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Intellectual disability

Gene: TDP2

Green List (high evidence)
TDP2 (tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2)
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh38): ENSG00000111802
EnsemblGeneIds (GRCh37): ENSG00000111802
OMIM: 605764, Gene2Phenotype
TDP2 is in 6 panels

2 reviews

Catherine Snow (Genomics England)

TDP2 is in OMIM with a relevant clinical features but not in Gene2Phenotype. TDP2 was identified by Konstantinos Varvagiannis who reviewed all variants. Sufficient number of individuals from unrelated families reported upon in the literature and three different variants identified. Therefore TDP2 can be classified as Green
Created: 24 Oct 2019, 12:11 p.m. | Last Modified: 24 Oct 2019, 12:11 p.m.
Panel Version: 2.1076
Created: 24 Oct 2019, 12:11 p.m.
Last Modified: 24 Oct 2019, 12:11 p.m.
Panel version: 2.1076

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

Green List (high evidence)

Biallelic pathogenic TGP2 variants cause Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23 (MIM 616949). At least 6 affected individuals from 4 families have been reported, in all cases homozygous for LoF variants (3 different). ID, epilepsy and ataxia are consistent features of the disorder.

TDP2 encodes a phosphodiesterase that is required for efficient repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) produced by abortive topoisomerase II (TOP2) activity.

The gene is expressed in fetal and adult human brain.

Evidence at the variant level (mRNA, protein levels) and additional studies for impairment of TOP2-induced DSB repair support a role.

Animal models (primarily mice) reproduce the DSB repair defect, provide some histopathological evidence, show transcriptional dysregulation of genes (in line with the role of TOP2 in transcription). They have however failed to reproduce relevant neurological phenotypes.

Published studies are summarized below.

TDP2 is included in gene panels for ID offered by some diagnostic laboratories (incl. Radboudumc and GeneDx). There is no associated phenotype in G2P. TDP2 is listed among the current primary ID genes in SysID.

Overall, this gene could be considered for inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels probably as green (>=3 patients/families/variants, relevant ID and seizures in all, expression in brain, mRNA/protein levels tested, impaired activity) or amber (absence of neurological phenotypes in mouse model).
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[1] - PMID: 24658003 (Gómez-Herreros et al. 2014):
Reports 3 individuals from a consanguineous Irish family. Features included seizures (onset by 2m, 6m and 12y), ID (3/3) and ataxia (3/3).

A splicing variant (NM_016614.3:c.425+1G>A) was found in a 9.08-Mb region of homozygosity shared by all. A further ZNF193 missense variant localizing in the same region was thought unlikely to contribute to the phenotype (evidence also provided in subsequent study).

The effect of the specific variant was proven by abnormal mRNA size, lower mRNA levels due to NMD (corrected upon cyclohexamide treatment), loss of TDP2 protein upon WB, loss of protein activity in lymphoblastoid cells from affected individuals, decreased repair of DSBs and increased cell death upon addition of etoposide (which promotes TOP2 abortive activity).

The authors report very briefly on a further patient (from Egypt), with ID, 'reports of fits' and ataxia. This individual, with also affected sibs, was homozygous LoF (c.413_414delinsAA / p.Ser138*). Again, the authors were not able to detect TDP2 activity in blood from this subject.

As also commented:
- TDP2 has relevant expression in human (particularly adult) brain.
- Mouse model : Tdp2 is expressed in relevant tissues, absence of Tdp2 activity was observed in neural tissue of mice homoyzgous for an ex1-3 del, with impairment of DSB repair. The authors were unable to detect a neurological phenotype with behavioral analyses, preliminary assesment of seizure propensity. Mice did not show developmental defects. Histopathology however, revealed ~25% reduction in the density of interneurons in cerebellum (a 'hallmark of DSB repair' and associated with seizures and ataxia). Transcription of several genes was shown to be disregulated.
- Knockdown in zebrafish appears to affect left-right axis detremination (cited PMID: 18039968).

[2] - PMID: 30109272 (Zagnoli-Vieira et al. 2018):
A 6 y.o. male with seizures (onset by 5m), hypotonia, DD and ID, microcephaly and some additional clinical features and testing (ETC studies on muscle biopsy, +lactate, +(lactate/pyruvate) ratio) which could be suggestive of mitochondrial disorder. This individual from the US was homozygous for the c.425+1G>A variant but lacked the ZNF193 one (despite a shared haplotype with the Irish patients). Again absence of the protein was shown upon WB in patient fibroblasts, also supported by its activity. Complementation studies restored the DSB repair defect. The defect was specific to TOP2-induced DSBs as suggested by hypersensitivity to etoposide but not to ionizing radiation. CRISPR/Cas9 generated mutant human A549 cells demonstrated abnormal DSB repair. Fibroblasts / edited A549 cells failed to show mitochondrial defects (which were noted in muscle).

[3] - PMID: 31410782 (Ciaccio et al. 2019):
A girl born to consanguineous Italian parents, presented with moderate/severe ID, seizures (onset at 12y) and - among others - gait ataxia, tremor and dysmetria. MRI at the age of 12, demonstrated cerebellar atrophy (although previous exams were N). WES revealed a homozygous nonsense variant (c.400C>T / p.Arg134Ter) for which each parent was found to be carrier. Previous investigations included aCGH, NGS testing for epilepsy and metabolic testing.
Sources: Literature, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen
Created: 6 Oct 2019, 7:54 p.m.

Mode of inheritance
MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted

Phenotypes
Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23, 616949)

Publications

Variants in this GENE are reported as part of current diagnostic practice

Created: 6 Oct 2019, 7:54 p.m.

Panel version: 2.1062

Details

Mode of Inheritance
BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Sources
  • Expert Review Green
Phenotypes
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23, 616949)
OMIM
605764
Clinvar variants
Variants in TDP2
Penetrance
unknown
Publications
Panels with this gene

History Filter Activity

24 Oct 2019, Gel status: 3

Entity classified by Genomics England curator

Catherine Snow (Genomics England)

Gene: tdp2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).

24 Oct 2019, Gel status: 0

Set mode of inheritance

Catherine Snow (Genomics England)

Mode of inheritance for gene: TDP2 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal

6 Oct 2019, Gel status: 0

Created, Added New Source, Set mode of inheritance, Set publications, Set Phenotypes, Set penetrance

Konstantinos Varvagiannis (Other)

gene: TDP2 was added gene: TDP2 was added to Intellectual disability. Sources: Literature,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen Mode of inheritance for gene: TDP2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TDP2 were set to 24658003; 30109272; 31410782 Phenotypes for gene: TDP2 were set to Spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 23, 616949) Penetrance for gene: TDP2 were set to unknown Review for gene: TDP2 was set to GREEN gene: TDP2 was marked as current diagnostic