth enamel defects. The degree of ID - when present - appeared to be highly variable based at least on the first two reports (3 individuals with severe ID, 1 with borderline-normal intellectual functioning, 1 did not exhibit ID) where this feature was further commented on.

A recurrent missense variant was found in all 12 affected individuals [NM_001328.2:c.1024C>T - p.(Arg342Trp) or NM_001012614.1:c.991C>T - p.(Arg331Trp)]. De novo occurrence this SNV was shown for (almost) all individuals, although in one case maternal sequencing reads were compatible with low-level somatic mosaicism (4/75 reads) not detected by Sanger sequencing. The mother of this individual was phenotypically normal. The variant is absent from gnomAD. Several in silico predictions (SIFT, PolyPhen2, MutationTaster, etc) suggest a deleterious effect.

Given recurrence of this specific variant, and presence of LoF ones in healthy individuals (pLI of 0.98 though in gnomAD) Beck et al. suggested a dominant negative or a gain-of-function effect rather than a loss of function mechanism.

Exclusion of alternative causes: was mainly discussed for the subject reported by Sommerville et al., due to the primary suspicion of a mitochondrial disorder (sequencing and research for mtDNA rearrangements, additional analysis of nuclear genes for mitochondrial disorders).

Expression: CTBP1 encodes C-terminal binding protein 1, with expression among others in brain and cerebellum (https://gtexportal.org/home/gene/CTBP1)

Role and Functional studies:
- The major nuclear isoform of CTBP1 (corresponding to NM_001328.2) and of its paralog CTBP2 function as transcriptional regulators (corepressors). The PLDLS(Pro-Leu-Asp-Leu-Ser)-binding cleft domain where this variant lies, acts as a high-affinity protein-binding interface to recruit DNA-binding repressors and chromatin modifying enzymes (PMID: 17967884).
- In a human glioblastoma cell line interaction of various cofactors with (Flag-tagged) CTBP1 was studied by immunoprecitipation with the Flag antibody and subsequent proteomic (LC-MS) analysis. This demonstrated reduced interaction in the case of R342W (compared to wt) with Zn-finger transcription factors, histone deacetylases, histone methyltransferases, histone H3-K4 demethylase etc. Western blot analyses also revealed reduced interaction of the R342W with several CTBP cofactors.
- RNA-seq analysis in glioblastoma cell line revealed similar overall transcriptional profiles between wt and R342W though multiple RNA species showed significant differences (eg. genes involved in the biological processes of mitotic nuclear division, DNA repair, transcription and regulation of transcription among those that were most upregulated and genes involved in brain development among the most downregulated).
- Patient fibroblasts under conditions of glucose deprivation exhibited strikingly more cell death compared to control fibroblasts. Study of mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic genes by q-RT-PCR revealed that Noxa expression under glucose deprivation vs under normal glucose was 8 to 10-fold enhanced for control fibroblasts, but more than 30-fold enhanced in the case patient fibroblasts. Western blot analyses were also in line with this.
- Mitochondrial dysfunction (probably secondary) with evidence of decreased complex I (and complex IV) activities in skeletal muscle was the case for 2 individuals among multiple patients who had muscle biopsies.

Animal models:
- Beck et al. discuss previously published mouse models where Ctbp1/2 both play overlapping transcriptional roles during development. Homozygous deletion of Ctbp2 is embryonically lethal (>E10.5). Homozygous deletion of Ctbp1 results in viable mice with reduced size and lifespan (Cited: Hildebrand et al. 2002 - PMID: 12101226)
- As commented on by Sommerville et al., Ctbp1 knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblasts resulted in elongated mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial cristae, diminished ATP and O2 consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential (Cited: Kim and Youn 2009 - PMID: 19136938).

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CTBP1 is associated with Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defect syndrome (617915) in OMIM. It is not associated with any phenotype in G2P.
Some diagnostic laboratories (eg. GeneDx participating in the first study and others) include this gene in panels for intellectual disability.
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As a result, CTBP1 can be added in the current panel probably as green.
Created: 7 Jul 2019, 3:32 p.m. | Last Modified: 7 Jul 2019, 3:47 p.m.
Panel Version: 2.938

Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown

Phenotypes
Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defect syndrome (MIM 617915)

Publications

Mode of pathogenicity
Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments

Variants in this GENE are reported as part of current diagnostic practice

Created: 7 Jul 2019, 3:32 p.m.
Last Modified: 7 Jul 2019, 3:47 p.m.
Panel version: 2.938

Details

Mode of Inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defect syndrome, 617915
Tags
missense
OMIM
602618
Clinvar variants
Variants in CTBP1
Penetrance
unknown
Publications
Mode of Pathogenicity
Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments
Panels with this gene

History Filter Activity

1 Aug 2019, Gel status: 3

Added Tag

Rebecca Foulger (Genomics England curator)

Tag missense tag was added to gene: CTBP1.

25 Jul 2019, Gel status: 3

Entity classified by Genomics England curator

Rebecca Foulger (Genomics England curator)

Gene: ctbp1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).

9 Jul 2019, Gel status: 0

Set Phenotypes

Rebecca Foulger (Genomics England curator)

Phenotypes for gene: CTBP1 were changed from Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Ataxia; Abnormality of dental enamel to Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defect syndrome, 617915

7 Jul 2019, Gel status: 0

Created, Added New Source, Set mode of inheritance, Set publications, Set Phenotypes, Set penetrance, Set mode of pathogenicity

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

gene: CTBP1 was added gene: CTBP1 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CTBP1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CTBP1 were set to 27094857; 28955726; 31041561 Phenotypes for gene: CTBP1 were set to Generalized hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Ataxia; Abnormality of dental enamel Penetrance for gene: CTBP1 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CTBP1 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: CTBP1 was set to GREEN gene: CTBP1 was marked as current diagnostic